Light therapy is applied to older people with dementia as a treatment to reset the biological clock, to improve the cognitive functioning, and to reduce behavioral symptoms. Although the methodological quality of light therapy studies is essential, many aspects concerning the description of the lighting applied are missing. This study reviewed light therapy studies concerning the effects on people with dementia as a way to check the methodological quality of the description of light from a light engineering perspective. Twelve studies meeting the inclusion criteria were chosen for further analysis. Each study was scored on a list of aspects relevant to a proper description of lighting aspects. The overview demonstrates that the overall quality of the methodologies is poor. The studies describe the lighting insufficiently and not in the correct metrics. The robustness of light therapy studies can be improved by involving a light engineer or specialist.

Lighting research is diversified and includes theory and methodology from disciplines as different as technology, medicine and social sciences. There is also an expectation on research results to be directly applicable in real environments. The introduction of LED has furthermore made previous research on incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps and other light sources, outdated.    New knowledge – and new research – is needed.

An inventory of current LED-research was made during 2013. The result of this inventory is the basis of the research review here presented. The presentation includes more than 400 articles, reported under the headings: The biological clock; Flicker and dimming of LED: Energy efficiency: daylight and lighting control; Colour rendering; Glare, and finally; Perceived lighting qualities.

Underlying theoretical considerations as well as actual knowledge are presented in the text of the different sections, and references are given to relevant research publications. All publications have been provided with two or more keywords in Swedish, describing the content of the publication. After the text given under each heading the references supporting this text are presented. In the final section all LED-publications are given in alphabetical order according to author and with keywords. 

The way briefing is prepared in conjunction with building projects is crucial to the project's adherence to the client's intentions. It is through the brief that the values expected are documented and transferred. However, international research has for a long time pointed out the briefing stage as a constantly recurring problem area for the construction sector.

The aim of this research is to achieve a more value-driven building process by the use of ICT. The objective of this study is to improve the briefing phase using ICT.

To reach this objective the following questions will be addressed:

Q1: What values are defined in the briefing process?

Q2: What values were created by the use of ICT?

Q3: How could ICT be developed to further support a value-driven briefing process?

In order to answer the research questions one of the case studies concerning a healthcare building is presented here. The ICT tool Program of Technical Standard (PTS 2012) was used to support the briefing process in the building project studied.

The result of the studies is that using ICT to support the briefing process has many valuable advantages. The use of ICT-support in the briefing process makes the process more efficient. PTS enables capturing of requirements, facilitates information transfer and enables a united vision of the project.  PTS also enables consistency of standard and enables benchmarking and exchange of knowledge by the fact that ten Real Estate organisations of County Councils in Sweden use and develop PTS in collaboration. The ICT-support could be improved by better supporting verification of requirements, prioritization of the client's requirements and discussions about alternative conceptual and possible solutions.

This research is a part of the Eracobuild project “Value Driven Procurement in Building and Real Estate” (www.valpro.eu).

By the rise of concerns for global warming, reducing emissions via lowering energy consumption has become a necessity in every sector and the lighting sector is no exception. However, it should not come at the cost of lighting quality and user comfort which is a common practice in today’s lighting design and energy reduction initiatives. The “energy reduction” view should change toward “value driven optimization” in which energy reduction is balanced against lighting quality and user comfort for optimization of the total value of the building. As the use of IT technology grows in lighting design, constant reviews of the software tools are necessary in order to evaluate their performance and ability to design value driven lighting.The main objective of this paper is to compare different lighting simulation tools with respect to their ability to simulate lighting quality both artificial and daylight. The indicators for the comparison are defined based upon findings from another project “criteria for good lighting quality” that is currently being conducted at the same university. First, current numerical metrics for lighting quality are summarized. Then, different simulation tools are evaluated based on a literature study. The outcome of this research summarizes the strength and shortcomings of a number of simulation tools.

Design thinking (DT) is the application of design practice as an approach to innovate and initiate change. Recently, DT has received increasing attention as an approach to address sustainability challenges. However, this area is less studied. The purpose of this study was to explore how DT could enable small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Swedish wood products industry to create more sustainable offers. Various actors from this industry have identified the need to develop sustainable offers, although few discuss how this is realized. Interviews have been conducted with six SMEs to increase understanding on challenges they perceive with developing sustainable products. Current practice is compared to potential benefits of DT described in literature. Three main benefits of DT for SMEs have been identified. It could enable SMEs [1] to redefine the purpose of their offers, [2] to better address needs and [3] to address conflicting requirements regarding sustainability.

The use of information systems in organisationspresents one of the early signs of success. Hundreds of studieshave generated a wealth of knowledge on systems use across abroad range of technologies and theoretical approaches.However, new types of technologies and organisations continueto pose challenges to systems use. The case of opensystems that are offered to users on a voluntary basis presentsone of those challenges for two reasons: 1) the systems areopen in the sense that they could be configured in many waysdepending on users finding use cases and possible applications;2) the system use is voluntary and hence there is noorganisational push. They bring users’ choice and active findingof use cases to the centre of their success. This studyquestions why and how users choose to engage (or not toengage) with open technology on a voluntary basis and howand why its use options and potential unfold? It examines alongitudinal case study (1994–2012) on the voluntary use oftelemedicine. The findings reveal that users’ perception ofopen technology in a voluntary setting is formed through acontinuous interplay between users’ technology mentalmodels, professional identity, institutional traditions and arrangementsand work practices. If perceived to be in contradictionwith professional identity, institutional traditions andarrangements or work practices, users’ technology mentalmodels are fixated on the misfit and the misfit is therebyreinforced. Hence, users do not try to find use cases or thinkof possible applications. However, institutional entrepreneurscould break this self-fulfilling prophecy by influencing boththe technology mental models of users and the institutionalarrangements.

The study is conducted as a subproject in a PhD-project titled Criteria for Good Lighting. The overall aim of the study is to, based on visual qualities - rather than physical measurements - research the possibility of creating lighting environments that inspires comfort and meets function while providing energy efficiency. The study’s specific objective

Målet med denna förstudie är att inventera dagsläget och framtida möjligheter för verifiering av krav samt analyser av värden genom använda IKT och BIM. Detta ger nya möjligheter för byggherrar att skapa en mer värdedriven byggprocess med målet att optimera byggnadsverkets totala värde för dess ägare, brukare och samhället som helhet.

Resultaten visar att verifieringar av krav och analyser/simuleringar av värden används i ganska begränsad utsträckning idag. De verifieringar som utförs är fokuersade på grundläggande information om utrymmen, t ex att rätt utrymmen finns med samt att de har ungefär rätt storlek. När det gäller analyser och simuleringar så är det kostnadsberäkningar och energianalyser som används i flest skeden.

En av de främsta drivande faktorerna i utvecklingen av analyser och simuleringar är hållbarhetsdiskussionen. Användningen av miljöklassificeringssystem har blivit utbrett i byggbranschen. Litteraturstudien visar att det redan idag går att verifiera med hjälp av BIM att ett flerbostadshusprojekt kommer upp till LEED-guld (71 % av teoretiskt maxvärde). I en mer övergripande studie utgick man ifrån 132 hållbarhetsaspekter, och identifierade programstöd som kunde analysera 55 % av dessa aspekter.

Regelbaserade kontroller av BIM-modeller har redan fått stort praktiskt genomslag, främst för kollisionskontroll. Ju mer utvecklade BIM-modellerna blir desto mer går att kontrollera. En av de mest använda programvarorna som använder denna teknik är Solibri Model Checker. Studier av denna programvara visade att tekniken skulle kunna användas för att automatiskt verifiera de flesta byggherrekrav, om relevant information finns i BIM-modellen.

För en fortsatt utveckling behövs fortsatt implementering av verifieringar och analyser samt erfarenheter från praktisk användning. Men det behövs också att mer information läggs in i BIM-modellerna samt att brister i interoperabilitet (informationsöverföring) mellan BIM-programvaror byggs bort. Kvaliteten på analyserna är helt beroende av kvaliteten på indata, och att modellen är korrekt uppbyggd.

Litteraturstudien gav ett antal indikationer på framtida inrikningar: Ett större fokus på tidiga skeden och en mer holistisk syn på hållbarhet är två sådanan tydliga trender. Det finns också en trend mot att verifieringar och analyser bör vara en del av en evidensbaserad produktframtagningsprocess där användarscenarier är en central del och där utvärdering av byggnadens användning samt verifiering och validering av människors upplevelser är en annan.

Byggsektorn har mestadels fokuserat på att minska investeringskostnaden. Denna kostnad är väldigt liten i förhållande till kostnaden för förvalting av byggnaden, verksamheten i byggnaden samt värdet av verksamhetens resultat. Detta förhållande indikerar att det finns stora möjligheter att öka ett byggnadsverkets totala värde genom att öka dess värde för verksamhet och förvaltning. Att fokus ändå har legat vid att sänka inversteringskostnaderna beror delvis på att det saknas modeller, metoder och verktyg för en värdebaserad styrning.

ValPro (Value Driven Procurement in Building and Real Estate) är ett multinationellt projekt med deltagare från Cypern, Danmark, Finland, Frankrike, Norge och Sverige. Syftet med projektet är att utveckla byggsektorns processer till att bli mer värdeskapande genom att just utveckla koncept, metoder och verktyg för mer värdebaserad upphandling.

Det övergripande målet för den svenska delen av ValPro var att studera IKT-stöd för en värdedriven byggprocess med fokus på tidiga skeden och att föreslå hur dessa kan utvecklas för att bättre stödja en värdedriven process. Tre fallstudier utfördes där användningen av de två, i Sverige, mest använda IKT-stöden för tidiga skeden studerades, Program för teknisk standard (PTS) och dRofus. Fallstudierna visar att användning av IKT-stöd för tidiga skeden ökar värdet av byggnaden för verksamheten samtidigt som byggprocessen blir effektivare. Fallstudierna visade också att IKT-stöd, såsom PTS, kan underlätta samarbete, kommunikation och erfarenhetsutbyte mellan olika parter och på det sättet vara en starkt bidragande orsak till en mer värdeskapande process.

Vid fallstudierna framgick det att informationsöverföringen mellan förvaltning och byggprocess är viktig men ofta problematisk. Liknande resultat framkom också vid en kartläggning av dagens IKT-stöd i byggprocessen, genomförd av den franska delen av ValPro. Denna kartläggning visade att det finns väldigt lite IKT-stöd som underlättar kunskapsöverföring från förvaltning till tidiga skeden i byggprocessen.

De svenska fallstudierna visade också att IKT-stöden hade väldigt lite stöd för utvärdering av förslag i tidiga skeden. Under 2000-talet har en mängd forskningsprojekt arbetat med att ta fram modeller för hur värden av en fastighet ska mätas, sk värdemodeller. De flesta fastighetsföretag gör också kontinuerlig utvärdering av företagets fastigheter under produktanvändningen, ofta genom sk nyckeltalsstyrning. Utvärdering av byggnader sker både under förvaltningsskedet, baserat på verksamhetens behov och kundnyttan, samt under tidiga skeden i byggprocessen, för att utvärdera förslag inför ny- eller ombyggnad. Samtidigt saknas det verktyg för att överföra information mellan förvaltning och tidiga skeden. Inom den finska delen av ValPro-projektet testades idén att använda samma mätmodell för värden både i förvaltning och byggprocess. Prototypen Needscape implementerades med detta som utgångspunkt i samarbete med Senatfastigheter i Finland.

Slutsatsen från ValPro är att användnigen av IKT-stöd för kravställning i tidiga skeden, t ex PTS, tillsammans med IKT-stöd för utvärdering av olika förslag som har sin grund i förvaltningens utvärderingsmodeller, t ex Needscape, skulle ge en mer värdedriven byggprocess där värden för verksamhet och förvaltning får en mer framskjuten position och är styrande genom hela byggprocessen. En sådan utveckling skulle också ge en ny utmaning för utvecklingen av BIM: att vara ett verktyg för att i tidiga skeden kunna verifiera kraven och analysera värden för den slutliga fastigheten.

The way briefing is prepared in conjunction with building projects is crucial to the project's adherence to the client's intentions. It is through the brief that the values expected are documented and transferred. However, international research has for a long time pointed out the briefing stage as a constantly recurring problem area for the construction sector.

The aim of this research is to achieve a more value-driven building process by the use of ICT. The objective of this study is to improve the briefing phase using ICT.

To reach this objective the following questions will be addressed:Q1: What values are defined in the briefing process?Q2: What values were created by the use of ICT?Q3: How could ICT be developed to further support a value-driven briefing process?

To answer these questions three case studies were used. One of the case studies concerning a building for culture and music is presented here. The ICT tool Program of Technical Standard (PTS 2012) was used to support the briefing process in the building project studied. In the case study three questions were answered:

What functionalities in PTS support the briefing process?How did the use of PTS influence the process? What values were created by the use of PTS?

The result of the studies shows that using ICT to support the briefing process has many valuable advantages. The use of ICT-support in the briefing process makes the process more efficient. PTS facilitates information transfer and consistency of standard.

Syftet med denna förstudie är att motivera och formulera hur svenska byggherrar, i egenskap av kravställare och beställare, ska kunna medverka till att påverka och driva utveckling inom ICT till nytta för byggherrefunktionen och därmed stärka byggherrens roll som förändringsagent.

Förstudien har genomfört en enkätundersökning med svenska byggherrar avseende deras inställning till ICT. Resultatet visar att byggherrarna idag tydligt fokuserar på ICT som ett redskap att hantera problem i produktframställningsprocessen. Det är också inom detta område man ser de största affärsnyttorna. Det här är anmärkningsvärt, eftersom produktframställningen inte primärt är ett byggherreansvar. Resultatet visar också att de svenska byggherrarnas intresse och fokus ligger relativt sent i byggprocessen.

Förstudien har som jämförelse studerat situationen i våra grannländer avseende ICT genom en nordisk kartläggning. En undersökning visar att Sverige idag är ledande i Norden när det gäller användning av BIM, men vi använder trots det bara en bråkdel av de verktyg som finns till förfogande, inte minst för byggherrens processer. I synnerhet Finland och Norge framstår som mer progressiva inom området, med starka offentliga beställare som driver utvecklingen och sätter standard för branschens samtliga aktörer. I Danmark har man lagstiftat om att projekt över en viss storlek skall ha digital informationshantering i enlighet med byggherrarnas önskemål, de s.k. byggherrekraven.

I Danmark, Finland och Norge har man på detta vis utvecklat ICT-stöd för byggherrens processer i form av:

• informationsstrukturer för byggherrens krav, som ger säkrare informationsöverföring
• generering av lösningsförslag
• analyser av dessa förslag i tidiga skeden
• verifieringsmetoder för automatisk verifiering av att ett lösningsförslag uppfyller kraven.

Sammantaget ger detta en bild av en nordisk byggherreroll, där fokus ligger på tidiga skeden (produktbestämningen) och där byggherrekraven på ett tydligt sätt styr och formar hela byggprocessen och då inklusive valet av ICT-verktyg. Aktuella ICT-verktyg med tillämpning under byggprocessens olika skeden beskrivs i rapportens analysdel.

Mot bakgrund av enkätundersökningen och den nordiska kartläggningen har förstudien formulerat en ny vision för svensk ICT-användning ur ett byggherreperspektiv. Visionen är att med hjälp av ICT stärka byggherrens nyckelposition som kravställare i förhållande till de andra aktörerna i byggprocessen genom att flytta fokus till byggprocessens tidiga skeden. Visionen innebär således att fokus flyttas från produktframställning till produktbestämning, med en tydlig koppling till de krav som ställs från verksamheten, kunden, brukaren, ägaren och samhället.

Both image-forming and non-image-forming effects of radiation require proper attention in lighting design that aims at meeting human vision and health requirements. Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGCs) appear to play an essential role in stimulation of the non-image forming effects and thus human health and well-being. There are indications that radiation incident contributes to the magnitude of these effects. This review summarizes current studies on humans and animals related to radiation directionality as well as the spatial distribution of ipRGCs on the retina. New insights can facilitate and optimize the incorporation of radiation directionality in building lighting design.

This study is the first to evaluate the different criteria presently used in Sweden for lighting design, and their importance when planning the visual environment. It considers the role of the Swedish lighting designer and the different evaluations of criteria in the office lighting design process. The study aims to investigate whether a designer with an academic education or longer experience would infer more value in perceptual criteria and incorporate research into designs to a larger extent than a designer with less education. The findings suggest that current research needs to be more readily available to practitioners to enhance differentiation of criteria and proposed lighting designs. Education and experience could not be proven to make a difference, but different gender brought with it a divergence in the evaluations.

This thesis is concerned with the design of the artificially lighted environment in computerised offices. Its aim is to describe which kind of lighting solution is best suited to accommodate VDT-based tasks, and whether or not working in front of a VDT affects visual comfort and well-being. The research question has been approached in four studies: 1) A questionnaire study aimed to establish how different criteria are used in the office lighting design process. 2) An experimental study comparing the influence of different office light settings on perceptions. 3) A comparison of an LED light setting with a conventional light setting. 4) The final study retrieved articles describing research related to office lighting, and resulted in a state-of-the-art article in office lighting research. The findings show that there is a need for lighting education within the group of lighting practitioners, as well as for research that is accessible and applicable to lighting designs. The experimental studies could not verify that office lighting affects performance, even though it was shown that a varied light setting was perceived to enhance well-being more than a monotonous lighting solution. One important contribution in this thesis is the unfolding of the inadequacy of the methodology used in current lighting research. It is shown that quantitative measures alone cannot explain the complex interactions between human perceptions, well-being, visual comfort and performance.

Denna översikt syftar till att sammanställa befintligt forskningsläge avseende ljusdesign i den publika vårdmiljön. Översikten baseras på databassökningar på vetenskapliga databaser tillgängliga vid Jönköping University under perioden december 2014 - mars 2015.

För att skapa bättre ljusmiljöer inom vården är det viktigt att belysningen planeras med omsorg och att olika aspekter hos ljuset och ljuskällans kvalitet beaktas. Det är viktigt att ljuskaraktären i sjukhusets allmänna utrummen gör det möjligt att orientera sig med lätthet och att bedöma hälsotillstånd, men sjukhuset är också en arbetsplats. Det är på arbetsplatsen som vi vistas en stor del av vår vakna tid, och tillgången till naturligt ljus visade sig också vara den enskilt viktigaste faktorn när man undersökte hur olika designelement uppfattades av vårdpersonal. En större tillgång till dagsljus gör personalen mindre stressad och ökar deras välbefinnande. För besökare på sjukhus var ljus i kombination med färg en positiv distraktion samtidigt som det gav vägledning. Patientrummets utformning har studerats i ett flertal studier, men det visade sig att evidensbaserad ljusdesign där ett helhetsgrepp om vårdmiljön tas saknas.

This paper presents an experimental study with 47 participants on the influence of lighting on performance and well-being in an office environment. Well-being, alertness and performance were evaluated and measured in two rooms with artificial lighting and one room with day lighting. The evaluations were correlated to cortisol/melatonin saliva samples, illuminance and spectral compo-sition of the lighting. The results show day lighting to have a sustained influence on alertness and performance and it is furthermore concluded that the level of cortisol in saliva was not influenced by the illuminance and did not have an influence on performance. The participants preferred a lighting with different kinds of light sources to a more neutral lightning and gave it higher ratings for well-being.The analysis shows that comfort did not influence alertness.

The concept of technological frames of reference (TFR) has been used to uncover people’s sense making of information and communication technologies (ICT), in order to deepen the understanding of ICT use. But the role of the organization’s institutional context in the development of TFR has been overlooked, and most studies of TFR has been snapshots of frames. In order to contribute to the knowledge of ICT-use, the aim of the paper is to analyse how the interplay between institutional logic and TFR evolves over time. The aim will be pursued by the analysis of a case study of telemedicine use in a Swedish county during a 12 years period. It is concluded that the framing process moves between different levels of understanding guided by varying institutional logics. The understanding moves from an abstract level of what is best for the organization, to an understanding what is best for the group. Significant actors play a crucial role establishing dominant frames, or in re-framing the understanding the ICT. In this process institutional logics is drawn upon either to initially create a legitimacy for the ICT-use, or as an argument for non-use.

In recent years Building information modelling (BIM) has been considered as ameans for transforming the building and construction industry by introducingsignificant changes in the industry for all stages of the construction process. However,when new technologies are promoted they are almost considered as a magic bulletthat should transform an industry, or an organization to the better. By drawing on theconcepts of institutional logics and sense making, and a case study over 12 years oftelemedicine use in a Swedish county, the objective of the paper is to analyse whatactors in the building and construction industry can learn from other societal sectorsimplementing and using new ICT. It is concluded that the use of technology is heavilyshaped by significant actor groups' sense making of the technology, that is groundedboth an institutional logic and what benefits or disadvantages the group perceive fromtechnology use. What can be learnt from the telemedicine case is the importance ofanalysing underlying reasons to why an application is accepted or not.

ICT (Information and communication technology) creation of business value has become- for few reasons- a topic in need of closer scrutiny. Numerous governmental initiativesoriginate from a belief that digitization would improve the performance of the buildingand construction industry. But, there are evidences that expectations of positive effects ofuse of new ICT, for example BIM, may be too optimistic. In Information Systemsresearch (IS), ICT creation of business value presents one of the main concerns.Accordingly, by drawing on the literature on ICT value creation and characteristics of thebuilding and construction industry, the aim of the paper is to outline a conceptualunderstanding of ICT value creation in the building and construction industry. Theanalysis will take the point of departure in three perspectives on ICT-value creation: theresource-based, the process and capability building, and the multiple-firms perspectives.When ICT-value creation is analysed, a paradox is uncovered. In the industry, customervalue is co-created due to the need for a wide array of competencies and resources. But,at the same time there are very weak incentives for firms to co-create ICT-value due toexisting governance systems and institutionalized role systems. Research is needed inorder to uncover facilitators for building more long term relations among firms that in turncreates conditions for processes of building capabilities for creation of ICT-value.

Design errors are claimed to account for 26% of the cost of defects, these in turn are stated to encompass 2-9% of production cost for building and constructions. Lack of knowledge and information has been identified as a major reasons for design errors. Recently Building Information Modelling (BIM) has been considered as a mean for reducing design errors. However, limited research has been conducted on the role of BIM as a means for transfer and sharing knowledge in order to reduce design errors. The aim of the paper is to analyse BIM’s role of facilitating knowledge and expertise sharing in order to prevent design errors. The aim is achieved by analysing a case study of design errors in a construction project. By drawing on the concept of boundary object it is confirmed that BIM can serve a mean for preventing design errors by facilitating knowledge and expertise sharing, across discipline, time and space, and professional boundaries. Depending the kind of boundary knowledge and expertise should be shared across, different challenges emerge in organizing the knowledge and expertise sharing.

This paper contributes to existing research by showing the influence of the distribution of light on the perception of a space. It addresses the importance of conceptual awareness and the impact of informants' possible pre-understandings. It combines and develops research methods that can accommodate the complexity of real spaces through patterns and relationships. Additionally, it includes concept development of spatial understanding. This primarily qualitative approach of dealing with complex spaces provides a new and unique contribution to the field of lighting research. This lighting design research consists of experimental studies within three different complex spatial contexts, from scale models to interior and exterior spaces. The importance of visual spatial boundaries and brightness patterns are discussed in relation to enclosure, perceived dimensions and atmosphere. It is more cost effective to make a space more spacious by changing the distribution of light than by changing the physical space through alterations. Light may generally have an enlarging effect, though sometimes it can have the opposite effect. This paper addresses how the placement of luminaires, the direction of light and the focus and spread of the light impact the perceived spatial dimensions and experience of atmosphere. A light zone can include as well as exclude participants. A focused light may call for attention, causing an audience to lower its speaking volume. Distribution of light is also useful for dividing a large office landscape into spatial units. The light topography—the upper boundary created by the heights of luminaires in a space—and light direction are factors of empowerment. A clearly defined, tangible space seems to also contribute to an experience of safety. Illuminated vertical surfaces can contribute to a clear overview and a clearly defined space that is experienced as having a sheltering and embracing effect.