Telemedicine has been acknowledged to improve the quality of healthcare. However, many telemedicine services fail beyond the pilot phase. A literature review on business model components for telemedicine services was conducted. Based on specified inclusion criteria, 22 publications were included in the review. To facilitate the analysis of literature, a business model framework with value as its central focus was proposed. Improvement in quality, efficiency and accessibility of care were identified to be the outcomes of telemedicine, with patients and healthcare personnel being the main users of the services, which are delivered through home, institutional and community-based care. Patients, health providers, vendors, payers and government agencies are actors involved in the delivery of telemedicine services, which require investments in resources like videoconferencing technologies, home monitoring devices and other IT infrastructure. Subscriptions, reimbursements and pay-per-use revenue streams were identified as feasible for commercializing telemedicine services.

Information technology has been suggested to improve patient health outcomes and reduce healthcare cost. This study explored the business model and effects of collaborative innovation between caregivers and patients on healthcare delivery through remote patient monitoring by interviewing caregivers and surveying atrial fibrillation patients. Findings indicate that remote monitoring enhanced early detection of potential risks and quality of clinical decision-making with patients feeling more empowered and involved in their own care. The remote monitoring system which consisted of a home-based ECG and a web-based service and was offered free to patients, brought together caregivers, patients, service provider and the government as actors. The introduction of remote monitoring increased the workload of caregivers and facilitation of timely diagnostics and decision-making were not realized. IT is an enabler of innovation in healthcare, but it must be integrated into work processes with a viable business model to realize potential benefits and sustain it. 

The Use Model identifies user groups who will be using services and products the Prosperity4All infrastructure offers. The Model provides developers a tool to keep in mind the full diversity of users while building and designing the infrastructure. 

A major shift in our society is the one from a goods-dominant logic to a service-dominant one. Ownership becomes less important, while services from the area of sharing economy experience a rising demand. Municipalities and private companies are adapting and different shared mobility systems are emerging from their pursuit of new forms of mobility.

In 2019, Augsburg created a shared mobility system where public transport, carsharing and bikesharing are all provided via one subscription. As this form of subscription does not have many customers yet, this thesis aims to first identify the system and research which reason and components motivate the people in Augsburg to use the system, as well as collecting different ideas for improvement. An expert interview was conducted with someone from the operator side and then customer interviews were held to get an insight from the customers’ point of view. This data was analyzed using tools from the area of information system as well as information architecture and the system was mapped out and discussed.

The system was mapped out around the user and the connections were shown, which indicated that the user wants simplicity and clarity, as too many platforms and ways to book a mobility service was stated negatively.

The report presents results of the Nordic eHealth Research Network, a subgroup of the eNordic Council of Ministers Health group. The network defined and collected data for altogether 49 common eHealth indicators from the Nordic Countries. Health information was quite comprehensively electronically available from other organisations in all the Nordic countries by end of 2014. Intensity of use of nationally stored data remained low except in Denmark. Sweden had best availability of the Patient portal functionalities. Patients used patient portal functionalities rarely except in Denmark. Doctors in Iceland had most positive experiences of their health information systems. Even with limitations, the current work presents a solid basis for working towards the goal of the eHealth network: generating comparable information to support development of Nordic welfare.

This paper uses a qualitative approach, specifically; narrative analysis, to contextualize user's formulation of an understanding of a personalized meal planning service within the ambient assisted living domain. By focusing on how user's, in this case elderly over 65, formed an understanding of a service, and, what they thought valuable in using the service, based on their understanding. The results indicate how user's compare their initial understanding to their experienced understanding, formed during usage, and how this affects their value formulation of specific service aspects. The paper gives not only provides valuable insight into contextualizing aspects of health and wellness services, but to aspects of importance for implementation, by showing how value aspects of services from a user perspective are important to consider during these processes.

Electronic medical records (EMR) have been implemented in developed countries since 1972 when the first computer-stored medical record at Wishard Memorial Hospital was designed. However, less seem to be known about EMRs in an African context. The purpose of this paper is therefore to review studies on EMRs implemented in sub-Saharan Africa and to identify benefits and challenges met. Articles available in PubMed, PMC, Scopus, JAMIA and Google were searched through JIBS online library using the search string "EMR systems in Sub-Saharan Africa". In most the papers, EMRs have been implemented in HIV/AIDS settings allowing better monitoring of patients under antiretroviral therapy (ART). EMR systems have also succeeded to increase the number of patients under ART. Moreover, EMRs have improved work processes as they have reduced patients waiting time and enhanced monitoring of medical appointments. However, EMRs have suffered lack of electricity, poor Internet connectivity and computer illiteracy. Today, HIV/AIDS care providers have benefited on the implementation of EMRs and there is a possibility to extend the implementation to other healthcare departments.

The analysis of active learning is an important theme in technology assisted review research. The purpose of the study is to create a measurement to determine the efficiency of active learning algorithms, used in technology assisted review, in eDiscovery.The study is based on the research of Cormack & Grossman, (2016) and Quartararo, Poplawski, & Strayer, (2019), and conducted through a multiple case study by Yin, (2018). The findings show that current measurements of when an active learning algorithm can be determined as finished have troubles, if no control set is available. Hence, a new measurement of relative richness is proposed. Furthermore, two commonly used programmes, Relativity and Brainspace, are analysed with a newly created measurement of efficiency to compare their algorithms. Thus, Relativity has an advantage in efficiency compared to Brainspace. Organisations can use the measurements to test the efficiency between different algorithms and test their own active learning algorithms on when more training does not yield proportionate increase in precision, recall and F1.

Enterprise Architecture (EA) is introduced as a general approach to aligning business and IT within an organization. Therefore, EA should guide organizations through the business, information, process, and technology changes necessary to execute their strategies. The developments in the various layers (business architecture, IS architecture and IT architecture) influence each other and, consequently, architectural matters are critical for achieving alignment between the business and its information systems. An essential component of EA is design principles, which strive to manage the complexities in business processes and IT systems. Some scholars argue that design principles are the essence of EA. Design principles can either align, or misalign, IT/IS artefacts with the architecture. If the principles are aligned, they will have a positive impact on the organizational effects and values, but if they are misaligned, they will have a negative impact on effects and values. Unfortunately, EA principles have not yet received much research attention, although there are a few scholars addressing EA principles from a conceptual point of view. Empirical insights regarding the role and usefulness of EA principles in practice are still lacking. The purpose of this empirical study is to describe how various dimensions of alignment are considered by design principles. One crucial design principle will be mainly highlighted, namely the delineation principle. Delineation principles focus on how to delineate IS or business domains and create "systems of systems" that are in harmony with different requirements of the business. A case study of a large Swedish insurance company is used as a basis for the analysis. The result shows that the IS and business delineation principles do not mirror each in regards of the dimension of alignment. The result also shows that design principles mainly consider the functional dimension of alignment. This paper argues that it is essential to evaluate IS and business design principles against each other based on functional, structural, socio-cultural and infological alignment.

E-health two-side Markets: Implementation and Business Models presents empirical models and suggestions that focus on how to remove barriers to deliver online services across borders and how actual barriers affect business models in a two-sided market with regard to eHealth. Technological innovation and business developments in online trade result in fast-evolving markets with the continuous emergence of new products and services, thus requiring a specific approach. This book discusses how to develop innovative and cost-effective implementation strategies for complex organizations, the importance of barriers and facilitators for two-sided markets when implementing e-health services and/or IT based innovations, which pre-requisites have to be achieved in complex organizations that act in two-sided markets when implementing e-services, the ecosystem for implementation of services and innovations in complex organizations, and its effects for business models. This book is a valuable source for researchers in medical informatics, and is also ideal for stakeholders, consultants, advisors, and product designers involved in eHealth services. Presents guidelines that can be used as examples of pros and cons in two-side markets. Provides knowledge that enables readers to identify the changes that need to be considered in budget proposals for eHealth implementation. Includes examples of business models applied in two-side markets, diminishing external effects and failures.

The two-sided e-health market is rapidly becoming fundamental for health and social care. Worldwide many different steps have been taken to increase the engagement of consumers with e-health, mainly focusing in the development of novel digital services that increase well-being or tackle some social challenges, such as the lack of qualified personnel, or dwindling resources. At the same time, some effort is also spent on establishing a market in which both sides-e-health consumers and providers-can interact and benefit from with each other (Connell and Young, 2007). In this sideline, there has been a great ambition to introduce "service innovation," "design thinking," and other tenors of the service-dominant logic (Vargo and Lusch, 2008) to open up for new collaborations between private and public actors. Intermediary platforms, provided by regional or national authorities (Aanestad and Jensen, 2011) or private actors such as insurance companies (Scott et al., 2006), become a key coordination infrastructure that allows information to flow within and between the two sides of the market, regulating nontransaction activities and making decisions that determine which group receives support and in which manner, and which kind of price structure will exist to stimulate the two sides to become an active actor of the market.

Business models play an important role in establishing sustainable intermediary platforms for e-health services in two-sided markets. In this chapter, we describe different types of business models and potential revenue and reimbursement schemes based on the Swedish HealthForMe platform. In doing so, we also discuss many of today's open questions and challenges to be addressed by intermediaries operating in two-sided e-health markets. We conclude this chapter by providing an overview of key implications and success factors for owners of such intermediary platforms, and offer an outlook to focal research areas within the context of business models for two-sided markets.

Two-sided markets arise in situations in which there are externalities and in which transaction costs, broadly considered, prevent the two sides from solving this externality directly. In the e-health market, the expansion of the Internet economy has shown to be significant in stimulating the entry of business organizations, many of which are already in two-sided markets.An e-health two-sided market needs to offer sustainable structures, i.e., an ecosystem to support a flexible model that must meet unexpected demand and at the same time be able to handle high demand peaks and long periods if needed. In this chapter we introduce key concepts and factors that are of relevance in two-sided markets. We further discuss the fundamental role of two-side market ecosystem in enabling parties to realize gains from trade or other interactions by reducing the transactions costs of finding each other and interacting. Hence, e-health market ecosystems first and foremost need to be designed for adaptability and network effects. We discuss issues that influence the sustainability and further development of a two-sided e-health market.

Several countries develop strategies and policies to foster the use of eHealth services and stress the importance of business models to develop and implement digital services. Previous research on business models has however mostly focused on the private setting or a healthcare setting with multi-payer or market-based financial systems. In this paper, we explore the use of business models in eHealth as well as the consistency of such a model in a public healthcare setting. The study is performed through a case study of an eHealth service and to which we apply a business model framework. Data have been collected through interviews, documents and project meetings. The results show that all parts of the business model could be identified and provide an overview of the service but no clear guidance on how to reach a sustainable value in the future. It seems that, in the case of public healthcare, there is a need to add the notion of a societal value as well as issues related to future governance for the diffusion of the service to make the business model and the service sustainable.

Innovation in healthcare can be associated with social innovation and the mission to contribute to a shared value that benefits not only individuals or organizations but the society as a whole. In this paper, we present the prerequisites of stimulating a market for social innovations by studying the introduction of a national health account. The results show that there is a need to clarify if a national health account should be viewed as a public good or not, to clarify the financial responsibilities of different actors, to establish clear guidelines and to develop regulations concerning price, quality and certification of actors. The ambition to stimulate the market through a national health account is a promising start. However, the challenges have to be confronted in order for public and private actors to collaborate and build a market for social innovations such as a national health account.

Background: In spite of an increased interest in open innovation and strategies that call for an increased collaboration between different healthcare actors, there is a lack of open innovation research in public contexts.

Objective: This article presents the results of a review regarding the healthcare sector’s engagement in open innovation as well as constraining factors and positive outcomes of open innovation in healthcare.

Method: The literature search focused on papers published in English between 2003 and 2014. Based on specified inclusion criteria, 18 articles were included.

Results: Results reveal that most studies focus on inbound open innovation where external knowledge is integrated with the internal knowledge base at an initial phase of the innovation process. Innovation primarily results in products and services through innovation networks. We also identified constraining factors for open innovation in healthcare, including the complex organizations of healthcare, the need to establish routines for capturing knowledge from patients and clinicians, regulations and healthcare data laws as well as the positive outcome patient empowerment.

Conclusion: The healthcare sector’s engagement in open innovation is limited, and it is necessary to perform further research with a focus on how open innovation can be managed in healthcare. 

With an ageing population and limited resources, ICT is often mentioned as a solution to support elderly people in maintaining an independent and healthy lifestyle. In this paper, we describe how ICT can support access to information and rationalization of work processes in a home care context. We do this by modelling the workflow and identifying the possible impact of ICT. The results show a complex process and indicate that the available resources are not used in the best possible way. The introduction of ICT could increase patient safety by reducing the risk of misplacing information about the care recipients and at the same time provide real time information about the care recipients’ needs and health at the point of care. However, to rationalize the work processes there is a need to combine ICT with a changed procedure for handling keys.