There are still too many households in Sweden that use mostly incandescent light for lighting, using incandescent or halogen bulbs. This causes a substantial part of the unnecessary surplus of carbon-dioxide that is one of the reasons for global warming. Therefore, this degree project aims to promote a greener environment by studying and paying attention to factors that have an influence in the lighting context.

The purpose of this degree project is to gain a better understanding of how the LED light is experienced in a home environment. The work will show how LED light source's current quality is evaluated based on individual room experiences, and if additional quality improvements are needed. The objective is to turn the public's attitude in a more positive direction where LED can contribute to a more ecologically sustainable environment.

To investigate how LEDs are perceived in home environments an experimental study was performed which was based on the following research questions: How is LED light quality experienced compared to halogen light, how is personal wellbeing perceived in relationship to halogen and LED light, how are room experience and room character affected if halogen light is replaced by LED light in a home environment and are there any differences in these experiences between lighting designers and non lighting designers?

Two identical test-rooms were used. They were identical in size, interior design and lighting design. Halogen bulbs were used in one room and LED lights were used in the other room. A survey was used to get answers to the questions above. The results have been analyzed and detailed room analysis was also made.

The results showed that the light, regardless of light-source, influenced the participant's well-being and their room experience in different ways, depending on the occupational group they belonged to. It was also found that the difference in quality of light between halogen light and LED light is no longer significant. The presently available LED lights are improving and are worthy replacements for incandescent and halogen lamps.

The purpose of this study is to identify if there is reason to change the requirementsand recommendations for illumination in reception desks areas. This studyexamines how lighting in reception desks areas actually is and how the staff perceivesthe lighting.

Hotels today usually have subdued environments that vary according to the typeof experience intended for their guests. Our interest has been to explore the receptiondesks area as an important and separate element within the hotel. We havecompared “Ljus och Rum” recommendations (Swedish Standards Institute [SIS],2011) with actual measured light levels for four reception desks areas and examinedhow the staff perceives how the lighting affects their performance of dailytasks.

The methods we have used are light measurement, evenness calculations, visualanalysis and surveys. Lighting measurements were performed at four differenthotels in Gothenburg. The questionnaire was directed to the hotel staff in order toascertain their perception of the lighting in and around the reception’s desks area.In order to get an impression of and gain an overall understanding for the lighting,a visual analysis was done at each hotel.

The majority of the staff considers the lighting sufficient to perform their duties.It is clear that the lighting is perceived differently in each of the four hotels, dependingon how each hotel is formed and how the lighting is designed.

This study aims to establishing principles of how lighting can be used in the planning of courtyards. The survey will bring the understanding to developers or others who work on designing lighting for courtyards and residential buildings on how light affects ambience in the courtyard.

 The question that this study is intended to answers is how is the experience of the courtyards atmosphere is affected when the lighting changes?

The essay is based on a quantitative field study of the influence of lighting on the ambience of an courtyard. The lighting principles are based on interpretations of Richard Kelly's principles, which are described in more detail in the chapter background. Data was collected from 25 test participants who observed three lighting scenes and made a visual evaluation using two questionnaires. The surveys consisted of customized versions of an evaluation of the light experience, as well as a survey whitch gave answers to the participants' emotional evaluation of the light scenes. The results from the surveys are related to the theoretical framework and compared to see possible links between the visual experience and the affective evaluation. The results showed that lighting design greatly controls the perceived atmosphere, and that high light levels do not necessarily contribute to an inviting and safer environment.

This thesis examines how to improve the exhibition of products within retail for clothes and gift articles. The purpose is to investigate and test how light sources and different directions of light affect how the products are perceived regarding their exhibition. Our question formulations are:

1. To what degree does the level of light in combination with the background of the interior design of a shop affect whether a product is perceived more or less attractive?
2. What can we recommend to make the exhibition of products more attractive?

From our observations shops nowadays have relatively high levels of light when they expose products on vertical areas. We have looked on the recommendation from “Energimyndigheten” in order to see what they think is important when designing retail lightening. This recommendation only considers food stores and there were no recommendations for retails when it comes to exhibition. In this thesis we investigate how the level of light affect the experience of illuminated products and how to improve the knowledge of how to illuminate products so that are experienced more attractive.

The methods we used in this thesis where interviews, experiment and measurements of light. We did the interviews with staff from seven different shops in Jönköping city. This was done in order to understand how shops work with lighting and concepts. In our experiment we built up five different test scenes with four identical objects in each scene but with different lightings. Our informants evaluated how the different objects were experienced by estimating their experiences in a survey. We tested how different sources of light work with different backgrounds and objects. The objects that were used in the experiment were glass, metal, a cube of concrete and textile. The measurements of light were used in order to see connections between the measured values and whether they corresponded with the result from the experiment.

From our results we can see that metal halide has the capacity of bringing out textile and also contribute to creating fresh and light impressions on products. Halogen contributes in creating a calmer and lower impression in a retail environment. With darker backgrounds you bring out clear contrasts from bright and colorful objects . Whiter backgrounds reflect the light better which creates life in glass and metal objects in combination with metal halide. We can conclude that the level of light does not affect how attractive products are experienced, this is rather due to the direction of light, the color temperature, the effect and the capacity of the source of lighting to reproduce color in combination with different backgrounds.

The fitting room is an important part of a clothing store, it's often where the customer decides if they want to buy the garment or not. Therefore it is important that the customer can feel safe and comfortable when they are trying the clothing. A typical fitting room in Sweden today has only one bright spotlight that emits light either towards the face or from the ceiling above. This study explores possible lighting solutions that take into account the customer's experience in the fitting room.

The study aim to increase understanding of the importance of a good light in fitting rooms, so that customers gets a nice experience and that clothes, body shape and facial features are shown in a natural way. The issue therefore included how lighting can affect the customer's perception of the clothing and how the perception of body shape, facial features and the clothes change in different lighting solutions.

To answer these questions, observations were made in various clothing stores, followed by an experimental study divided into two parts. The first part was a practical part where trying different lighting directions were tested on a mannequin, which resulted in three selected lighting solutions. The second part was a full-scale study. 15 people evaluated a fitting room with three different lighting solutions.

The result demonstrates the importance of natural shadows and contrasts on the face and body and that it is important to consider how light falls and avoid glare. This is done by well-placed or shielded fixtures and by using several different lighting directions. The lighting in fitting rooms should be adapted to the type of clothes and customer group.

This study investigate the problems and opportunities as well as Swedish lighting designers and local authorities attitude to colored light in the exterior urban environment. The study also looks at the laws, rules and guidelines governing the use of colored light. 

The use of colored light is a relatively new way to design environments. The complexity lies in how and why the colored light is used. There is also a lack of available knowledge about the subject and existing laws, rules and guidelines are unclear. Light is an important part in the design of the city. It is important to have an overall strategy and clear rules and guidelines on how colored light should be used in the public space.

The purpose of this study is to survey and evaluate if the individual contrast sensitivity and preferences for horizontal and vertical lighting level correspond to the values that standard SS-EN 12464-1 recommends for the workplace- and surrounding light levels.

This study examines if lighting should be adapted after the individuals’ need or if a general value can be found that will cover every individuals’ need for a workplace and surrounding light level. This study also examines if parameters like sex, age and/or glasses/lenses have an effect on the amount of lighting that the test subjects need. Lastly we compared the values concerning the relationship between workplace- and surrounding light levels with standard SS-EN 12464-1’s recommendations.

The study is carried out with an experimental design that surveys 220 test subjects who were chosen by a selection of convenience. The test subjects did perform a test where they estimated their individual need for lighting in office environments regarding lighting for workplace and its surroundings. Every test subject carried out the test where they repeated the same attempt three times, to establish if the individual lighting need oscillated or if it was constant, whereupon the results were analyzed, compiled and compared to standard SS-EN 12464-1.

The results show that the minim- and maxim value for the test subjects is between 70 – 4300 lux. The result varies with different parameters such as sex, age and glasses/lenses. We could also state that the relationship between workplace- and surrounding light levels is slightly higher than what standard SS-EN 12464-1 recommends, which should be taken into consideration when planning future lighting constructions.

Based on the results in this study, our conclusion is that standard SS-EN 12464-1 does not cover the needs on the comfort levels that the test subjects indicated. The values that the test subjects indicated differ from the values that standard SS-EN 12464-1 recommends.

Since there is a huge spread of the experienced need for lighting between individuals and age groups, we draw the conclusion that general values of measure can’t be applied as a standard on neither workplace- nor surrounding light levels. To fulfill the needs that users have, the lighting construction should be adapted for the individual and give a lighting flood that will fill the individual needs for workplace lighting.

Today, Sweden employs about 930,000 people in industry. In the industrial sector, there is often a focus on direct energy-economic gains and not on the indirect gains. This means that comfort aspects such as good ventilation, ergonomic light and aesthetically pleasing environmental design are not prioritized. Today's industries often have varied flexible layouts to optimize their processes. That is, workstations, machines and storage shelves are moved to favor the flow of specific products. If the layout is varied, the lighting can be adversely affected if it is permanently mounted. Through a benchmarking study and light calculations, it was investigated to what extent a fixed lighting installation might be suitable for an industry with varying flow. The result of a part of the study shows that a fixed lighting installation, where the luminaires have wide diffusion angle, work well in industrial operations with varying flow rates. A quantitative study of 17 participants was conducted in an industrial room to investigate the extent to which well-being is affected in an industry of good light quality, compared with a poorer light quality facility. The study was conducted for four weeks by evaluating two lighting installations. The system's existing lighting installation was compared with a lighting installation of better technology and light quality. In this part of the survey it was found that the light of the higher light quality perceived more natural, more focused, warmer and more comfortable than in the light with lower light quality. Other aspects, such as shadowing and reflection, were experienced relatively similar throughout the extent of the research. By establishing LCC calculations and calculating LENI numbers, it could be determined how the energy cost of the plant is affected by a new lighting system with LED. A light facility with the new technology has a lower energy consumption than the older installation. This contributes to a more economic and environmental sustainability.

Public buildings are considered to be the most power consuming buildings in the world. To reduce power consumption earlier studies propose greater use of natural daylight to illuminate surroundings, hallways and areas where to preform common work tasks and where artificial lighting is only used for the actual work space and places where higher light levels are required. In office buildings with available daylight, it has been shown that people have a greater general well-being, improved health, reduced absenteeism and increased productivity.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how different room configurations can increase the amount of daylight in offices. The essay is based on an experimental study in the form of a questionnaire in which participants have evaluated and documented their perceptions of the visual properties regarding daylight. The evaluation has been carried out with scale models of different room configurations, but with the same window size and window positions.

The results show that a room configuration with embrasures provides the most effective daylight harvesting. Embrasures contribute with maximum visibility, brightness and provide maximum light scattering. Room configurations with rounded corners have proven to give the most even light ratio between the light and dark areas of a room where the light is also spread most evenly along the walls. According to an evaluation of the visual properties of daylight, a room with rounded corners is perceived to be the most comfortable room and provide the softest and gentlest light impression.

The study is limited to evaluate the amount of daylight and the visual properties of daylight in large office spaces designed based on energy-efficient passive houses with thick facade walls.

Why do both your body and the shirt look different in the fitting room comparedto how they did in the store area? The continuing problem with lighting in fittingrooms is a fact. The lighting industry should have resolved this matter severalyears ago through the development process. This study investigates the problemfrom the viewpoint of three different stakeholders in order to presentrecommendations for lighting in fitting room. The following concerns are raised:1. What criteria’s defines good lighting in the fitting room?2. Seen from the store staff and customers perspective, what function does lightingin the fitting room have?3. Does the customers’ perception of themselves in the fitting room affect theirdecision to buy?Initially there was a pilot study with an observation of existing fitting rooms, andinterviews with lighting designers. After these, additional interviews with storemanager from five different stores in Jönköping were undertaken. Our two studymethods, survey and measuring of light, were used in these stores. The 70 surveyresponses were compared directly with the fitting rooms physical attributes thatwere documented by light measurements in the fitting rooms.The most important features with regard to lighting in fitting rooms are anaccurate visual color experience and a fair image of the body and face.Surprisingly, there are fitting rooms where lighting is deliberately weakened inorder to manipulate the customer to exit the fitting room. This will allow the storestaff to increase the chances of creating a relationship with the customer toinfluence purchasing decisions; an approach we would not like to recommend.Good lighting in fitting rooms is characterized by technical lighting choices thatharmonize with other features in the fitting room to create an unbiased image ofcolors, details and body shape. The lighting must also interact with all otherlighting in the store.In the survey we asked customers to what extent the four different factors listedabove influenced their decision of buying the tested garment. The factor that mostaffects the customer decision of purchase is the customer service (purchase doesoccur) and the price (purchase does not occur), thereafter the experience ofthemselves in the fitting rooms (for both). This result is congruent with well withlighting designers and store staff’s reasoning about what affects the customerspurchasing decision.Our conclusion is that the lighting in fitting rooms should give a fair picture ofbody, color and clothing. Recommendations for lighting in the fitting room wouldease the planning, but an optimal solution cannot account for the reality that allpeople have different sensitivity to light and diverse needs in the fitting rooms.The experience of the fitting room and specifically the lighting within can belinked to the decision of purchases.

This thesis is concerned with the design of the artificially lighted environment in computerised offices. Its aim is to describe which kind of lighting solution is best suited to accommodate VDT-based tasks, and whether or not working in front of a VDT affects visual comfort and well-being. The research question has been approached in four studies: 1) A questionnaire study aimed to establish how different criteria are used in the office lighting design process. 2) An experimental study comparing the influence of different office light settings on perceptions. 3) A comparison of an LED light setting with a conventional light setting. 4) The final study retrieved articles describing research related to office lighting, and resulted in a state-of-the-art article in office lighting research. The findings show that there is a need for lighting education within the group of lighting practitioners, as well as for research that is accessible and applicable to lighting designs. The experimental studies could not verify that office lighting affects performance, even though it was shown that a varied light setting was perceived to enhance well-being more than a monotonous lighting solution. One important contribution in this thesis is the unfolding of the inadequacy of the methodology used in current lighting research. It is shown that quantitative measures alone cannot explain the complex interactions between human perceptions, well-being, visual comfort and performance.

Denna översikt syftar till att sammanställa befintligt forskningsläge avseende ljusdesign i den publika vårdmiljön. Översikten baseras på databassökningar på vetenskapliga databaser tillgängliga vid Jönköping University under perioden december 2014 - mars 2015.

För att skapa bättre ljusmiljöer inom vården är det viktigt att belysningen planeras med omsorg och att olika aspekter hos ljuset och ljuskällans kvalitet beaktas. Det är viktigt att ljuskaraktären i sjukhusets allmänna utrummen gör det möjligt att orientera sig med lätthet och att bedöma hälsotillstånd, men sjukhuset är också en arbetsplats. Det är på arbetsplatsen som vi vistas en stor del av vår vakna tid, och tillgången till naturligt ljus visade sig också vara den enskilt viktigaste faktorn när man undersökte hur olika designelement uppfattades av vårdpersonal. En större tillgång till dagsljus gör personalen mindre stressad och ökar deras välbefinnande. För besökare på sjukhus var ljus i kombination med färg en positiv distraktion samtidigt som det gav vägledning. Patientrummets utformning har studerats i ett flertal studier, men det visade sig att evidensbaserad ljusdesign där ett helhetsgrepp om vårdmiljön tas saknas.

This paper presents an experimental study with 47 participants on the influence of lighting on performance and well-being in an office environment. Well-being, alertness and performance were evaluated and measured in two rooms with artificial lighting and one room with day lighting. The evaluations were correlated to cortisol/melatonin saliva samples, illuminance and spectral compo-sition of the lighting. The results show day lighting to have a sustained influence on alertness and performance and it is furthermore concluded that the level of cortisol in saliva was not influenced by the illuminance and did not have an influence on performance. The participants preferred a lighting with different kinds of light sources to a more neutral lightning and gave it higher ratings for well-being.The analysis shows that comfort did not influence alertness.

Badminton is an indoor sport that people of all ages and at all levels of exercise can enjoy. The higher the level of the sport is practiced in the more demands on lighting. Today many badminton courts use luminaires that contribute to glare and do not provide a good visual comfort. Badminton is the fastest racquet sport, which makes the demands on the lighting high. Without adequate guidance on the lighting design of the facility to ensure good lighting for the players, it may be difficult for them to have time to perceive the shuttlecock, when the game runs very fast and many movements occur at the badminton court.

The aim is to increase the understanding of what factors are important to consider when planning new lighting in badminton halls.

The methods used in the study were observations, light measurements, interviews and survey. The surveys were conducted in two badminton halls in Sweden, one in Skellefteå in the badminton hall Degerby Hall and one in Jönköping in the hall Racquet Center. The observations were conducted in each hall. Also a survey of the players in the halls, interviews with those who planned the lighting in each hall and measurements of the horizontal average illuminance on the badminton courts were implemented.

Results show that luminaire design features for functionality and glare prevention are important factors that should be taken into account when the new lighting in badminton halls is planned.

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka hur man som belysnings-planerare i Italien arbetar och tänker kring belysning. Vi ville också ta reda på om det finns skillnader i sättet att arbeta som belysningsplanerare i Italien gentemot Sverige och vilka skillnaderna är. Undersökningen bidrar med ny kunskap och förståelse kring belysningsplanering i ett större geografiskt perspektiv.

Frågeställningarna är följande:

1. Vad har italienska belysningsplanerare för fokus i sitt arbete med belysningsplanering?
2. Vad har svenska belysningsplanerare för fokus i sitt arbete med belysningsplanering?
3. Vilka eventuella skillnader finns det mellan italienska och svenska belysningsplanerares sätt att arbeta?

För att svara på frågeställningarna valde vi att genomföra en utforskande studie. Vi valde att använda oss av öppna individuella intervjuer med belysningsplanerare från Sverige och Italien för att på så sätt kunna gå på djupet i våra frågeställningar. Vi intervjuade tre belysningsplanerare i vardera land, totalt sex belysnings-planerare.

De två saker som belysningsplanerarna i Italien främst fokuserar på i sina projekt är brukaren och rummet. Deras fokus är tydligt medan de svenska belysnings-planerarnas fokus varierar mer mellan projekten och styrs mer av beställaren. De svenska belysningsplanerarna liksom de italienska belysningsplanerarna har ett starkt brukarfokus.

Skillnaderna mellan de svenska och italienska belysningsplanerarna finns inom följande områden; huruvida man gör underhållsplaner för projekten, hanteringen av vandalism, val av färgtemperatur, hur man arbetar utifrån lagar och standarder.

Vi har utifrån vår undersökning dragit slutsatsen att det inte finns särskilt stora skillnader i arbetsätt och tankar kring belysning mellan Sverige och Italien. Det visade sig vara lika mycket variation mellan belysningsplanerarna i samma land som länderna emellan.

In our education to become Lighting designers at Jönköping University at theDepartment of lighting Science we have come in contact with standard SS-EN12464-1. The information we have acquired during our education does notcomply with the information contained in the standard. We decided toinvestigate:

· How well the European lighting standard SS-EN 12464-1 does respondto the intentions of the Swedish work environmental act?

· If it´s possible to secure the intentions of the work environmental act´sintentions with a standard?

We have investigated this issue through studies of literature and interviews. Aresult has been reached through comparisons of literature and interviews.We found that there are differences between lighting technology and lightingscience when deciding on how lighting should be planned and how it´s qualityshould be secured. Lighting technology argue that it´s safer to use photometryas it´s more objective, meanwhile lighting science argue that you can’t evaluatea visual environment with instruments.Our conclusion is that the standard has difficulties fulfilling the workenvironment act. The standard fails to fulfill the demands specified in the workenvironmental act´s demands for ergonomics; it lacks the connection to userand space according to our conclusion. At the same time we reached theconclusion that a standard is not necessarily a bad starting point when planninglight. However the version currently in use needs to be strongly revised as itlacks the connection to user and space.

The thesis was conducted at Jönköping University in conjunction with the lighting design education in year 2017. The study aimed at investigating the traffic environment along the high way between Värnamo and Jönköping in order to map and get an idea of how the effect lighting can be used with colored light without creating a danger to traffic. The aim was to investigate whether the effect lights showed an impact on the driver's perception of the highway, and if the colors gave a difference in the experience or created distractions. The area was relevant to investigate as effect lighting are becoming more common after the technology has become more useful and economically justifiable. For that reason effect lighting with color are becoming more common, but are believed to have an impact on traffic that we are not aware of. The thesis questions were then formulated and investigated how effect lighting on objects affects drivers' experience in traffic. As well as if effect lighting of color and neutral light affect drivers’ experience of the road differently.The field study was conducted for three nights in March at a gas station related to the route that was investigated. Participants answered questions with semantic scales where they answered how they felt and experienced the road. Some of the participants were also randomly picked and asked if they could answer any following questions in the form of an interview.The road that was investigated had seven different effect lightings, witch three of them had colored light. The results showed that the lighting on the objects caught the attention of car drivers and affected the road drivers' experience of the road. The study also showed that the drivers were affected differently by the effect lights depending on whether the lighting was of colored or neutral light. The conclusions of the survey show how the drivers in this study experienced the road between Jönköping and Värnamo. To find out how effect lighting on objects generally affect road safety, more research is required.

The final project work was performed within the two courses Lighting Design and Product Development with Furniture Design, where a common interest existed for the design of luminaire fixtures. Research showed that no previous investigations or studies had been conducted to find out why people have lights in their windows. Maybe window lighting is redundant and consume unnecessary amount of energy? Lively discussions with classmates and acquaintances resulted in several hypotheses about the presence of window lighting.

Because of the lack of knowledge about why people have window lighting, the purpose of the work was to determin why. If the lack of knowledge can be filled it will be easier to design luminaire fixtures suited for the needs. The work was guided by the main research questions Which are the real reasons people have lighting placed in the window? and What shall a window lighting look like to satisfy identified needs in terms of function and appearance?

The work would result in determining why people have window lighting and from the result develop a product suggestion for a luminaire fixture that meets the needs.

Relevant theory was studied about the advent of electricity in Sweden, different types of luminaire fixtures, lighting principles and how a design process for a product development can be carried out.

A pre-study summoned and phrased seventeen hypotheses for the reasons for window lighting. The hypotheses were the basis for a survey conducted among one hundred informants in Jönköping.

The survey also aimed to identify requirements on function and appearance for a product suggestion.

The conclusion is that people use window lighting because it is considered cozy viewed from both outside and inside the home, the impression of lighten a dark window, it looks nice for the neighbors, it prevents burglary and it defines the shape of the room. The most desirable requirements for a window light to meet is coziness, a standing fixture, stability, to be simultaneously trendy and timeless, and that it can be controlled even when no one is at home.

Window lighting did not prove to be an unnecessary energy consumer in the home but it´s appreciated for its ability to create a nice and cozy atmosphere, for both people who are in the home and for the viewer on the outside of the home.

Based on the requirements that emerged a suggestion for a window luminarie fixture which fulfilled the required properties was made and presented in sketches and digital drawings.

The background to this report is based on how architectural art through times been treating daylight with greatest precision to take advantage of its good quality, and how the technical revolution with artificial lighting affects our way of working with daylighting today.

The purpose of the study is to contribute to the knowledge how the daylight opening affects the perception of a room. The aim is to clarify how proportions and placement affects how the incident light occurs in the room and how that affects on how the room is perceived. The study is meant to be used by lighting planners, and in terms of pleasantness, be able to create the best possible daylight environment.

The following questions were formulated:

• How do the positions of daylight openings affect the perception of a room?

• How do the proportions of daylight openings affect the perception of a room?

• How much light enters the room as a result of proportions and placements of daylight openings?

  The investigation began with a pre-experiment where window configurations were observed in a scale model and then tested in a full-scale experiment. During the experiment surveys were made in a sample group of twenty people who had to answer questions about spatial experience, followed by lighting calculations that were made in all four experimental settings.

  The result shows that large daylight openings provide a high level of light but contribute to low spatiality, deterioration of contrasts and increased risk of glare. Smaller, low-set horizontal daylight openings tend to give the same levels of light but create a better sense of space and reduce glare.

  With high positioned horizontal daylight openings the result shows a deterioration of spatial experience and the room is perceived closed and stuffy.

  A vertical daylight opening is shown to make the room feel small and high, and the level of light is low, the contrast ratio and the completeness experienced worsening.

  The result shows that the window surface area affects the experience but is not essential how the daylight openings affect the perception of the room, it looks like the matter of placement have greatest impact on the room experience. It also shows that the darker rooms have higher spatiality than the lighter ones. The study shows that the test group liked the room with low-set horizontal daylight openings better. 

The background to this report is based on how architectural art through times

been treating daylight with greatest precision to take advantage of its good quality,

and how the technical revolution with artificial lighting affects our way of working

with daylighting today.

The purpose of the study is to contribute to the knowledge how the daylight

opening affects the perception of a room. The aim is to clarify how proportions

and placement affects how the incident light occurs in the room and how that

affects on how the room is perceived. The study is meant to be used by lighting

planners, and in terms of pleasantness, be able to create the best possible daylight

environment.

A good work environment in school is crucial in order to effectively teach and learn. Two factors that have a strong impact on the environment in a classroom is the lighting and the sound level. Research has shown that both light and sound have an impact on the health, and while a lot of research has been done on the work environment and the impact by different factors, very few studies have focused on how light and sound affect each other.

The purpose of this study is to shed light on how the lighting can affect the sound level in a classroom. The results of this study could be used as a reference as to how the lighting should be set up in order to creative the most effective work environment in a classroom.

In order to study if the sound level changes depending on the lighting, a quantitative field experiment has been performed. The study took place in a classroom with 6th graders in primary school. During 12 weekdays over a period of 3 weeks, the decibel values were logged to find out whether the sound level changed. During the first week, the original lighting was used. During the second week, the light was dimmed, and during the third and final week, the light was unevenly spread out.

The results show that the sound level is indeed affected by the lighting in the classroom. The unevenly spread out lighting setup with a focus on vertical surfaces resulted in the lowest sound level.

One conclusion that can be drawn is that more focus on the ambient light affects the students positively. The most important conclusion is that a lighting setup with different luminaires and a variety of the light levels and spread depending of the time of the day and season, is affecting the sound level and work environment in the classroom in a positive way.

Artificiella solljusbilder kan ge positiva känslor och upplevas som naturligt solljus i interiöra miljöer. I en tid där ljusnivåer och standardvärden prioriteras blir det unika och intressanta allt viktigare i ljusdesignen. Utifrån människans tendens att föredra det naturliga kan ett artificiellt ljus som imiterar det naturliga också ge välmående och harmoni för oss. Ett ”naturligt” artificiellt ljus kan ha stor inverkan i vårdmiljöer och på arbetsplatser utan dagsljusinsläpp.

Syftet är att i interiöra miljöer kunna addera en artificiellt skapad solljusbild, en artificiell solljusbild som tillför en positiv ljusupplevelse i rum, även vid mulna dagar, och till det inre av djupa rum eller till rum helt utan dagsljus.

Målet är en välgrundad utvärdering av hur artificiella solljusbilder upplevs i rum. Ambitionerna är att belysa vilka kvalitéer som är karakteristiska för solljusbilder och producera dessa artificiellt.

Frågeställningar: Vilka kvalitéer skall en artificiell ljuseffekt ha för att den ska upplevas som en naturlig solljusbild? Hur upplevs en artificiell solljusbild i rum?

Metod och genomförande: I en förstudie fick försökspersoner rangordna fotografier av solljus i rum. Resultatet från förstudien gav indikationer på vilka kvalitéer i ljuset som mest representerar naturligt solljus i rum. Utifrån analys av de oftast utvalda fotografierna samt de som inte blev valda har fyra olika artificiella solljussbilder skapats och utvärderats i rum utan dagsljus.

Resultat: Förstudien visar att de mest naturliga solljusbilder har en tydlig form och riktning, en varm ljusfärg och en variation av ljushet inom ljusbildens form samt en balanserad kontrast mot sin omgivning. En gradient i övergången mellan ljusbild och omgivning med varierad övertoning är också karakteristiska egenskaper som naturliga solljusbilder har. Upplevelsen av de artificiellt skapade solljusbilderna var positiva.

Slutsatser: De kvalitéer som är karakteristiska för solljusbilder är: Formen, Riktningen, Ljushetsvariationen, Ljusbildens kant, Kontrasten, och Färgtemperaturen i ljusbilden. Vår studie visar att artificiellt skapade solljusbilder upplevs som naturliga, harmoniska och som solljus. 

Examensarbetets syfte är att kartlägga belysningsprocessen vid kulturhistoriska belysningsprojekt.; vilka intressenter som är delaktiga, vilka lagar och regler som styr belysningen i dessa miljöer samt ta reda på om det finns någon sammanhållande kraft som säkerställer att objektets värden bibehålls och att staden som stadsrum gestaltas enhetligt. Följande frågeställningar besvaras i rapporten:

 Vem/vilka bär ansvar i processen vid utformningen av historisk anpassad belysning och hur ser samverkan mellan olika aktörer ut under processen.

 Hur ser det ut i dagens samhälle när det gäller att uppmärksamma ett kulturminne med belysning?

 Vilka riktlinjer/lagar finns det för att säkerställa kvaliteten av arbetet?

Under studien har intervjuer genomförts med personer som varit delaktiga under gestaltandet av belysningen för domkyrkorna i Uppsala och Lund. Vi har talat med beställaren, ljusdesigners, RAÄ - Riksantikvarieämbetet, SFV - Statens Fastighetsverk, Länsstyrelsen på respektive ort samt stadsarkitekter i båda dessa städer.

På vardera platsen genomfördes en observation av dessa anläggningar i vilken vi har ställt den information som vi samlat in under intervjuerna mot det färdiga resultatet.

Resultatet visar att det idag inte finns någon sammanhållande kraft/person som säkerställer kvalitet och enhetlighet när det gäller belysningsplanering i staden. De lagar som finns idag berör inte belysningen i sig utan dessa innehåller snarare restriktioner för hur installationen får påverka de skyddade objekten. Gestaltningsarbetet regleras också via bygglov och kravställande intressenter vilket på det sättet begränsar att belysningen inte blir dominerande. Denna bedömning görs från objekt till objekt.

Baserat på det resultat som vi fått kan vi dra slutsatser att det skulle behövas en person som har det övergripande ansvaret för denna typ av belysningsfrågor. Detta för att säkerställa att resultaten sammanfaller med önskvärd helhet för staden. Dessutom ser vi att en viktig yrkesgrupp, stadsarkitekterna, bör involveras mer i dessa frågor för att alla delar i staden ska finnas med i resonemanget för ett enhetligt stadsrum.

Samarbetet är i dessa projekt viktigt att trycka på. Dessutom ska man tidigt ställa sig frågan om varför man vill genomföra en belysning och därför utforma en målbild för varje projekt. Ett belysningsprogram eller andra riktlinjer kan behöva utformas för att förenkla processen och förtydliga komplexiteten med att belysa äldre, historiskt viktiga miljöer.