Light therapy is applied to older people with dementia as a treatment to reset the biological clock, to improve the cognitive functioning, and to reduce behavioral symptoms. Although the methodological quality of light therapy studies is essential, many aspects concerning the description of the lighting applied are missing. This study reviewed light therapy studies concerning the effects on people with dementia as a way to check the methodological quality of the description of light from a light engineering perspective. Twelve studies meeting the inclusion criteria were chosen for further analysis. Each study was scored on a list of aspects relevant to a proper description of lighting aspects. The overview demonstrates that the overall quality of the methodologies is poor. The studies describe the lighting insufficiently and not in the correct metrics. The robustness of light therapy studies can be improved by involving a light engineer or specialist.

Long-term care facilities are currently installing dynamic lighting systems with the aim to improve the well-being and behaviour of residents with dementia. The aim of this study was to investigate the implementation of dynamic lighting systems from the perspective of stakeholders and the performance of the technology. Therefore, a questionnaire survey was conducted with the management and care professionals of six care facilities. Moreover, light measurements were conducted in order to describe the exposure of residents to lighting. The results showed that the main reason for purchasing dynamic lighting systems lied in the assumption that the well-being and day/night rhythmicity of residents could be improved. The majority of care professionals were not aware of the reasons why dynamic lighting systems were installed. Despite positive subjective ratings of the dynamic lighting systems, no data were collected by the organizations to evaluate the effectiveness of the lighting. Although the care professionals stated that they did not see any large positive effects of the dynamic lighting systems on the residents and their own work situation, the majority appreciated the dynamic lighting systems more than the old situation. The light values measured in the care facilities did not exceed the minimum threshold values reported in the literature. Therefore, it seems illogical that the dynamic lighting systems installed in the researched care facilities will have any positive health effects.

When determining the effects of light on human beings, it is essential to correctly measure the effects, and to correctly measure the adequate properties of light. Therefore, it is important to know what is being measured and know the quality of the measurement devices. This paper describes simple methods for identifying three quality indices; the directional response index, the linearity index and the temperature index. These indices are also checked for several commonly used portable light measurement devices. The results stresses what was already assumed, the quality and the outcome of these devices under different circumstances were very different. Also, the location were these devices are normally worn has an impact on the results. The deviation range between worn vertically at eye level and the wrist is between 11% (outdoor) to 27% (indoor). The smallest deviation, both in indoor and outdoor, was found when the device was placed on the sides of the eye (7%). 

Introduction – This thesis in Building Engineering at Jönköping University, in collaboration with Tyréns Sweden AB, examines the issues surrounding 3D models as construction documents from a legal perspective and investigates how digitization affects stakeholders in the construction industry. The goal of the study is to explore a relevant and interesting research area in order to contribute to knowledge development and the advancement of new theories or methods in the field.

Method – The study will employ qualitative research, including primary data collection through interviews, to address the research questions posed in the report. The authors have chosen this method to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the respondents' perspectives and identify important themes and patterns. The interviews were conducted with participants from various sectors of the construction industry to obtain a broader picture of the subject.

Results – The study revealed that there are certain legal barriers to the use of 3D models as drawing documentation. These barriers are related to a lack of knowledge and uncertainty in handling the models. This includes issues of copyright, liability, and evidential value. There is a need to update current regulations to facilitate the management of digital models.

Analysis – The analysis of the results clarifies that industry standards and clearer guidelines would prevent uncertainties and address knowledge gaps in the use of BIM and 3D models. An industry standard could have facilitated a smoother transition to a more digitized construction industry. There is also a need for education in the field for professionals and decision-making stakeholders.

Discussion – The discussion focuses on possible solutions to the identified problems, such as the development of standards and guidelines, education, and regulatory updates. There is also a need to raise awareness about the legal aspects of using 3D models in the construction industry, as the uncertainty regarding their legal status is high. Legally, it is possible to use 3D models as contractual documents, but the study shows that concerns about the legal aspects are a reason for the weak implementation.

Keywords – 3D model, 3D design, BIM, Building Information Modeling, construction documents, contractual law, and copyright.

Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to identify Swedish foundries’ challenges regarding circularity and sustainability demands and explore how SME foundries can be more sustainable and circular.

Method: The research approach used in this study is an exploratory multiple-case study. The research questions are answered by using qualitative data through interviews and observations as data collection methods.

Findings: The study’s findings present many challenges for Swedish foundries. The main challenges identified are fluctuations in demand, Just-in-Time, extra transports, and the availability of suitable supply chain partners.

The challenge of demand fluctuations for SME foundries resulted in a recommendation on how SMEs can face the challenge. The recommendation aims to reallocate capacity by warehousing, followed by increasing communication in the supply chain. The study concludes that Swedish foundries are far from achieving circular supply chains but strive for sustainable foundries.

Practical Implications: Organizations could use this thesis as a point of reference to compare and reflect on their foundry operations. Since SMEs are targeted for facing challenges in the industry, practical implications could provide a recommendation for organizations and managers in the foundry industry to collaborate more efficiently with OEMs.

Theoretical Implications: This study contributes to the existing knowledge with a new perspective as the challenges connected to sustainability and circularity have been a gap for academia in the foundry industry.

Delimitations: This thesis delimitates within the supply chain of one SME and two OEMs in the Swedish foundry industry. The SME’s role in the supply chain is a supplier of casted components, while the OEMs are both a producer of castings and a customer of components. The areas within the supply chain studied are castings, materials, logistics, production, and sustainability & circularity.

The purpose of this study is to improve the production flow in a mixed-model assembly line. This has been achieved by first identifying the problems in a mixed-model assembly line and proposing the solutions that can be applied to the problems. In addition, the purpose will be fulfilled with the help of the existing studies and by answering the research questions.

This report concerns the implementation of a simulation framework to evaluate an emerging peer-to-peer network topology scheme using 8-point hypercircles, entitled HyperCircle. This topology was proposed in order to alleviate some of the drawbacks of current P2P systems evolving in an uncontrolled manner, such as scalability issues, network overload and long search times. The framework is supposed to be used to evaluate the advantages of this new topology. The framework has been built on top of an existing simulator software solution, the selection of which was an important part of the development. Weighing different variables such as scalability and API usability, the selection fell on OverSim, an open-source discreet-event simulator based on OMNET++.

After formalizing the protocol for easier implementation, as well as extending it for better performance, implementation followed using C++ with OverSim’s API and simulation library. Implemented as a module (alongside other stock modules providing their own protocols such as Chord and Kademlia), it can be used in OverSim to simulate a user-defined network using one of the simulation routine applications provided (or using a custom application written by the user). For the purposes of this thesis, the standard application KBRTestApp was used; an application sending test messages between randomly selected nodes, while adding and removing nodes at specific time intervals. The adding and removing of nodes can be configured with probability parameters.

Tentative testing shows that this implementation of the HyperCircle protocol has a certain performance gain over the OverSim implementations of the Chord and Kademlia protocols, measurable in the time it takes a message to get from sender to recipient. Further testing is outside the scope of this thesis.

Gamification is a modern concept that makes physical and digital activities engaging and enjoyable just like games. Game elements are added to mobile applications for user retention and engagement. One of the dark sides of gamification i.e., addiction is explored in this novel study in the context of mobile application design. It uses a mixed-method approach to lay the foundation of the relation between gamification and Smartphone Addiction, which is critically explained in a limited literature review using existing theories and studies on gamification. Interviews with behavioral experts confirm the psychological aspects of the research. The study also identifies game elements that contribute to smartphone addiction by a survey analysis of 269 participants. Results reveal Scrolling and Tapping as most addictive game elements. Some elements also show a statistically significant relationship with daily smartphone usage in hours. There are many effective applications of gamification, and in the context of mobile application design, it indeed helps to increase user engagement, however, there is an ethical need to reflect on what the exaggerated form of this engagement can lead to. As future research, a longitudinal study and experiments are suggested to find out this relationship with the use of empirical data.

Introduction: Today, humanity is trying to develop in all areas of life, so that we can reach a cleaner, more modern, and more sustainable world. This study highlights the importance of architecture to improve areas of life. This report talks about a type of architectural design. It is called biophilic design which means to combine nature with buildings. This study is about biophilic design in school buildings.

Method: To perform the survey, three different methods were chosen. The first method was a questionnaire sent to college students and high school students, the second method was interviews conducted with knowledgeable architects who have extensive experience in the subject of biophilic design and the last method was literature studies.

Results: All data collected from the questionnaire, the interviews and literature studies are summarized as follows:Most college students and high school students think that when you are closer to nature it makes you feel better and that it would help improve the teaching process. Architects who were interviewed thought that biophilic design in school buildings has both advantages and disadvantages, but in general they support the idea of using and spreading the idea more in Sweden.

Analysis: The analyzed data have shown that it is possible to implement biophilic design on the inside and outside of a school building in unusual ways. But many problems will arise, and one must have the will to continue to maintain these materials. It turned out that having these natural elements in school will contribute to a positive effect on the learning environment and the students themselves. For example, as a more creative, calm, and de-stressing environment. Having a green roof seems like an innovative idea but it requires a lot of maintenance.

Discussion: This study focuses on how to implement biophilic design in a school building and what impact it has on the learning environment. The study addressed what is required to integrate the qualities of nature in the right way to maximize its effects. Studying biophilic design, nature and how it affects people and architecture and its impact on people has helped to lead to a clear result.

Abstract 

Introduction: The construction industry is a large industry and like all other industries, it must always develop. The development can involve several factors, but within today's construction industry, Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a central part of the development. Companies and organizations in Sweden have shown for a long time that there are shortcomings in BIM and its use compared to other countries. There are several reasons for this, but above all the high costs and lack of knowledge about BIM. BIM can facilitate and streamline the construction process and it is something that is not fully utilized, which can make the process slower and less efficient. Communication is a big part of BIM as it facilitates communication, which is one of the biggest problems in the construction industry.Method: The method used to present the theories in the study is semi-structured interviews so that the interviewee has the freedom to design their answers. As well as literature implementation from theoretical frameworks that have been the main data collection method.Results: What the study showed after the conducted interviews and the implementation of literature is that there is a lack of BIM use and digital tools. The shortage exists at different levels in the different municipalities and differs even if the municipalities are roughly the same size when it comes to area and population. Some municipalities have taken the first step towards digitization and have succeeded in that step.Analysis: BIM is a tool that can make it easier for municipalities and companies to work. If they use BIM, it can save time, money and resources. the municipalities know about this and want to use BIM in their work system, but they encounter some problems. They have a lack of trained staff and the economy right now makes it difficult to carry out the process.Discussion: The study shows that BIM is used too little within the municipalityaccording to interviews and literature review. Introducing BIM is expected to make work easier for municipalities, but there are challenges for organizations that want to use BIM and participate in technology development.Keywords: BIM, BIM implementation, Pros and cons of BIM, Preliminary study, Client, digitization within municipal operations and digitization of the building permit process.

A major concern for companies today is the necessity to manufacture a wide range of products with short lead times and at a low cost. This puts greater demands on companies to have a good product mix and volume flexibility while maintaining a high level of efficiency. In addition, companies need to be aware of the source of unknown losses in their organisation and production process in order to minimise them.  This study was conducted at Corroventa avfuktning AB in Bankeryd, Sweden, a company that specialises in products that are used to dehumidify buildings and neutralise radon radiation. Their production process mainly focuses on maintaining stock levels, but adverse weather conditions that cause flooding and water damage could push demand levels to a point where they are unable to guarantee a short enough lead time to win a customer order. This puts pressure on them to make their production process more flexible and efficient while reducing their lead time.  The case study was carried out in a pre-assembly department for the final assembly of adsorption dehumidifiers. The department had been identified as a bottleneck for the whole system during high demand, and the study was undertaken to identify the underlying problem. With a firm theoretical framework and in-depth status analysis the authors identified key areas to improve the overall performance of the pre-assembly department. The improvements included a new production layout, a more balanced assembly process and a reduction in material handling. This led to improved product mix and volume flexibility, and reduced lead times. As a final step, a discussion and conclusion has been written that discusses the validity and reliability of the study, sums up all the areas of improvement and determines further studies that need to be undertaken in order to facilitate future improvements throughout the plant.

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a new evolving approach within the networking domain. The concept is based on decoupling and abstracting the control and data plane of the traditional network devices. This separation facilitates the network operations with many benefits such as faster delivery, better segmentation, scalability, programmability, enhancing the quality of service and the quality of experience. Despite all the benefits, SDN has its own set of challenges. 

The purpose of this study is to explore the main challenges in adopting SDN architecture in Swedish organizations. The focus is on the skills gap as one of the main challenges and how Swedish organizations were able to manage it.

A qualitative approach has been chosen to conduct this research using semi-structured interviews to collect the data from seven different organizations, using a mixture of a purposive and snowball sampling selection. A thematic approach was then used to generate categories and themes from the collected data.

The results are consistent with previous studies when it comes to technical, financial and security challenges. The technical challenges, however, were fewer in comparison with previous studies. A new way of working was presented as a new challenge when implementing SDN solutions. Furthermore, the knowledge gap was mentioned as a key challenge within Swedish organizations when implementing/operating SDN. 

Finally, clear recommendations were made to overcome the knowledge gap challenge, from consulting a third-party expert, having a detailed plan, employing a multiphase process for SDN implementation, to having an online learning platform available to the IT team. 

Purpose - This thesis aims to developing a decision-making tool which fits in a reconfigurable manufacturing system (RMS) milieu used to identify whether to introduce and produce a new product into an already existing assembly line or to invest in a new assembly line. To fulfil the purpose, four research questions were developed. 

1. Which line balancing problem-solving techniques exist in the literature?
2. Which investment costs can be considered vital for new assembly lines as a    consequence from new product introductions?
3. Can a decision-making tool be designed to evaluate new product introductions which considers both line balancing KPIs and investment costs in an assembly line?
4. To what extent can criteria in the RMS theory be linked with the attributes of the    designed decision-making tool to support its applicability?

Method - Literature studies were performed in order to create a theoretical foundation for the thesis to stand upon, hence enabling the possibility to answer the research questions. The literature studies were structured to focus on selected topics, including reconfigurable manufacturing systems, line balancing, and assembly line investment costs. To answer the third research question, which involved creating a decision-making tool, a single-case study was carried out. The company chosen was within the automotive industry. Data was collected through interviews, document studies and a focus group.

Findings & analysis - An investigation regarding which line balancing solving-techniques suit RMS and which assembly line investment costs are critical when  introducing new products has been made. The outputs from these  investigations set the foundation for developing a decision-making tool which enables fact-based decisions. To test the decision-making tool’s compatibility with reconfigurable manufacturing systems, an evaluation against established characteristics was performed. The evaluation identified two reconfigurable manufacturing system characteristic as having a direct correlation to the decision-making tool. These characteristics regarded scalability and convertibility.

Conclusions - The industrial contribution of the thesis was a decision-making tool that enables fact-based decisions regarding whether to introduce a new product into an already existing assembly line or invest in a new assembly line. The academic contribution involved that the procedure for evaluating the tool was recognized as also being suitable for testing the reconfigurable correlation with other production development tools. Another contribution regards bridging the knowledge gaps of the classifications in line balancing-solving techniques and assembly line investment costs.

Delimitations - One of the delimitations in the thesis involved solely focusing on developing and analysing a decision-making tool from an RMS perspective. Hence, other production systems were not in focus. Also, the thesis only covered the development of a decision-making tool for straight assembly lines, not U-shaped lines.

This projects aims to develop design automation in product development. Design automation causes increase in producibility and decrease in product cost and manufacturing lead time.

The study at hand is proposed to provide a new method and to introduce procedure to the design of wiring pattern for a car seat heater for Kongsberg Automotive, KA. KA is a Norwegian company and a global provider of engineering, design, and manufacture for seat comfort, driver and motion control systems, fluid assemblies, and industrial driver interface products. The method that currently is used in the company to create a wiring pattern is neither sufficient enough nor automated.

In order to design the wiring pattern, at first procedure is handled by the designer. Secondly, car seat heater 2D layout is imported and then, the dimensions of the elements are defined as constraints. Then VBA codes are opened and the program is run. The result will be a wiring pattern in different 2D layouts. To make the design process easier, we have modeled five different layouts; wiring pattern of one element, two elements, three elements, five elements (with two back sides) and one element trapezoidal 2D layout.

The algorithm written in VBA (Visual basic for application) creates the pattern according to the dimensions of the elements which are used as inputs to define constrained parameters. The created macros are simple to use and easy to modify, independent from the programming knowledge. The user is only responsible with parameter input and running the program. The solution gives wiring pattern for a car seat heater.

Purpose: The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to improve the usage of BIM in facility projects.

Method: The methods used for this bachelor thesis are qualitative interviews and literature studies.

Findings: Free programs will be available for usage where models can be opened, viewed, examined and studied. The small and medium-sized facility companies will not be forced to use resources to cope with the requirements of Trafikverket.

Implications: Consequences are that the small and medium-sized civil engineering companies understand and follow the requirements.

• Using more 3D models to gain more experience and skills in the subject.

• Attend the Trafikverkets industry days when opportunities arise, the authors believe that it was very instructive.

• Engage in more BIM projects.

• Older projects where the drawings are in 2D is converted into 3D.

Limitations: How BIM is used during the management process will not be covered.

Keywords: Productivity, resource, competence, experience, BIM.

The AEC (Architecture, Engineering, and Construction) industry has been undergoing a significant digitaliza-tion process in the last years. This transformation implies new challenges and adaptation concerning the ex-change of data between different software applications. Therefore, in response to this problem the benefits of IFC as a solution for the exchange of data have been investigated. However, the current versions of IFC cannot achieve semantic clarity in mapping entities and relationships. Therefore, there have been several attempts to develop solutions and optimizing methods to improve the exchange of information of product data. This paper aims to identify and investigate the challenges of using product data templates (PDT) for exchange of infor-mation and different PDT has been evaluated and compared. The necessary data was collected through literature review and document analysis. Five challenges and five initiatives were identified during the literature review. The five initiatives are Semantic web and linked data, CoClass, Buildingsmart, COBie and Cobuilder. The result showed how these initiatives could solve the identified challenges. 

An ontology is an explicit specification of conceptualization which intended to capture and formalize the domain knowledge. The ontologies that formalize knowledge about life sciences are biomedical ontologies. The biomedical ontologies are consisted of concepts (are central units of description) which are used for unambiguous and consistent naming of biomedical data and events. The events refer the tasks, providing descriptions of actions among one or more entities in biomedical domain.

The purpose of study is to understand how the terms are composed in biomedical event ontologies. What are the term patterns exist between biomedical terms? How to represent these term patterns? How to categorize according to part-of-speech? The most important is the identification of primary and secondary events in biomedical event ontology terms and their location in biomedical terms patters.

The proposed method produces Finite State Machine explained in the results chapter 4. The FSM identify the primary event e.g. last token of biomedical term and secondary event is immediately followed by preposition in biomedical term. The FSM is a computation model which is used to design for computer programs. FSM is an abstract machine which can be easily programmed and thus is a step towards automatic event extraction which will further lead us to develop the domain specific application, e.g. semantic search, event database curation support, event extraction and event annotations.

For our study, we selected Gene Ontology (GO). The GO provides ontologies of gene products in three separate domains (i) Cellular components (ii) Molecular functions (iii) Biomedical process for our thesis we have selected biomedical process. For the compositional and structural analysis, a biomedical term is broken down into words, and each word is called as “token”. This process is called tokenization of terms. The tokens are categorized according to natural language grammar such as noun, adjectives, preposition, relational adjectives, etc.

After categorization of tokens on the basis of POS tagging, and the conversion into abbreviation form the resulting form is called as a biomedical term pattern. After collecting the sample of biomedical term patterns we generalized these term patterns and built Finite State Machines.

The research proposed Finite State Machine which provide abstract and concise view of the structure and composition of biomedical terms in biomedical event ontologies. Finite State Machine helps in identification of biomedical events (primary and secondary) in biomedical terms and their possible locations. These Finite State Machines can be used to build computer programs. The computer program will help in building domain specific application e.g. biomedical event corpus, annotation for biomedical event terms, etc.

The results (and evaluation of results) represent that FSMs are the generalized solution to explain the structure of biomedical terms, can identify the events and their locations in biomedical event ontologies.

This report presents the conceptual development of an off-road cargo trailer designed for usage in conjunction with bicycles when camping. The objective of the study is to address the limitations of existing cargo trailers and thereafter create a trailer that efficiently can navigate off-road terrains while carrying various types of cargo. The research includes collecting data regarding user behaviours and desired functions an optimal trailer should obtain and was translated into user requirements. The result demonstrates the successful development of an off-road cargo trailer on a conceptual level that offers innovative solutions and improved load-carrying capacity in comparison to the available market, while considering factors such as weight, manoeuvrability, and ease of use. This research contributes to the field by presenting data, which can be used in development and a comprehensive solution that expands the possibilities for bicycle-based cargo transportation in off-road environments. Future work can include further refinements to optimise the trailer’s performance and address additional user requirements based on the data presented.

Data exchange is a vital aspect of the construction industry, which means there is need for a consistent platform to manage documents that can be relied on. An important digital information management system in the Architectural, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector is Building Information Modeling (BIM). However, problems exist regarding secure and compatible systems for data sharing. The study explores why adaptable and tailored security measures are needed to suit project specifications. Through this examination of centralized versus decentralized Common Data Environments (CDEs), it emerges that open BIM systems are impractical when compared to closed ones. The findings highlight the crucial role that standardization and customization play towards efficient, safe and flexible BIM implementations. It also recommends further research for future studies as well as emphasizes transparency in implementing CDE-based security protocols.

Access to the internet is more available than ever before for small children and adolescents, along with an increasing number of channels for using Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI). For parents of children and teens, this is a new frontier with innovative tools, terminology, and effects that test the integrity of existing parental mediation strategies for modern media. The lack of research aimed at parental awareness of GAI or how this tech can influence children’s well-being led us to fill this current gap and gain valuable insights for future use.

The present study explores the current state of parental awareness regarding GAI and its effects on the well-being of children and what mediation strategies parents employ to mitigate these effects. By using the Parental Mediation Theory (PMT) as a theoretical framework, patterns gathered through conducting semi-structured interviews with parents (N=10) are identified with thematic analysis. Through these interviews, themes are uncovered that shed light on how parents perceive GAI in the context of the effects that such technology has on their children, as well as how it could impact their children’s well-being in the future.

The conclusion of this study reveals that while most parents know about GAI, many parents are not aware of the less-familiar effects of this technology being used for media manipulation, chatbot companionship or educational assignments that can have a potentially negative impact on the well-being of their children. Stemming from the PMT, a new parental mediation strategy emerged from an analysis of the collected data. This strategy is called ‘planned mediation’ and it serves to proactively protect children from GAI and its less-familiar effects, rather than responding reactively with the mediation strategies that currently exist.

We propose a higher order mining (HOM) approach for modelling, monitoring and analyzing district heating (DH) substations' operational behaviour and performance. HOM is concerned with mining over patterns rather than primary or raw data. The proposed approach uses a combination of different data analysis techniques such as sequential pattern mining, clustering analysis, consensus clustering and minimum spanning tree (MST). Initially, a substation's operational behaviour is modeled by extracting weekly patterns and performing clustering analysis. The substation's performance is monitored by assessing its modeled behaviour for every two consecutive weeks. In case some significant difference is observed, further analysis is performed by integrating the built models into a consensus clustering and applying an MST for identifying deviating behaviours. The results of the study show that our method is robust for detecting deviating and sub-optimal behaviours of DH substations. In addition, the proposed method can facilitate domain experts in the interpretation and understanding of the substations' behaviour and performance by providing different data analysis and visualization techniques. 

The growth of Internet video and over-the-top transmission techniqueshas enabled online video service providers to deliver highquality video content to viewers. To maintain and improve thequality of experience, video providers need to detect unexpectedissues that can highly affect the viewers’ experience. This requiresanalyzing massive amounts of video session data in order to findunexpected sequences of events. In this paper we combine sequentialpattern mining and clustering to discover such event sequences.The proposed approach applies sequential pattern mining to findfrequent patterns by considering contextual and collective outliers.In order to distinguish between the normal and abnormal behaviorof the system, we initially identify the most frequent patterns. Thena clustering algorithm is applied on the most frequent patterns.The generated clustering model together with Silhouette Index areused for further analysis of less frequent patterns and detectionof potential outliers. Our results show that the proposed approachcan detect outliers at the system level.

Outlier detection has been studied in many domains. Outliers arise due to different reasons such as mechanical issues, fraudulent behavior, and human error. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised approach for outlier detection in a sequence dataset. The proposed approach combines sequential pattern mining, cluster analysis, and a minimum spanning tree algorithm in order to identify clusters of outliers. Initially, the sequential pattern mining is used to extract frequent sequential patterns. Next, the extracted patterns are clustered into groups of similar patterns. Finally, the minimum spanning tree algorithm is used to find groups of outliers. The proposed approach has been evaluated on two different real datasets, i.e., smart meter data and video session data. The obtained results have shown that our approach can be applied to narrow down the space of events to a set of potential outliers and facilitate domain experts in further analysis and identification of system level issues.

The aim of this study is to improve the monitoring and controlling of heating systems located at customer buildings through the use of a decision support system. To achieve this, the proposed system applies a two-step classifier to detect manual changes of the temperature of the heating system. We apply data from the Swedish company NODA, active in energy optimization and services for energy efficiency, to train and test the suggested system. The decision support system is evaluated through an experiment and the results are validated by experts at NODA. The results show that the decision support system can detect changes within three days after their occurrence and only by considering daily average measurements.

Customer Demand Uncertainty is a big obstacle for companies to sustain their competitiveness in the market that responding customer requirements becomes essential. Besides companies need to consider also their cost structures which should have in high consistency to survive as well. Lean and Agile terminologies have been investigated so far in cost and responsiveness to customer manner within internal system perspective i.e. product volume and variety. This thesis aims to link lean manufacturing steps with customer demand uncertainty condition following information systems, marketing issues and human factor for management level in framework that firm’s (manufacturer) current condition can be tested according to answers from questionnaires and implementation of assessment tables since it is used as guideline and provides on which level firms are in demand uncertainty, lean and agile manufacturing. This support enables to firms to create their own flexible leagile decoupling point according to their interior characteristics and capabilities in the market.

This Master’s thesis is aimed at improving the management of artifacts in the context of a joint-project between Jönköping University with the SEMCO project and industrial partner, a company involved in developing software for safety components. Both have a slightly distinct interest but this project can serve both parties.

Nowadays feature modelling is efficient way for domain analysis. The purpose of this master thesis is to analysis existing four popular feature diagrams, to find out commonalities between each of them and conclude results to give suggestions of how to use existing notation systems efficiently and according to situations.

The developed software based on knowledge established from research analysis. Two notation systems which are suggested in research part of the thesis report are implemented in the developed software “NotationManager”. The development procedures are also described and developer choices are mentioned along with the comparisons according to the situations

Scope of the research part as well as development is discussed. Future work for developed solution is also suggested.

Planners in Norrköping municipality today facing a challenge to meet Norrköping'sneeds in the housing market, while at the same time achieving demand for public places and areas such as parks, squares and nature areas. When existing areas within the city's borders are built, so-called densification takes place in the city, whichcan have both positive and negative consequences. The aim of this study is to investigatehow the densification has affected Norrköping's inner city from a social and ecologicalperspective with a focus on free space, and present proposals for measures forbetter management of the densification in central Norrköping.

This study has mainly been carried out using a qualitative research method.A qualitative study is based on soft data such as interviews, document analysis and literature studies. The interviews have been conducted with respondents from Norrköpings municipality and the document analysis consists of steering documents obtained from Norrköpings municipality and Pontarius AB. Some data is obtained from documents and studies where results are presented in the form of tables, diagrams, figures and GIS analysis, which means that quantitative methods are also applied.

To perform a safer densification, it is important that the municipality establishes safe guidelines and steering documents to relate to. These control documents should be used as a framework for efficient exploitation and ensure that the city's freeareas are developed from a sustainable perspective and that a good quality is includedin the development.

It is advantageous that the development of the densification takes placeaccording to guidelines and documentation prepared by the municipality. To ensure maximum efficiency in exploitation, these guidelines should be followed at an early stage. It is also important that there is a balance of free space size and their quality. Too small a surface leads to a higher load and larger surfaces can be perceived as superfluousand a feeling of unsecure. It is recommended to study how the densification developsin connection with the infrastructure and how it will affect free and green areas in the long run.

This study is limited to only the inner city of Norrköping. The study also delimits economic and political factors that can influence the planning of the densification and the development of the city’s infrastructure and public transport.

Purpose – This research is investigating the Swedish banks transitioning to cashless bank offices. The investigation is carried out to fully understand the reasons behind the transition and what impacts it brought upon the stakeholders affected by it. The purpose of this is to analyze the transition for social and economic effects so that it can be concluded whether the transition was a move towards sustainable banking. 

Method – The researchers carried out a case study at one of the biggest banks in Sweden. The empirical data for the research was collected through qualitative interviews and a survey with the bank’s employees as participants. 

Findings – Several reasons for the transition to cashless banking were found. Both positive and negative effects brought up on stakeholders were also illuminated from the transition. The transition could not be deemed entirely as a move towards sustainable banking due to negative effects on stakeholders. However, it provides important information about the negative impacts and the stakeholders affected. 

Implications – No clear answers can be provided due to many interrelated factors that are surrounding the transition, further studies need to be made to which are more focused on each the role of each and one of these factors. 

Limitations – The case study is carried out in the Swedish banking sector, therefore, is geographically limited to Sweden as the transition might be different in different societies. The research is investigating the social and economic impacts brought by the cashless transition. Thus, the findings do not provide data regarding environmental impacts.

Syfte – Studien avser att undersöka hur inkorporering av logistik i byggprojektering kan effektivisera materialhanteringen i byggproduktion som bedrivs av SME. För att uppnå syftet kommer frågeställningarna nedan besvaras:Hur uppstår slöserier vid materialhantering i byggproduktion?Hur kan inkorporering av logistik i byggprojektering minimera slöserier i byggproduktion?

Metod – För att uppnå studiens syfte har en fallstudie genomförts på ett specifikt byggprojekt där byggentreprenören är ett SME. Datainsamlingen har skett genom en fallstudie där datainsamlingstekniker som intervjuer, observationer och dokumentstudier har använts. Den insamlade empirin har analyserats mot studiens referensram för att uppfylla studiens syfte.

Resultat – Inledningsvis identifierades icke värdeskapande aktiviteter i byggproduktionens materialhantering. De slöserier som identifierades är väntan, lager, överarbete, rörelse, omarbete samt medarbetarnas outnyttjade kreativitet. Utifrån framtagen empiri, litteratur och diskussion mellan författarna har logistikverktyg tagits fram för att hantera de aktiviteter som inte skapar värde. I studien framkom det att det finns ett bristande logistiktänk i byggprojekt som bedrivs av SME. Det visades vara bristfällig planering av hur material bör hanteras, vilket författarna anser har en negativ påverkan på effektiviteten i byggproduktion. De framtagna logistikverktygen kan skapa möjlighet till effektivare byggproduktion, där effekten anses bli större om de implementeras under byggprojektering.

Implikationer – Genom att undersöka hur slöserier uppstår kan de förebyggas med föreslagna logistikverktyg under byggprojektering och därmed skapa en effektivare byggproduktion för SME. De teoretiska implikationerna hjälper till att överbygga det forskningsgap som finns kring hur logistik bör inkorporeras i byggprojektering för att effektivisera materialhanteringen, specifikt för SME.

Metoddiskussion – Studien som genomförts var av enfallsdesign då fallstudien har utförts på ett specifikt byggprojekt. För att ge en ökad grund för diskussion hade fler byggprojekt kunnat studeras inom fallstudien. Detta för att styrka det resultat som framkommit.

Nyckelord – Byggprojekt, logistik, materialhantering, Lean Construction, SME

The main result of this paper is that for the har dsphere kernel, the solution of the spatially homogenous Boltzmann equation converges strongly in L1 to equilibrium given that the initial data f0 belongs to L1(R3,(1+v^2)dv). This was previously known to be true with the additional assumption that f0logf0 belonged to L1(R3), which corresponds to bounded initial entropy.

This paper deals with solutions to the Cauchy problem for the spatially homogeneous non-linear Boltzmann equation. The main result is that for the hard sphere kernel, a solution to the Boltzmann equation converges strongly in L1 to equilibrium given that the initial data f0 belongs to L1(R^3;(1+v^2)dv). This was previously known to be true with the additional assumption that f0logf0 belonged to L1(R^3). For the proof of the main theorem, new regularising effects for the gain term in the collision operator are derived, and previous results concerning uniform bounds on the time it takes for a solution to the Boltzmann equation to reach equilibrium are extended.

Purpose: When cities grow at a faster rate, new places are needed to build housing.The municipalities that are growing tends to choose build sites that previously wererejected due to noise pollution. There are requirements from the state that the noise maynot exceed certain values. The requirements originate from the fact that over twomillion swedes are exposed to noise daily. Noise can lead to health problems, in theform of sleep disorders and cardiovascular disease. To reduce health problems noiseinvestigations are made, where suggestions are made in how noise levels can bereduced. The purpose of the work is to provide the reader with knowledge of whichfactors influence noise investigations and the approach to the choice of noise reductionmeasures so that construction can be made closer to trafficked roads.

Method: The methods used are literature studies, document analysis and interviews.The literature gathered consists of scientific articles. The documents consist of noiseinvestigations conducted by different companies all over Sweden. Persons to interviewwere chosen from the conductors of the noise investigations documents.

Findings: To answer the report's purpose, three questions were raised. The firstquestion deals with noise-reducing technologies and which technologies are used today.The report found that there are several ways to reduce noise. In the following order, themost frequently used are: silent facade, noise screen, speed reduction, distance betweenhouse and roads, vegetation, road moving and quiet asphalt. The second question of thereport addresses the factors that influence the choice of noise reduction measure. Fromthe literature study, absorption, reflection and reduction were found to be importantfactors. In the document analysis, surroundings, traffic and speed emerged as importantfactors. In the interviews, aesthetics and price emerged as important in the choice ofwhich reducing action should be taken. The third question deals with the question ofhow construction can be made closer to the road. In the result it appears that all of thesolutions mentioned earlier have the ability to reduce noise, but how effective they areand how well they reduce noise varies from case to case. Surroundings and trafficvolume are of great importance.

Implications: Making use of the technical solutions previously described, results in areduced noise level and there for construction near road can be made possible.Executing a noise investigation at an early stage means that later and more expensivechanges can be avoided, which means that construction can take place sooner. Thereport suggests therefore that noise issues should be considered early in projects. It isalso important to get a solution that everyone can accept.

Limitations: The report's results are limited to a smaller selection of noiseinvestigations and interviews. More investigations and interviews could hadcontributed to a larger spectrum. The report does only consider noise outdoors and whatopportunities for noise reduction there are.

The thesis work performed at the School of Engineering at Jönköping University has the purpose to design an audio amplifier. The goal was to achieve great performance on the chosen audio amplify type. The chosen type is evaluated with respect to performance. The amplifier should be able to fulfil the following requirements: A one channel output being able to deliver at least 40W and a frequency range between 20Hz to 20 kHz without containing any integrated circuits. The theme in this report will be based on analysing the circuit used for the construction and describing the different surrounding parts in detail and compare it with other circuits with similar functionality. The methods applied before reaching the results are as follows: Literature studies, which among other literatures are [1], [3] and [6]. The other method was to ensure the function of the constructed circuit by connecting it on a breadboard for test verification. The performed tasks at the final phase were construction with the help of CIRCAD and various simulations with the help of Multisim, which has been utilized for developing the audio amplifier. After the exposition of the different moments, which the task has brought, it has given an insight that a huge demands of knowledge is required to have an understanding of how audio amplifier works. This study has given an insight on the main parts required to be able to construct an audio amplifier with the desired performance.

BACKGROUND: Seasonal variations in physiology and behavior have frequently been reported. Light is the major zeitgeber for synchronizing internal circadian rhythms with the external solar day. Non-image forming effects of light radiation, for example, phase resetting of the circadian rhythms, melatonin suppression, and acute alerting effects, depend on several characteristics of the light exposure including intensity, timing and duration, spectral composition and previous light exposure, or light history. The aim of the present study was to report on the natural pattern of diurnal and seasonal light exposure and to examine seasonal variations in the circadian change of melatonin and cortisol concentrations for a group of Swedish office workers.

METHODS: Fifteen subjects participated in a field study that was carried out in the south of Sweden. Ambulatory equipment was used for monthly measurements of the daily exposure to light radiation across the year. The measurements included illuminance and irradiance. The subjects collected saliva samples every 4 h during 1 day of the monthly measuring period.

RESULTS: The results showed that there were large seasonal differences in daily amount of light exposure across the year. Seasonal differences were observed during the time periods 04:00-08:00, 08:00-12:00, 12:00-16:00, 16:00-20:00, and 20:00-24:00. Moreover, there were seasonal differences regarding the exposure pattern. The subjects were to a larger extent exposed to light in the afternoon/evening in the summer. During the winter, spring, and autumn, the subjects received much of the daily light exposure in the morning and early afternoon. Regarding melatonin, a seasonal variation was observed with a larger peak level during the winter and higher levels in the morning at 07:00.

CONCLUSIONS: This study adds to the results from other naturalistic studies by reporting on the diurnal and seasonal light exposure patterns for a group living at a northern latitude of 56° N, with large annual variations in photoperiod length. It seems to be seasonal variation in the lighting conditions, both concerning intensities as well as regarding the pattern of the light exposure to which people living at high latitudes are exposed which may result in seasonal variation in the circadian profile of melatonin.

Reliable measurements are of utmost importance when investigating the relationship between light and human reactions. The aim of the present study was to compare two methods for measuring light exposure in real working environments. Ambulatory recordings of illuminance and irradiance were compared with static field measurements of horizontal illuminance at the normal working position, average horizontal illuminance in the room, vertical illuminance at the position of the eye in the normal angle of gaze, and spectral composition of the light radiation at the normal working position and at the position of the eye in the normal angle of gaze. The ambulatory measurements were carried out during a 3-day experimental period and were repeated monthly throughout the year. The static field measurements in the subjects’ offices were conducted five times during the year, in the morning and afternoon during one day. The relationship between the illuminances and irradiances measured with the portable instruments and the static measurements was statistically analyzed. Results from the analyses revealed that more than one third of the static measurements of vertical illuminances recorded were below 200 lx, and only 7% of the measurements exceeded 1000 lx. Measurements of the spectral composition of the light radiation in the rooms suggested that the light, although at a fairly low intensity, included relatively much radiation that can have a non-image forming effect. Furthermore, only a small number of significant correlations between the ambulatory and static measurements were found. Results from the t-tests showed that there were no differences between ambulatory measurements, and static measurements of horizontal illuminance at the normal position, average illuminance in the room and vertical illuminance at the position of the eye during three, five, and seven of the 10 measurements, respectively. There is a need to define appropriate parameters in order to describe the quality of a lit environment with respect to the non-image-forming effects of light radiation.

The purpose of the study was to investigate seasonal variation in mood and behavior among a group of office workers in Sweden (56°N). Thirty subjects participated in this longitudinal study. The subjects kept a weekly log that included questionnaires for ratings of psychological wellbeing and daily sleep-activity diaries where they also noted time spent outdoors. The lighting conditions in the offices were subjectively evaluated during one day, five times over the year. There was a seasonal variation in positive affect and in sleep-activity behavior. Across the year, there was a large variation in the total time spent outdoors in daylight. The subjects reported seasonal variation concerning the pleasantness, variation and strength of the light in the offices and regarding the visibility in the rooms. Finally, the subjects spent most of their time indoors, relying on artificial lighting, which demonstrates the importance of the lighting quality in indoor environments. 

Lighting is crucial for vision and has important effects beyond vision, influencing a variety of physiological and behavioral processes. When designing lighting, visual aspects, effects beyond vision, and perception of the environment should be considered together in a holistic approach. As humans evolved under daylight, a lighting protocol, based on a room context and daylight characteristics, was developed and described. The lighting, with customized light levels, spectral composition and light distribution that changed dynamically to evoke a perception of daylight conditions, was realized using commercially available luminaires and a digital control system. The resulting lighting conditions are described by measurements.

Lighting research is diversified and includes theory and methodology from disciplines as different as technology, medicine and social sciences. There is also an expectation on research results to be directly applicable in real environments. The introduction of LED has furthermore made previous research on incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps and other light sources, outdated.    New knowledge – and new research – is needed.

An inventory of current LED-research was made during 2013. The result of this inventory is the basis of the research review here presented. The presentation includes more than 400 articles, reported under the headings: The biological clock; Flicker and dimming of LED: Energy efficiency: daylight and lighting control; Colour rendering; Glare, and finally; Perceived lighting qualities.

Underlying theoretical considerations as well as actual knowledge are presented in the text of the different sections, and references are given to relevant research publications. All publications have been provided with two or more keywords in Swedish, describing the content of the publication. After the text given under each heading the references supporting this text are presented. In the final section all LED-publications are given in alphabetical order according to author and with keywords. 

Sustainability, as a concept, is permeating most of today’s human activities, including higher education. The increased importance put on sustainability depends largely on the increased awareness of the huge environmental, social, and economic challenges that humanity is currently facing. As is the case with most complex themes, the route towards the application of appropriate actions starts with enlightenment developed within education, where different engineering programs form important subareas. To address this, CDIO Syllabus 3.0 in general, but optional standard 1 in specific, does now to an even greater extent handle sustainability issues. This paper presents a framework that is built upon several key concepts that are strongly related to education for sustainable development (ESD) at the university level, such as key sustainability concepts (as defined by UNESCO), sustainability development goals (as defined by the United Nations) and constructive alignment (as defined by Biggs and Tang). The framework is applied to two engineering master’s courses where sustainability concepts and development goals are integrated and constructively aligned in the learning outcomes, teaching and learning activities, and assessments. Through the analysis of the two courses concerning sustainability, the framework is shown to provide a means for the analysis of how sustainability is currently incorporated in a course, highlight what possible teaching/learning shortcomings exist, and help identify actions that can be taken to overcome these shortcomings. The objective of the framework is thus to support course managers in the development of appropriate actions related to sustainability.

One of the final courses, if not the last course at university level in Sweden, and especially within the engineering programs, is a thesis course where the students demonstrate their accumulated knowledge and skills. One, or sometimes two students, identifies a topic of interest within his/her main field of study and is guided through the process by a supervisor. Preferably the supervisor has a lot of experience, both within the main field of study and as a thesis supervisor. Many times, however, the latter is not always the case. Hence, some form of recording of the supervisory process would be of importance, to be able to assess the supervisory competence of the supervisor. Through this recording, potential weak supervisory spots can be identified, and a special focus could be put on these.

In literature several supervisory models have been proposed over the years. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate, through a case study, how three of these models can be successfully combined to a hybrid model around the supervisory process building on grounded theory. A combination of the three models together identifies the individual supervisory process of a thesis supervisor. An analysis is then performed, and weak spots in the supervisory process of a novice supervisor can thus be identified and addressed. The results presented in this paper are based on a case where an experienced thesis supervisor was observed during asupervisory session. Hence, the case forms a baseline of what a “good” supervisory session looks like. By applying the hybrid supervisory model on a novice thesis supervisor, possible weaknesses in the process can be identified.

As both students and teachers are involved in a one-to-one teaching-learning activity during the thesis process, CDIO standards such as number 8 (active learning) is important from the students’ point-of-view, but especially standard number 10 (enhancement of faculty teaching competence) is of high importance as the competence of the novice supervisor, or the lack thereof, becomes evident and can be appropriately addressed through especially designed activities.

Hybrid education is a complex combination of simultaneous face-to-face and online teaching. This model of teaching comes with a wide range of benefits, primarily being able to offer the same content to a wider audience. Hybrid education became an effective form of teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. In these post pandemic years, the benefit of hybrid education can still be utilized, allowing for improved flexibility in teaching schedules, engaging students in interactive learning, bringing online students closer to the teacher and face-to-face students, and offering education to students who could not otherwise participate. However, with all the benefits of hybrid education, there are some significant challenges which restrict the implementation or hinder the full potential of hybrid education. Some key challenges are student engagement from the online students with the teacher as well as with other students, technological requirements, physical classroom set-up, education of the teachers, and time investment in re-structuring courses. In this article, we review the challenges of hybrid education, strategies to address these challenges focusing on implementation and effectiveness, as well as evaluating student feedback from students at Jönköping University that have been a part of hybrid education. 

This paper presents a decision-support system for reshoring decision-making based on fuzzy logic. The construction and functionality of the decision-support system is briefly outlined and evaluated in a highcost environment contemplating six specific decision criteria, namely cost, quality, time, flexibility, innovation and sustainability. A major challenge with fuzzy logic solutions has to do with the construction of the fuzzy inference rules. In the relocation domain, the fuzzy inference rules represent the knowledge and competence of relocation experts and they are usually created manually by the same experts. One obstacle is that the complexity of the fuzzy inference rules increases with the number of decision criteria. To overcome this complexity issue, this paper presents a solution whereby the fuzzy inference rules are automatically generated by applying one hundred reshoring scenarios as input data. The reshoring decision recommendations produced by the fuzzy logic decision-support system are demonstrated to be close to those of human reshoring domain experts.