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What is best for Esther? Facilitating co-production and improving care with a simple but challenging question: a qualitative case study
Jönköping University, School of Health and Welfare, HHJ, Department for Quality Improvement and Leadership. Jönköping University, School of Health and Welfare, The Jönköping Academy for Improvement of Health and Welfare.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9104-920X
2025 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Sustainable development
00. Sustainable Development, 3. Good health and well-being
Abstract [en]

Background: Persons who require services from multiple care providers often struggle to navigate between them. Coordinating and connecting various health and social care providers presents a common global challenge for all parties involved. This thesis was based on the experiences of a local quality improvement project called ESTHER, which started in Sweden and has since spread to other countries. ESTHER aimed to create a seamless structure between municipalities and inpatient and outpatient care providers. This coordinated approach was designed to bridge the gaps between different care services and ensure that care was delivered based on Esther's perspective. Research suggests that involving persons in need of care in the improvement process can lead to more effective solutions. However, the literature does not clearly define the prerequisites for this involvement. This thesis aimed to enhance our understanding of the roles of power and psychological safety in co-produced improvement work. The studies conducted for this thesis explored the experiences of developing ESTHER and co-production practices within that context.

Methods: Two studies were conducted in a health and social care setting in the Highland area of Jönköping County. A case study design was used with a practice-oriented and interactive approach, framed by improvement science including co-production. Qualitative methodology was employed, incorporating interviews, blended focus groups discussions, document analysis, and modelling. Data collection included contributions from managers, frontline health and social care professionals, persons receiving care, and project-related documents.

The data was analysed using inductive thematic analysis and deductive modelling. Throughout the research process, Franzen’s Power Triangle and Gustavsson´s extended knowledge model for continual improvement, were applied to provide theoretical and analytical grounding.

Findings: Both studies demonstrate the importance of collaboration, openness, and shared commitment in improving care. This involves promoting partnerships between care providers and with persons in need of care, grounded in the creation of a respectful and permissive climate in which power is shared.

Study I demonstrated how a person-centered quality improvement project evolved into a mindset, emphasizing the role of co-production in enhancing services for persons with care needs. This transformation was guided by systems thinking and the integration of change psychology into multidisciplinary improvement dialogues. Essential factors included trust in frontline staff, simple rules, and support from senior management, along with ongoing learning, local improvement coaches, and the co-production of improvements, all of which helped integrate these practices into daily work.

Study II emphasized the need to reflect on various power-related factors regarding co-produced improvements in health and social care. Resources were found to be crucial and context-dependent, similarly attitudes and perceptions among professionals and persons in need of care played a key role. To achieve co-production, the power dimension should be considered. This study introduced the power triangle of co-production which recognizes different power dimensions and their interconnections.

Conclusions: The development of ESTHER was guided by the unifying question, "What is best for Esther?" which summarized the shared purpose of the initiative. This simple yet powerful question flattened hierarchies, promoted collaboration, and maintained a focus on co-production with persons in need of care. Psychological safety and power-sharing emerged as essential elements in this quality improvement initiative in health and social care. Sustainable collaboration and co-production are supported by a shared vision, willingness to share power, promote mutual trust, and engage in continuous reflection to ensure a power balance.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: Personer som behöver insatser från flera vårdgivare har ofta svårt att navigera mellan olika aktörer. Att samordna och skapa en fungerande samverkan mellan hälso- och välfärdsorganisationer är en global utmaning. Denna avhandling bygger på erfarenheter av ett lokalt kvalitets - förbättringsinitiativ vid namn ESTHER. Det startade i Sverige, på småländska höglandet, och har sedan spridit sig bl. a. till andra länder. ESTHER syftar till att skapa en sammanhållen struktur mellan kommuner, slutenvård och öppenvård. Målet är att överbrygga glapp mellan olika vårdgivare och säkerställa att vården utformas utifrån Esthers perspektiv. Forskning visar att involvering av personer i behov av vård, leder till mer effektiva och hållbara lösningar. Syftet med denna avhandling är att fördjupa förståelsen för betydelsen av makt och psykologisk trygghet i samskapande förbättringsprocesser. Studierna undersöker erfarenheter av utvecklingen av ESTHER och samskapande - aktiviteter inom ramen för denna kontext.

Metod: Två studier genomfördes inom hälso- och sjukvård samt vård och omsorg i höglandsområdet i Jönköpings län. Båda är fallstudier som använder ett praktiknära och interaktivt angreppssätt, grundat i förbättringsvetenskap med samskapande som centralt tema. En kvalitativ ansats tillämpades, där datainsamlingen omfattade intervjuer, blandade fokusgruppsdiskussioner, dokumentanalyser och modellering. Empirin inhämtades från chefer, personal inom hälso- och sjukvård samt omsorgen, vårdtagare och projektrelaterade dokument. Data analyserades med hjälp av induktiv tematisk analys och deduktiv modellering. Under hela forskningsprocessen användes Franzéns makttriangel och Gustavsson´s ”extended knowledge model for continual improvement” som teoretisk och analytisk grund.

Resultat: Båda studierna betonar vikten av samarbete, öppenhet och ett gemensamt engagemang för att förbättra vården och omsorgen. En central aspekt är att stärka partnerskap mellan vårdgivare och de personer som behöver vård, med fokus på att skapa ett respektfullt och inkluderande klimat där makt balanseras.

Studie I visade hur ett personcentrerat kvalitetsförbättringsprojekt utvecklades till ett etablerat tankesätt (mindset) och betonade betydelsen av samskapande för att förbättra vård och omsorgen. Övergången från ett projekt till en långsiktig förändring i både tankesätt och praktiskt arbetssätt drevs av ett systemtänkande och en medvetenhet om förändringspsykologi. Bland de centrala faktorerna för att uppnå hållbar förändring framhävdes kontinuerliga multidisciplinära och gränsöverskridande förbättringsdialoger, förtroendet för personalen, tillämpning av enkla regler samt kontinuerligt stöd från ledningen på alla nivåer. Vidare spelade kontinuerligt lärande en avgörande roll i processen, där lokala förbättringscoacher och samskapade förbättringsarbete aktivt bidrog till att integrera tänkesättet i det dagliga arbetet. Detta ledde till en varaktig förändring i organisationens kultur och strukturer.

Studie II betonade behovet av reflektion kring olika maktrelaterade faktorer som var kopplade till samskapande förbättringar inom hälso- och sjukvård samt omsorg. Resurser visade sig vara avgörande och kontextberoende, på samma sätt spelade attityder och uppfattningar bland både professionella och personer i behov av vård en nyckelroll. För att uppnå samskapande bör maktdimensionen beaktas. Studien introducerar en reflektionsmodell som stöd till att balansera makt relaterad till samskapade förbättringar. Modellen lyfter fram och tydliggör de olika maktdimensionerna och deras inbördes samband.

Konklusion: Utvecklingen av ESTHER vägleddes av den centrala frågan: "Vad är bäst för Esther?" som sammanfattade den gemensamma visionen. Denna enkla men kraftfulla fråga bidrog till att bryta ner hierarkier, stärka samarbetet och bibehålla fokus på samskapande med personen som är i behov av vård. Psykologisk trygghet och att adressera maktfaktorer framstod som avgörande faktorer för detta framgångsrika kvalitetsförbättringsinitiativ inom hälso- och sjukvård samt omsorg. Ett hållbart samarbete bygger på en gemensam vision, viljan att dela makt, skapa ömsesidigt förtroende och kontinuerligt reflektera för att upprätthålla en balanserad maktfördelning.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Jönköping: Jönköping University, School of Health and Welfare , 2025. , p. 62
Series
Hälsohögskolans avhandlingsserie, ISSN 1654-3602 ; 143
Keywords [en]
Quality Improvement, Co-production, Power, Psychological Safety
National Category
Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-67077ISBN: 978-91-88669-61-2 (print)ISBN: 978-91-88669-62-9 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hj-67077DiVA, id: diva2:1929590
Presentation
2025-02-21, Qulturum, Länssjukhuset Ryhov, Jönköping, 09:30 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-01-21 Created: 2025-01-21 Last updated: 2025-10-13Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. What is best for Esther? A simple question that moves mindsets and improves care
Open this publication in new window or tab >>What is best for Esther? A simple question that moves mindsets and improves care
2023 (English)In: BMC Health Services Research, E-ISSN 1472-6963, Vol. 23, no 1, p. 1-16, article id 873Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

BACKGROUND: Persons in need of services from different care providers in the health and welfare system often struggle when navigating between them. Connecting and coordinating different health and welfare providers is a common challenge for all involved. This study presents a long-term regional empirical example from Sweden-ESTHER, which has lasted for more than two decades-to show how some of those challenges could be met. The purpose of the study was to increase the understanding of how several care providers together could succeed in improving care by transforming a concept into daily practice, thus contributing with practical implications for other health and welfare contexts.

METHODS: The study is a retrospective longitudinal case study with a qualitative mixed-methods approach. Individual interviews and focus groups were performed with staff members and persons in need of care, and document analyses were conducted. The data covers experiences from 1995 to 2020, analyzed using an open inductive thematic analysis.

RESULTS: This study shows how co-production and person-centeredness could improve care for persons with multiple care needs involving more than one care provider through a well-established Quality Improvement strategy. Perseverance from a project to a mindset was shaped by promoting systems thinking in daily work and embracing the psychology of change during multidisciplinary, boundary-spanning improvement dialogues. Important areas were Incentives, Work in practice, and Integration, expressed through trust in frontline staff, simple rules, and continuous support from senior managers. A continuous learning approach including the development of local improvement coaches and co-production of care consolidated the integration in daily work.

CONCLUSIONS: The development was facilitated by a simple question: "What is best for Esther?" This question unified people, flattened the hierarchy, and reminded all care providers why they needed to improve together. Continuously focusing on and co-producing with the person in need of care strengthened the concept. Important was engaging the people who know the most-frontline staff and persons in need of care-in combination with permissive leadership and embracing quality improvement dimensions. Those insights can be useful in other health and welfare settings wanting to improve care involving several care providers.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
BioMed Central (BMC), 2023
Keywords
Co-production, Collaboration, Complex care, Mindset, Perseverance, Person centeredness, Quality improvement, System-thinking
National Category
Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-62253 (URN)10.1186/s12913-023-09870-1 (DOI)001050063400002 ()37592279 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85168289821 (Scopus ID)GOA;;898130 (Local ID)GOA;;898130 (Archive number)GOA;;898130 (OAI)
Funder
Region Jönköping CountyEuropean Social Fund (ESF)
Available from: 2023-08-23 Created: 2023-08-23 Last updated: 2025-10-13Bibliographically approved
2. Balancing power in co-production: introducing a reflection model
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Balancing power in co-production: introducing a reflection model
2021 (English)In: Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, ISSN 2662-9992, Vol. 8, no 1, article id 108Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The role and position of users in health and welfare has recently changed to become more active in co-production of care. When more co-production is preferred, challenges related to power need to be considered. In this paper, power is seen as the possibility to influence. The paper focuses on power in co-produced improvement work by introducing a reflection model based on Franzén’s power triangle, further developed from improvement coaches’ perceptions. First, empirical data from interviews with improvement coaches were analyzed and then the theoretical model was created. Twelve coaches were included in the interviews, all of them with experience of co-production and improvement work within a region in southeast Sweden. By combining the empirical results with the power triangle, a reflection model concerning power dimensions was developed. The results showed the necessity of reflection regarding several power-related factors. Resources were found to be important and depending on contextual settings. Attitudes and perceptions among personnel and users were also vital. To accomplish co-production, the power dimension must be considered, and the power triangle acknowledges different power dimensions and how they affect each other. The model has a systematic character and allows adjustments to the power dimensions within any other context. It can inspire and be used by improvers working with co-production to promote deeper professional and organizational reflection and thereby contribute to new insights on how to balance power in co-producing health and welfare services.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2021
National Category
Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-52427 (URN)10.1057/s41599-021-00790-1 (DOI)000649267900001 ()2-s2.0-85105452089 (Scopus ID)GOA;;52427 (Local ID)GOA;;52427 (Archive number)GOA;;52427 (OAI)
Available from: 2021-05-07 Created: 2021-05-07 Last updated: 2025-10-13Bibliographically approved

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