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Co-producing healthcare quality improvement: the prerequisites for, the value of and the lessons from co-production in a Swedish cardiac care setting
Jönköping University, School of Health and Welfare, The Jönköping Academy for Improvement of Health and Welfare.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2760-4571
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background: The promotion of the best possible health and care is challenging to healthcare organizations worldwide. Healthcare organizations’ capability to improve the quality of care is therefore crucial to the sustainability of the welfare state. Research implies that co-production of healthcare, involving persons with disease, their families and healthcare professionals, has the potential to promote healthcare quality improvement and the best possible health and care. However, the evidence base for co-production in social and healthcare contexts is rather weak. Thus, the overall aim of this thesis was to explore the prerequisites for and the value of co-production and to provide lessons for future co-produced healthcare quality improvement initiatives in cardiac care.

Methods: All studies were conducted in a cardiac care setting in the southern part of Sweden between the years 2016 and 2023. The research had a qualitative design with a practice-oriented interactive research approach, underpinned by healthcare improvement science and pragmatism. Persons with atrial fibrillation or heart failure, their family members, and healthcare professionals participated in the research. Two models for co-production were explored – the Learning Café (LC) and Experience-Based Co-Design (EBCD). Data collection included patients’ ratings regarding their sense of security in everyday life, focus group interviews, project documentation, individual interviews, field notes from observations, and meeting minutes from stakeholders’ individual and joint EBCD feedback events. Data analysis entailed inductive or deductive qualitative content analysis and reflexive thematic analysis. Self-determination theory, the COM-B model and the MUSIQ framework were applied during the research process to promote an in-depth understanding of the concept of co-production.

Findings: This research exemplifies a learning journey toward co-production in a Swedish cardiac care setting. Barriers to and facilitators of co-production were identified on different levels – the individual, the relational and the systemic levels. Individual barriers to co-production included poor health and limited health literacy among persons with heart disease. Relational barriers included professionals not inviting patients and their family members to be involved in healthcare co-4 production. Barriers on the systemic level included time and resource constraints and varying understanding of how co-production might be applied in practice. Both self-centered motivations, such as wanting to learn more about a specific disease, and community-centered motivations, such a wanting to improve healthcare services, were identified to be facilitators to co-production. The LC and the EBCD process created value for its participants and the organization, including improved disease knowledge; relatedness; strengthened coping strategies and improved self-efficacy; awareness about the patient and family member perspective; and knowledge about what needs to change in heart failure care.

Conclusions: This thesis proposes how healthcare co-production might be practiced, particularly in cardiac care contexts which have seen only limited implementation of such initiatives. Self-centered motivations to co-produce were common among persons with heart disease and their family members, whereas community-centered motivations dominated among professionals. Future co-production initiatives should draw on these motivations. Furthermore, future co-production initiative should seek to overcome barriers to co-production by letting stakeholders participate on their own terms, by promoting a cultural change toward shared power between patients, family members and professionals and by encouraging healthcare leaders and mangers to support healthcare quality improvement. Furthermore, this thesis proposes that co-production brings value to its stakeholders in terms of improved coping strategies persons with heart disease and family members and enhanced work satisfaction among professionals. Future research is warranted to understand how co-production might be implemented and play out in various healthcare contexts and with other groups of persons living with chronic disease.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: Att kunna erbjuda bästa möjliga vård är en utmaning för hälso- och sjukvårdsorganisationer världen över. Organisationernas förmåga att förbättra vårdens kvalitet är därför avgörande för framtiden. Forskning tyder på att samskapande av hälso- och sjukvård (engelskans co-production of healthcare), som involverar personer med sjukdom, deras familjer och vårdpersonal, främjar bästa möjliga hälsa och vård. Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling var att utforska förutsättningar för och värdet av samskapande och att identifiera främjande lärdomar för framtida samskapade kvalitetsförbätt-ringsinitiativ inom sjukvården.

Metod: Samtliga studier genomfördes inom hjärtsjukvården i södra Sverige mellan åren 2016-2023. Studierna hade en kvalitativ design med en interaktiv forskningsansats. Personer med förmaksflimmer eller hjärtsvikt, deras familjer och sjukvårdspersonal deltog i forskningsstudierna. Två modeller för samskapande utforskades – lärcafé och erfarenhetsbaserad verksamhetsutveckling (engelskans Experience-Based Co-Design, EBCD). Datainsamlingen inkluderade patientskattningar avseende trygghetskänsla, fokusgruppsintervjuer, projektdokumentation, individuella intervjuer, fältanteckningar från observationer och mötesprotokoll från individuella och gemensamma EBCD-sammankomster. Data analyserades med induktiv eller deduktiv kvalitativ innehållsanalys och reflexiv tematisk analys.

Resultat: Hindrande och underlättande faktorer för samskapande identifierades på olika nivåer – den individuella, den relationella och den systemiska nivån. Individuella hinder för samskapande bestod av nedsatt hälsa och begränsad hälsoliteracitet hos personer med hjärtsjukdom. Relationella hinder bestod av att inte bli inbjuden att samskapa. Hinder på systemnivån bestod av brist på tid och resurser samt varierande förståelse för hur samskapande kan tillämpas i praktiken. Deltagarnas motivation för att deltaga i projekten främjade samskapande och varierade från att deltaga för sin egen skull till att deltaga för att förbättra vården för andra med liknande utmaningar till6 följd av kronisk sjukdom. Lärcaféet och EBCD-processen skapade ett värde för deltagarna och organisationen, framför allt förbättrad sjukdomskunskap, stöd från andra med liknande erfarenheter, stärkta strategier för att hantera sjukdom och självförmåga, ökad medvetenhet om patient- och närståendeperspektiv samt kunskap om vad som behöver förändras inom hjärtsviktsvården.

Slutsatser: Avhandlingen visar hur samskapande kan tillämpas inom hjärtsjukvård. Personer med hjärtsjukdom och deras familjer deltog i projekten främst för sin egen skull medan medarbetare huvudsakligen deltog för att förbättra vården för andra som lever med kronisk sjukdom. Framtida samskapandeprojekt behöver utgå från dessa motiverande faktorer. Framtida projekt bör dessutom sträva efter att övervinna de faktorer som hindrar samskapande genom att låta deltagare deltaga på sina egna villkor, genom att främja en kulturförändring inom hälso- och sjukvården mot delad makt mellan patienter, närstående och medarbetare och genom att uppmuntra chefer till att stötta vården förändringsarbete. Vidare ger denna avhandling en ökad förståelse för det värde som samskapandet genererar i form av förbättrad sjukdomsbemästring bland personer med hjärtsjukdom och deras familjer samt förbättrad arbetstillfredsställelse bland medar-betare. Framtida forskning behövs för att förstå hur samskapande av hälso- och sjukvård kan överföras till andra vårdmiljöer för och med andra grupper av personer som lever med kroniska sjukdom.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Jönköping: Jönköping University, School of Health and Welfare , 2023. , p. 145
Series
Hälsohögskolans avhandlingsserie, ISSN 1654-3602 ; 127
Keywords [en]
Co-production of healthcare; cardiac care; atrial fibrillation; heart failure; healthcare quality improvement; healhtcare improvement science; pragmatism; Learning Café, Experience-Based Co-Design; COM-B; Self-Determination Theory; MUSIQ; case study; content analysis; reflexive thematic analysis
National Category
Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-60270ISBN: 978-91-88669-29-2 (print)ISBN: 978-91-88669-30-8 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hj-60270DiVA, id: diva2:1753518
Public defence
2023-06-02, Forum Humanum, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-04-27 Created: 2023-04-27 Last updated: 2025-10-13Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Promoting a sense of security in everyday life—A case study of patients and professionals moving towards co-production in an atrial fibrillation “learning café”
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Promoting a sense of security in everyday life—A case study of patients and professionals moving towards co-production in an atrial fibrillation “learning café”
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2019 (English)In: Health Expectations, ISSN 1369-6513, E-ISSN 1369-7625, Vol. 22, no 6, p. 1240-1250Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background

An improvement initiative sought to improve care for atrial fibrillation (AF) patients; many felt insecure about how to cope with AF.

Objective

To reveal AF patients' and professionals' experiences of pilot-testing a Learning Café group education programme, aimed at increasing the patients' sense of security in everyday life.

Design

Using an organizational case study design, we combined quantitative data (patients' sense of security) and qualitative data (project documentation; focus group interviews with five patients and five professionals) analysed using inductive qualitative content analysis.

Setting

AF patients and a multiprofessional team at a cardiac care unit in a Swedish district hospital.

Improvement activities

Two registered nurses invited AF patients and partners to four 2.5-hour Learning Café sessions. In the first session, they solicited participants' questions about life with AF. A physician, a registered nurse and a physiotherapist were invited to address these questions in the remaining sessions.

Results

AF patients reported gaining a greater sense of security in everyday life and anticipating a future shift from emergency care to planned care. Professionals reported enhanced professional development, learning more about person-centredness and gaining greater control of their own work situation. The organization gained knowledge about patient and family involvement.

Conclusions

The Learning Café pilot test?exemplifying movement towards co-production through patient-professional collaboration?generated positive outcomes for patients (sense of security), professionals (work satisfaction; learning) and the organization (better care) in line with contemporary models for quality improvement and with Self-Determination Theory. This approach merits further testing and evaluation in other contexts.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2019
Keywords
atrial fibrillation, coping behaviours, co-production, health-care quality improvement, patient education, Self-Determination Theory
National Category
Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-45651 (URN)10.1111/hex.12955 (DOI)000482497000001 ()31433546 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85070880105 (Scopus ID)GOA HHJ 2019 (Local ID)GOA HHJ 2019 (Archive number)GOA HHJ 2019 (OAI)
Funder
Futurum - Academy for Health and Care, Jönköping County Council, SwedenForte, Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare
Available from: 2019-08-22 Created: 2019-08-22 Last updated: 2025-10-13Bibliographically approved
2. Improving Health for People Living With Heart Failure: Focus Group Study of Preconditions for Co-Production of Health and Care
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Improving Health for People Living With Heart Failure: Focus Group Study of Preconditions for Co-Production of Health and Care
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2021 (English)In: Journal of Participatory Medicine, E-ISSN 2152-7202, Vol. 13, no 2, article id e27125Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

BACKGROUND: Co-production of health and care involving patients, families of patients, and professionals in care processes can create joint learning about how to meet patients' needs. Although barriers and facilitators to co-production have been examined previously in various health care contexts, the preconditions in Swedish chronic cardiac care contexts are yet to be explored. This study is set in the health system of the Swedish region of Jönköping County and is part of system-wide efforts to promote better health for persons with heart failure (HF).

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to test the usefulness of the Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation Behavior (COM-B) model when assessing the barriers to and facilitators of co-production of health and care perceived by patients with HF, family members of patients with HF, and professionals in a Swedish chronic cardiac care context as a guide for subsequent initiatives.

METHODS: Data collection involved 1 focus group interview (FGI) with patients with HF (n=5), 1 FGI with family members of patients with HF (n=5), 1 FGI with professionals in primary care (n=7), and 1 FGI with professionals in cardiac care (n=4). In addition, patients with HF kept diaries of their thoughts regarding co-production. Using a deductive approach to content analysis, underpinned by the COM-B model, barriers and facilitators were categorized into capabilities, opportunities, and motivations to co-produce health and care.

RESULTS: The participants showed limited understanding of co-production as a practice. They appeared to view it as a privilege to be offered to patients on top of traditional care and rarely as an approach for improving health care processes. The interviews revealed the limited health literacy among patients and the struggle of professionals to convey health information to these patients. Co-production was considered to be more resource-intensive than traditional care. Different expectations of stakeholders' roles were revealed: professionals expected older patients not to want to co-produce health and care, and all participants expected professionals to be in charge of health care services. The family members' position involved trying to balance their desire to support their relatives with understanding when, how, and with whom to co-produce. Presumed benefits motivated stakeholders: co-production was recognized to motivate patients to improve self-care. However, the participants recognized that motivation to get involved in health and care decisions varies over time among stakeholders.

CONCLUSIONS: Co-production can be facilitated by the stakeholders' motivation. However, varying levels of understanding of co-production, patients' limited health literacy, unease with power sharing between patients and professionals, and resource constraints are barriers that need to be managed to promote co-produced care and better health for persons living with HF. Further research is warranted to explore how to co-produce health care services with patients with HF and how leaders can facilitate the inevitable cultural change it requires and represents.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
JMIR Publications, 2021
Keywords
Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation Behavior model, Sweden, capability, cardiology, co-production, co-production of health and care, focus groups, heart failure, motivation, opportunity, primary care
National Category
Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-52453 (URN)10.2196/27125 (DOI)33973859 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85106460085 (Scopus ID)GOA;;52453 (Local ID)GOA;;52453 (Archive number)GOA;;52453 (OAI)
Funder
Forte, Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and WelfareFuturum - Academy for Health and Care, Jönköping County Council, Sweden
Available from: 2021-05-12 Created: 2021-05-12 Last updated: 2025-10-13Bibliographically approved
3. Using stakeholders' experiences to redesign health services for persons living with heart failure: a case study protocol in a Swedish cardiac care setting [Protocol]
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Using stakeholders' experiences to redesign health services for persons living with heart failure: a case study protocol in a Swedish cardiac care setting [Protocol]
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2022 (English)In: BMJ Open, E-ISSN 2044-6055, Vol. 12, no 3, article id e058469Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

INTRODUCTION: Clinical guidelines promote recognising persons with heart failure (referred to as PWHF) as coproducers of their own care. Coproduction of healthcare-involving PWHF, families and professionals in care processes-aims to promote the best possible health. Still, it is unclear how to coproduce heart failure (HF) care. This study explores whether and how Experience-Based Co-Design (EBCD) involving PWHF, family members and professionals can be undertaken online, in a Swedish cardiac care setting, to codesign improved experiences of HF care.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS: In EBCD, stakeholders' experiences are solicited to redesign healthcare services. First, we will undertake a thematic analysis of field notes from consultations and filmed/audio-recorded interviews with PWHF (n=10-12). This analysis will identify 'touchpoints' (emotionally positive/negative events that shape overall service experiences), edited into a 'trigger film'. Next, a thematic analysis of family members' (n=10-12) and professionals' (n=10-12) interviews will identify key themes mirroring their experiences. Separate feedback events with each stakeholder group will confirm identified touchpoints and key themes and identify areas for HF care improvement. At a joint event, prompted by the 'trigger film', stakeholders will agree on one area for HF care improvement. A team including PWHF, family members and professionals, led by an improvement adviser, will then plan, design, implement and evaluate an improvement activity addressing the identified problem area. A deductive thematic analysis of field notes, project documentation and stakeholder focus group interviews, underpinned by MUSIQ, will identify how organisational conditions influence the process. Quantitative measurements, describing the results of the improvement activity, will be integrated with qualitative data to strengthen the case. To reduce resource intensity, we will use online tools during the process.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The Swedish Ethical Review Authority approved the study in May 2021. The results will be disseminated through seminars, conference presentations and publications.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2022
Keywords
heart failure, organisation of health services, quality in health care
National Category
Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-56070 (URN)10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058469 (DOI)000770320300036 ()35292501 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85126681614 (Scopus ID)GOA;;801358 (Local ID)GOA;;801358 (Archive number)GOA;;801358 (OAI)
Funder
Futurum - Academy for Health and Care, Jönköping County Council, SwedenForte, Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare
Available from: 2022-03-21 Created: 2022-03-21 Last updated: 2025-10-13Bibliographically approved
4. Improving heart failure care with an Experience-Based Co-Design approach: what matters to persons with heart failure and their family members?
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Improving heart failure care with an Experience-Based Co-Design approach: what matters to persons with heart failure and their family members?
2023 (English)In: BMC Health Services Research, E-ISSN 1472-6963, Vol. 23, no 1, article id 294Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

BACKGROUND: Heart failure is a chronic heart condition. Persons with heart failure often have limited physical capability, cognitive impairments, and low health literacy. These challenges can be barriers to healthcare service co-design with family members and professionals. Experience-Based Co-Design is a participatory healthcare quality improvement approach drawing on patients', family members' and professionals' experiences to improve healthcare. The overall aim of this study was to use Experience-Based Co-Design to identify experiences of heart failure and its care in a Swedish cardiac care setting, and to understand how these experiences can translate into heart failure care improvements for persons with heart failure and their families.

METHODS: A convenience sample of 17 persons with heart failure and four family members participated in this single case study as a part of an improvement initiative within cardiac care. In line with Experienced-Based Co-Design methodology, field notes from observations of healthcare consultations, individual interviews and meeting minutes from stakeholders' feedback events, were used to gather participants' experiences of heart failure and its care. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to develop themes from data.

RESULTS: Twelve service touchpoints, organized within five overarching themes emerged. The themes told a story about persons with heart failure and family members struggling in everyday life due to a poor quality of life, lack of support networks, and difficulties understanding and applying information about heart failure and its care. To be recognized by professionals was reported to be a key to good quality care. Opportunities to be involved in healthcare varied, Further, participants' experiences translated into proposed changes to heart failure care such as improved information about heart failure, continuity of care, improved relations, and communication, and being invited to be involved in healthcare.

CONCLUSIONS: Our study findings offer knowledge about experiences of life with heart failure and its care, translated into heart failure service touchpoints. Further research is warranted to explore how these touchpoints can be addressed to improve life and care for persons with heart failure and other chronic conditions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
BioMed Central (BMC), 2023
Keywords
Experience-Based Co-Design, Healthcare quality improvement, Heart failure, Patient and public involvement, Thematic analysis
National Category
Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-60111 (URN)10.1186/s12913-023-09306-w (DOI)000962498500004 ()36978125 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85151111282 (Scopus ID)GOA;;874896 (Local ID)GOA;;874896 (Archive number)GOA;;874896 (OAI)
Funder
Futurum - Academy for Health and Care, Jönköping County Council, SwedenRegion Jönköping County
Available from: 2023-04-11 Created: 2023-04-11 Last updated: 2025-10-13Bibliographically approved
5. Experiences of and conditions for re-designing heart failure care – a qualitative evaluation of an Experience-Based Co-Design case in a Swedish cardiac care setting
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Experiences of and conditions for re-designing heart failure care – a qualitative evaluation of an Experience-Based Co-Design case in a Swedish cardiac care setting
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-60264 (URN)
Note

Included in thesis in manuscript form.

Available from: 2023-04-27 Created: 2023-04-27 Last updated: 2025-10-13

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