High-throughput CALPHAD screening (HTCS) enables rapid exploration and optimization of alloy compositions through simulations, but the resulting data is both large and high-dimensional, posing a significant challenge when it comes to effectively analyzing and visualizing the output. This thesis addresses the need for more interactive and intuitive visualization tools tailored to handle HTCS output. The thesis explores how advanced visualization techniques can support exploration and analysis for the development and optimization of alloys. An interactive system was developed to investigate this, with two main visualization plots, parallel coordinates and barycentric coordinates. Feedback from researchers guided an iterative development process. The developed tool improves the ability to explore and interpret complex HTCS data, demonstrating the potential of interactive visualization to support alloy design and materials research.

Effective identification of crop types plays a vital role in modern agricultural monitoring. Itenables more precise resource management, yield forecasting, and support for food securitystrategies. In this study, we integrate field boundary data provided by the Swedish AgricultureAgency with multi-source remote sensing data and machine learning to classify crop typesacross Sweden for multiple growing seasons.Using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, we processed satellite imagery fromSentinel-1 (Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR), Sentinel-2, and Landsat-8/9 to derive both optical(e.g., Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI) and radar-based features over a definedarea of interest. These features were aggregated into monthly and weekly composites to capturekey phenological stages of various crops. Field-level statistics were extracted and used to traina classifier, incorporating limited crop types present in the national dataset.This expanded methodology demonstrates the potential of combining official field parceldata with satellite-based Earth observation (EO) time series for efficient, scalable, and com-prehensive crop mapping across the entire country. This workflow offers a replicable and data-driven approach that supports sustainable agricultural practices and national-scale agriculturalmonitoring.

This project focuses on improving presence detection in smart buildings by utilizing radar-based sensors as an alternative to traditional PIR solutions. 

Passive infrared sensors often fail to detect stationary individuals and have limited coverage, making them unsuitable for reliable occupancy detection. To address these limitations, an Acconeer radar sensor is integrated into an embedded system platform. The system collects and processes raw radar data to identify human presence more accurately.

A key component of the project is the development and evaluation of calibration algorithms that adapt to different environments and reduce false detections. These algorithms enable the system to dynamically adjust sensitivity based on environmental noise and usage patterns. 

Through iterative testing and data analysis, the aim is to create a robust, low-power solution for presence detection that can be applied in real-world smart building scenarios, contributing to both energy efficiency and user comfort.

Thanks to Knowit AB and JTH (Jönköping Tekniska Högskola) for providing the hardware, and thanks to our supervisors Robin Davidsson, Fredrik Sjölander and Andreas Axelsson for feedback and guidance.

This report presents a thesis made for Fagerhults Belysning AB by Hannes Freyschuss and Claes Karlsson. The work was conducted during the spring semester of 2025 at Jönköping University, School of Engineering. For the authors, this thesis marks the conclusion of their studies in Mechanical Engineering: Product Development and Design. 

To sell luminaires, companies must comply with EU regulations concerning health, safety and the environment. It is the responsibility of each company to perform a risk analysis for every product they market. Fagerhult sees this as an opportunity to improve and secure their products. If an accident takes place, where a pole-mounted or bollard luminaire falls over, it poses a safety risk. By examining testing methods that simulate such situations, Fagerhult can, in the long term, minimize the risk of deformations in their products and strengthen their position in the global lighting market. Therefore, the aim of this work is to develop a concept that replicates potential collisions. 

The report covers an internal product development project with a design focus, including a research study, iterative work, selection processes and concept development. The project builds upon the company’s previous experience with collision testing. The authors place great emphasis on designing a concept that is independent of specific testing personnel and ensures repeatability. The report presents the work process in chronological order, supported by relevant theories and methods that justify the results. The project’s requirements and limitations form a structured framework developed through discussions with test specialists and supervisors from both the company and the university. 

The project results in a concept that meets the identified requirements gathered from interviews, industry research and field studies. The concept allows for further development of CAD simulations, a physical prototype and the possible addition of tools for digital result reporting. 

Abstract [En]

Background: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is used to assess the body'sphysiological response to physical exertion. By analyzing variables such as oxygen uptake(VO2), ventilation, and heart rate during incremental exercise, aerobic capacity andventilatory limitations can be evaluated. Parameters like VO2max, breathing reserve (BR),and anaerobic threshold (VT2) are key in both clinical and sports performance assessments.

Aim: The aim of this thesis is to investigate differences in maximal oxygen uptake(VO2max), breathing reserve (BR), and the occurrence of the anaerobic threshold (VT2)between elite swimmers and recreationally active individuals. By combining cardiopulmonaryexercise testing (CPET) with dynamic spirometry, the study aims to examine whether trainingstatus and exercise are associated with ventilatory capacity and overall performance ability.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 27 participants: 7 elite swimmers and20 recreational athletes. All performed a ramp-based CPET on a cycle ergometer. VO2max,FEV1, estimated MVV, BR, VT2 (as % of VO2max and HRmax), as well as height andweight were recorded. Independent t-tests assessed group differences, and Pearson'scorrelation analyzed the relationship between FEV1 and height.

Results: Elite swimmers had significantly higher VO2max than recreational participants (47.9± 2.4 vs. 37.4 ± 8.3 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹, p = 0.003). No significant differences were found in BR orVT2, although swimmers reached VT2 at a higher relative intensity (84 ± 8% of VO2max vs.78 ± 11%). A strong positive correlation was observed between FEV1 and height (r = 0.674, p< 0.001).

Conclusion: Although the differences were not statistically significant, the swimmersdemonstrated a lower mean breathing reserve (BR), which may suggest a high level oftraining rather than pulmonary limitation, as well as a higher ventilatory threshold (VT2),indicating potentially enhanced ventilatory and metabolic efficiency. Future studies should include larger study population to improve generalizability and reduce the risk of bias.

Oral Microbiota in Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Microscopic Colitis

Abstract

Background: Oral microbiota has been shown to play an important role in chronic gastrointestinal diseases. Few studies have examined the link between oral bacteria and non-infectious diarrheal diseases.

Aim: To investigate the oral microbiota in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and microscopic colitis (MK) through a literature review.

Method: A literature review was conducted with systematic searches in PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE and Scopus. Seven articles were included and analyzed using quality assessment.

Results: Several studies showed an altered composition of the oral microbiota in patients with IBS and MC.

Conclusion: The study indicates a possible association between altered oral microbiota and IBS as well as MC. The findings suggest reduced microbial diversity and an increased presence of bacteria with potential inflammatory effects.Oral bacteria were also found in intestinal tissue from individuals with MC, which supports the hypothesis of an oral–intestinal connection.However, the small number of studies and methodological variation limit the generalizability of the results.

Implications: The findings may contribute to increased understanding of the link between oral health and intestinal disease, which could be important for both preventive measures and clinical diagnostics.

Keywords Oral health; bacterial composition; dysbiosis; gut–oral axis; inflammation; intestinal flora

The aim was to examine how socioeconomic and cultural factors affect the risk of caries among children and adolescents with a foreign background in Western Europe. Method: A general literature study was conducted based on 18 peer-reviewed scientific articles published between 2015 and 2024. Articles were retrieved from the databases of CINAHL (DOSS) and Medline, using defined search terms and inclusion/exclusion criteria and were assessed to be of high quality. Results: Socioeconomic factors such as low parental education, income and unemployment were linked to an increased risk of caries. Other influential factors included the ages of the mother and child at migration as well as the parent`s country of origin in health literacy also contributed.  In addition, sociocultural aspects like negative attitudes toward dental care, language barriers, poor oral hygiene, and unhealthy lifestyle habits influenced care seeking behaviors and preventive practices. Conclusion: Children and adolescents with a foreign background in Western Europe are at greater risk of caries due to the combined effects of socioeconomic and sociocultural factors. Key risk factors include low parental education, income, and health literacy. More qualitative research is needed to deepen understanding and capture variation within migrant groups across Western Europe. 

Background: The use of social media continues to grow in line with society´s digitalization. Companies seeking to remain competitive must be able to attract potential candidates through these platforms. This is particularly relevant for the Swedish season tourism industry, a sector characterized by a young workforce and recurring need to hire a large number of employees.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to explore how the Swedish season tourism companies can optimize their use of social media in their recruitment processes to effectively reach out to suitable candidates.

Theory: As a part of the study´s theoretical foundation, three theories have been used to form the analytical framework: Uses and Gratifications theory, Social Network theory and Media Richness theory.

Method: The study follows a deductive and qualitative survey study, consisting of several examined companies. Data was initially gathered through a literature review, after which an interview guide was formed. This guide formed the framework for the next stage of data collection. Empirical data was collected through semi-structured interviews which were then analyzed thematically.

Conclusion: This study shows that the strategic use of social media varies across the examined companies. Three central aspects emerged as key for strategic use in recruitment: Digital segmentation and Target group adaptation, Strategic communication of the employer brand and Cost-effectiveness in digital recruitment. The study also points to a need for increased competence, continuous evaluation and clearer audience targeting to achieve a more strategic approach to recruitment on social media. 

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming the labor market and influencing howorganizations structure work and make decisions. In the public sector, where change processes areoften complex and slow, it is crucial to understand how AI is implemented and experienced byemployees. This thesis explores how employees with HR-related responsibilities within JönköpingMunicipality perceive the implementation of AI in their daily work.

Aim: The aim of this study is to describe how employees working with HR-related tasks at JönköpingMunicipality perceive the AI implementation process.

Method: The study has mainly a deductive approach and is based on a qualitative case study involvingsix semi-structured interviews. The empirical data was analyzed using thematic analysis. Thetheoretical framework includes Self-Determination Theory (SDT), Lewin’s Change ManagementModel, and Kotter’s 8-Step Change Model. However, it has inductive elements as neither the codingprocess nor the third research question are based on previous theories.

Conclusion: The findings show that AI implementation is currently at an early and unstructured stage,where individual initiative often replaces formalized processes. Three central themes were identified:(1) lack of structure in implementation, (2) positive attitudes and a supportive organizational culture,and (3) awareness of risks but limited knowledge. Although employees express a positive attitudetoward AI, the study concludes that clearer communication, targeted training, and a shared strategyare necessary for sustainable and inclusive AI integration. The study offers practical recommendationsfor the public sector and contributes theoretically to research on change management and the impactof technology on HR work.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka kommunikativa strategier flerspråkiga barn använder och hur förskollärare arbetar för att stödja deras möjligheter till inkludering och gemenskap. Studien har genomförts utifrån en kvalitativ ansats och bygger på icke-deltagande observationer samt semi-strukturerade intervjuer med förskollärare. Det teoretiska ramverket utgår från ett sociokulturellt perspektiv där språket ses som ett verktyg för lärande, samspel och identitetsskapande. Det insamlade data har analyserats med hjälp av tematisk analys. Resultaten visar att både flerspråkiga barn och förskollärare använder olika strategier för att möjliggöra kommunikation, delaktighet och språkutveckling i förskolan. Bland annat förekommer kroppsspråk, kodväxling, användning av ny inlärda svenska ord samt stöd från tillgänglighet material i omgivningen. Förskollärarna beskriver det svenska språket som ett värdefullt verktyg som tillåter barn att göra sig förstådda och delta i socialt samspel. Därför framhålls vikten av att pedagogerna är språkligt närvarande och benämner det som sker i barnens vardag. Vidare framkommer att ett rikt och användbart ordförråd är avgörande för att barnen inte bara ska förstå, utan även ges möjlighet att påverka och bli delaktiga i förskolans verksamhet. Samtidigt lyfter förskollärarna vikten av att barnens modersmål erkänns och ges plats i utbildningen, eftersom det utgör en viktig del av barnens identitet. Samarbete med vårdnadshavare nämns som ett komplement i arbetet med att främja barns språkutveckling och delaktighet samt uppfattas som ett sätt att främja inkludering, även om begränsade språkliga resurser hos pedagogerna på barnens modersmål stundvis kan innebära en utmaning. 

Abstract

Purpose – The purpose of this thesis is to enable a freight forwarder to comply with the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD), by assessing the current level of compliance readiness and identifying key barriers in reaching full compliance. The outcome will be a set of suggestions that can enable a freight forwarder to meet CSRD requirements. To fulfill the purpose, three research questions were created:

RQ1: What is the state of CSRD readiness of freight forwarders?

RQ2: What are the barriers in reaching CSRD compliance for freight forwarders?

RQ3: How can freight forwarders reach full compliance of CSRD?

Method – The thesis is a single case study of a freight forwarder that is obliged to comply with CSRD. 6 semi structured interviews, 5 document reviews and questionnaire have been conducted.

Findings – Despite the growing awareness of freight forwarders, full CSRD compliance hasn’t reached yet due to barriers such as lack of knowledge, low prioritization of sustainability, lack of resources, complexity of the directive, customer demand etc. In addition to barriers, readiness of freight forwarders, current state and CSRD requirements were identified. Further suggestions were provided to fill the gaps between the current state and CSRD requirements.

Implications – The thesis did not contribute to any new theories, however, it deepened knowledge in specific areas. For example, it provides suggestions for action to take to reach compliance, which provide a base for future research. Additionally, this thesis provides valuable insights for the policy makers (such as the EU), to understand how to improve the directive, based on the companies’ current perception of it.

Limitations – Two categories of limitations were encountered: limitations due to data collection restrictions, and due to external parties. Data collection limitations concern language biases and availability of internal documents. The second set consists of the lack of previous academic research on the topic, dependence on consultancy agencies for relevant information, and the Omnibus decision to postpone the CSRD implementation deadline.

Keywords – CSRD, EU, SMEs, Sustainable Development, Freight Industry, Reporting,Compliance Barriers

Syfte – Allt fler företag tenderar idag att omvärdera sina beslut kring outsourcing av tillverkning och väljer istället att insourca tillbaka delar som tidigare lagts ut på externa aktörer. Syftet är ofta att återfå kontroll över fler led i värdekedjan och uppnå bättre total effektivitet. Det finns omfattande forskning kring detta beslut och de övergripande för- och nackdelarna med outsourcing kontra insourcing. Däremot saknas tydlig forskning om hur tillverkande företag sedan rent praktiskt ska gå tillväga för att integrera de insourcade aktiviteterna i det befintliga produktionsflödet på ett effektivt sätt. Denna rapport fokuserar därför på just detta och belyser de utmaningar företag kan ställas inför. Därmed är syftet med denna studie: Att studera hur insourcing av förmontering kan integreras i en verksamhets befintliga flöde på ett effektivt sätt. För att besvara studiens syfte har två frågeställningar formulerats: [1] På vilka sätt kan en förmontering sättas upp?  [2] Vilka utmaningar ställs företag inför vid en insourcing av förmonteringsaktiviteter?  [3] Hur kan insourcing av förmontering implementeras i en verksamhets befintliga flöde på ett effektivt sätt? Metod – Studien genomfördes som en fallstudie där både kvalitativa och kvantitativa data användes. För datainsamlingen användes intervjuer, observationer och dokumentstudier, vilket också möjliggjorde triangulering av resultaten. När all data hade samlats in analyserades den utifrån studiens teoretiska ramverk, med syftet att både ta fram en lösning på fallföretagets specifika problem och möjliggöra en teoretisk generalisering. Resultat – Studiens resultat visar att företag ställs inför flera utmaningar vid insourcing av förmonteringsaktiviteter, såsom platsbrist, flödeseffektivitet och flexibilitet. Utmaningar bör hanteras utifrån de rådande förutsättningarna och med fokus på den lösning som är mest långsiktigt hållbar. Implementeringen bör också göras stegvis och under kontinuerlig övervakning, så att förbättringar kan identifieras och genomföras längs vägen innan den slutliga och mest effektiva lösningen fastställs och standardiseras.  Implikationer – Studien ger både praktiska och teoretiska implikationer. Teoretiskt belyser den sambandet mellan insourcingbeslut och påverkan på layout och flöde i produktionen, vilket utvecklar förståelsen för insourcing ur ett produktionstaktiskt perspektiv. Praktiskt visar studien hur företag kan hantera insourcing av förmontering genom en gradvis implementering och anpassning av layout och flöden, samt vilka utmaningar som bör beaktas under processen.  Begränsningar – Studien genomfördes som en enfallstudie, vilket kan medföra vissa begränsningar. Eftersom endast ett fall har studerats kan det vara svårt att generalisera resultaten, även om jämförelser görs mot det teoretiska ramverket. Studiens trovärdighet hade kunnat stärkas ytterligare genom att inkludera intervjuer med fler företag för att bredda förståelsen av de utmaningar som kan uppstå vid insourcing av förmonteringsaktiviteter.  

LGBTQI+ people are subjected to similar or higher rates of intimate partner violence than heterosexual women and men, but the Swedish support systems for victims of violence rarely targets towards LGBTQI+ people. Previous research shows that LGBTQI+ people who are victims of intimate partner violence are met with inadequate support and heteronormative presumptions of what violence is. The purpose of this study is to investigate how heteronormativity affects Swedish non-profit organizations, social services and municipalities who work with intimate partner violence, thus meeting or working with LGBTQI+ victims of violence. Furthermore, the purpose is to examine which factors affect the work with LGBTQI+ victims of violence in Sweden. Finally, we seek to understand which routines and measures develop the work with LGBTQI+ people who are victims of intimate partner violence. The study has been conducted through semi-structured qualitative interviews with professionals, drawing conclusions from the queer theoretical framework. The results show that there are substantial flaws in the work of Swedish organizations who meet LGBTQI+ victims of partner violence, due to a lack of competence and education among the working professionals and within the organizations. Furthermore, the study highlights that heteronormative assumptions are deeply rooted in the organizations, which can marginalize LGBTQI+ victims of violence. 

Syfte: Att beskriva tandhygienisters erfarenheter och hantering av dentala erosionsskador hos ungdomar. Metod: Den valda studiedesignen var en kvalitativ empirisk studie där sju stycken intervjuer utfördes med tandhygienister som arbetar kliniskt med åldersgruppen ungdomar i Sverige. Intervjuerna utfördes på tandhygienisternas arbetsplatser efter att informationsbrev hade skickats ut och en samtyckesblankett hade skrivits på av deltagarna för att säkerställa att etiska principer följdes under processen. Intervjuerna sammanställdes via en kvalitativ innehållsanalys .

Resultat:Två huvudkategorier och åtta underkategorier identifierades. Huvudkategorierna som identifierades var ” Tandhygienistens upplevelser av dentala erosionsskador hos ungdomar” samt ” Strategier för arbete med dentala erosionsskador”. Exempel på underkategorier som identifierades var ”Riskfaktorer för dentala erosionsskador” och ”Utveckling av befintliga dentala erosionsskador”.Yrkesverksamma tandhygienister ser en ökning av dentala erosionsskador hos ungdomar vilket kan kopplas till ett ökat intag av sura drycker och kostvanor hos ungdomar. Rådgivande samtal är en central del av tandhygienistens arbete för att förebygga och hantera dentala erosionsskador. Det saknas ett effektivt interprofessionellt samarbete mellan tandvårdspersonalen vid hantering av dentala erosionsskador. Ungdomars kostvanor och bristande kunskap kan göra det svårt för tandhygienister att förändra riskbeteenden. Konklusion: Tandhygienister ser en ökning av dentala erosionsskador hos ungdomar, kopplat till förändrade kostvanor och riskbeteenden. Rådgivande samtal är viktiga för förebyggande, men det behövs tydligare riktlinjer och bättre samarbete mellan tandvårdsprofessionerna för effektiv hantering.

In the spring of 2022, Sweden’s application to join NATO was presented as both logical andinevitable. But how did it come to be seen that way? This study explores how the concepts ofsafety, threat, security and responsibility were articulated in Swedish media discourse duringthe intense period from January to September 2022, and how language helped shape the boundaries of security policy. Through a critical discourse analysis of 90 editorial articles from threenational newspapers, we show how certain understandings of security are presented as natural,reasonable and necessary, while alternative perspectives are silenced or marginalized. NATOis framed as the obvious solution to an overarching threat, while voices advocating diplomacyor questioning militarization are portrayed as unrealistic or irresponsible.

The analysis draws on securitization theory (Copenhagen School), Laclau & Mouffe’s discourse theory and Fairclough’s model of critical discourse analysis. Our results reveal howaffect, moralization and repetition not only shape the content of the discourse, but define thevery limits of what is perceived as politically possible. At a time of geopolitical transformation,it is not only decisions that shape the future, but also the language used to justify them. 

Sweden is in the midst of a drastic U-turn from a natural reliance of the use of digital tools together with the children in preschools to back to “normal teaching methods” where analogue methods take preference. A slogan was coined and presented by Johan Pehrson and Lotta Edholm (Liberal party) at a press conference in October 2023. Sweden will revert from screen to leaf (skärm till pärm) and plans to affect preschools nationwide.

This thesis explores the concepts, challenges, constraints and implications that have emerged since the slogan “screen to leaf” came to light as well as the revised curriculum for preschools in Sweden that comes into force on 1st July 2025. It uses an inductive thematic analysis to pinpoint further themes related to the constraints and challenges found in the teachers’ and leaders’ accounts of digital use. These themes included: the language skills of the teachers, the importance of the roles of the teachers’ and leaders’, skills for the future, and the potential implications that the revised curriculum may have on sustainability (economic, ecologic and social sustainability). The study contributes to giving a clear insight to factors that educators, policymakers and leaders alike need to understand and account for in this time of change.

Background: The warehouse industry is often characterized by monotonous tasks, physically demanding environments, and high employee turnover, which places new demands on HR as generation Z enters the labor market.

Purpose: The purpose is to compare how different reward systems affect the motivation of Generation Z in the warehouse industry, and to explain how HR can adapt its work to promote long-term motivation among employees in the warehouse sector.

Theory: The theoretical framework combines monetary and non-monetary rewards with the Total Rewards model, along with two key motivation theories: Self-Determination Theory and Herzberg’sTwo-Factor Theory. These are used to analyze how different reward systems affect motivation in generation Z and how HR strategies can be adjusted to support long-term motivation.

Method: The study was conducted using a qualitative method through semi-structured interviews with six warehouse employees aged 19–25 and one HR representative in the warehouse industry.

Results: The results show that many young people take warehouse jobs for the salary, but motivation quickly declines if other needs are not met. Non-monetary factors such as appreciation, responsibility, and development opportunities were perceived as more motivating over time. Several participants also highlighted the importance of work environment and social relationships.

Analysis: The analysis shows that neither monetary nor non-monetary rewards alone are sufficient to motivate young warehouse employees in the long term. To fulfill psychological needs and create long-term motivation, a combination of these rewards is required, based on selected factors from Self-determination Theory and Herzberg’s Two-factor Theory.

Conclusion: The comparison of reward systems shows that salary and bonuses motivate young people to accept the job, but not to stay. What instead creates long-term motivation in generation Z are factors such as recognition, responsibility, and opportunities for growth. By combining these with financial incentives, HR can create better conditions for retaining young employees in a physically demanding and often temporary work environment.

Background: The Swedish retail grocery sector is characterized by high employee turnover and a young workforce, with one-third of employees aged between 16 and 24. Since job satisfaction is one of the main predictors of employee turnover, the question arises whether job satisfaction has influenced employees in the sector to voluntarily resign from their positions.

Aim: The purpose of the study is to explore how job satisfaction has influenced employees aged 16-24 in the Swedish retail grocery sector to voluntarily resign from their positions.

Theoretical framework: In the theoretical framework, job satisfaction and Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory have been applied.

Method: A qualitative method was applied, with semi-structured interviews conducted with a sample of nine informants. The collected data was analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results: The informants’ job satisfaction has been affected to varying degrees. Factors contributing to the informant’s resignation was the nature of work, recognition, opportunities of growth, supervision, and factors in personal life, as well as an external factor not covered by Herzberg’s theory, career change.

Analysis: The study’s themes: Interest in the work development opportunities, leadership quality, work-life balance, and influence without resignation, support previous criticism of Herzberg’s theory, suggesting that hygiene factors can also contribute to positive job satisfaction. The study found evidence contradicting Herzberg’s theory, suggesting that motivational factors can contribute to negative job satisfaction.

Conclusion: The study shows that low job satisfaction has strongly influenced employees to resign. However, factors perceived as positive or neutral for job satisfaction have also contributed to employees’ decision to resign from their positions. The study’s findings provide HR and organizations with insights into factors that can be adjusted to reduce employee turnover.

Background: Preschool teachers today encounter a high workload combined with limited

resources, leading to increased stress and reduced opportunities for recovery. Factors such

as staff shortages, large group sizes of children, and a lack of substitutes, negatively affect

both the physical and psychosocial work environment. At the same time, the conditions

differ between public and private preschools, where organizational and economic factors

can affect the work environment in different ways. Despite this, research on the

differences between the sectors is limited, which makes it crucial to examine how resource

availability is perceived and affects the work environment for preschool teachers.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to increase understanding of how resource

availability within public and private preschools affects preschool teachers' work

environment.

Method: To answer the purpose of the study, a qualitative method with a multiple case

study design was used. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews

with a total of eight participants, half from each sector. Snowball and purposive sampling

were used to capture the relevant respondents for the study. An abductive approach was

applied, which enabled an interaction between empiricism and theory. The collected

material was analyzed thematically to identify recurring patterns, which resulted in

resources, work environment and well-being.

Conclusion: The study shows that resource availability has a decisive impact on preschool

teachers' work environment. Differences between sectors emerge, with preschool teachers

in the private sector experiencing better resource availability compared to the public

sector. Lack of resource availability increases stress and negatively affects well-being,

while sufficient resource availability promotes a well-functioning work environment.

Today, Sweden is experiencing an economic recession, and competition for jobs is high. Unemployment is currently remarkably high, while research shows that employees are feeling worse at their workplace.

The purpose of the study is to increase knowledge about how organizations work with employer branding during a recession.

The study is based on a theoretical framework focusing on the psychological contract, brand equity theory and Herzberg’s motivation theory. These theories are used to deepen the understanding of how organizations foster motivation, loyalty and engagement in times of uncertainty.

Previous research on employer branding was limited, and a clear research gap was identified. The researchers chose a qualitative approach and conducted semi structured interviews with six participants, all holding leading HR-roles. After collecting empirical data and reviewing previous research, the analysis was conducted.

The results show that a strategic approach to employer branding in a recession involves creating stability, enhancing psychological safety among employees, as well as clear communication and non-monetary rewards. Organizations that manage to foster a sense of meaning and inclusion are perceived as more attractive by both current and potential employees.

Finally, the study provides valuable insights for leaders in organizations, especially when resources are limited and employees prioritize security over external rewards. 

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly evolving and is increasingly integrating into the operational processes of recruitment agencies. These organisations face mounting pressure to increase the efficiency and accuracy of their recruitment processes. As a result of this, many recruitment agencies have begun implementing AI technologies within their workflows. Despite the significant progress, there remains a lack of a deeper understanding of the underlying incentives that drive AI-implementation in the recruitment sector.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore and understand why recruitment agencies choose to implement AI into their operations.

Method: The study applies an abductive approach combined with a qualitative research strategy. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, and the empirical data was analyzed using thematic analysis. The analysis was theoretically supported by Ulrich ́s HR-model and Herzberg ́s two factor theory. The study concludes with a summarizing model that illustrates and connects all parts of the study, ultimately leading up to the result.

Result: The study finds that AI-implementation is both driven by monetary incentives, such as cost reduction, process efficiency and non-monetary incentives, including transparency and ethical considerations, employee involvement, organizational pride and enhanced employer branding. The value of AI lies not only in measurable outcomes but also in perceived improvements to candidate experience and working environment. Additionally increased recruitment accuracy and strengthened competitiveness emerge as key incentives for AI implementation among recruitment agencies operation in the Jönköping region.

The aim of this scoping review is to quantitatively examine the impact of war-related experiences on children's mental health outcomes. This master's thesis addresses the following two research questions: What proportion of children reported experiencing war-related events and to what extent did exposure to war-related experiences impact children’s mental health outcomes. Fifteen (15) studies were used for this review, which had been published the last 5 years, and 4 of which were referring to the war in Palestine, 2 studies were about Syrian refugees in Lebanon and 2 about refugees in Turkey. The rest of the studies were about Syrian refugees in Greece, Jordan, displaced children in the Middle East, armed conflicts in Colombia, Tanzania, Sierra Leone and Ukrainian students in Poland. The results revealed that almost all children had been exposed to different traumatic war-related events, meanwhile this exposure had affected their mental health, since serious mental health problems, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety and externalizing problems, existed.

Background: In a society where AI is increasingly taking over, organizations need to keep up with technological developments. The study investigates through a qualitative way the challenges and opportunities of AI use in public organizations, from the perspective of HR employees. Existing studies have primarily used quantitative research methods. 

Purpose: A study on HR employees` perspectives on Artificial Intelligence (AI) in public organizations, focusing on its challenges and opportunities.   

Method: The study applies a deductive approach, a qualitative research strategy grounded in an epistemological stance. Data collection was concluded through semi-structured interviews. The empirical data has been analyzed through a thematic analysis. This process led to the identification of four main themes: AI-tools usage in the organization, future AI-tools, opportunities for AI use, and challenges with AI use. Each of these themes is anchored in a relevant theoretical framework, culminating in a final model.   

Conclusion: AI use in the three public organizations differs in both approach and breadth. Despite this, all organizations face similar challenges but have unique needs and thus see different opportunities and further uses for AI.  

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic the Public Health Agency of Sweden recommended that all employers should allow their employees to work remotely. In the post-pandemic period, hybrid work – a model that combines on-site and remote work – has become the new normal. This work model places new demands on managers and creates challenges in their leadership. However, there is a lack of research on how managers adapt their leadership and foster trust in employees within hybrid workplaces. 

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to increase the understanding of how managers adapt their leadership in hybrid workplaces.

Method: The study applies a qualitative research strategy with a deductive approach and a case study as the research design. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using a thematic analysis. The analysis resulted in two main themes: leadership adaptation in hybrid workplaces and fostering trust in hybrid workplaces. These themes were analyzed based on the study´s theoretical framework, which led to the development of a model that summarizes the conclusions.

Conclusion: Managers adapt their leadership in hybrid workplaces through communication, availability and a structured approach. Trust in employees is fostered through non-controlling leadership, open and dialogical communication, and clearly defined roles and responsibilities.

Background: The labor market is characterized by a paradox: while employers report a significant skills shortage, recent graduates struggle to secure employment due to a lack of experience. This imbalance indicates a need for alternative strategies that both facilitate the labor market integration of recent graduates and strengthen the competencies of existing staff. In this context, reverse mentoring – a concept in which junior employees act as mentors to more senior employees – has emerged as a potential solution for promoting competence development.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore how reversed mentoring can be used as a strategy to ease the transition of recent graduates into the labor market, while simultaneously fostering competence development within organizations.

Method: A qualitative case study was conducted, involving semi-structured interviews with six participants who had previously been mentees in a structured reverse mentoring program. The study was conducted inductively, and a thematic analysis was used to interpret the data, focusing on participants’ experiences, perceptions, and views on the implementation of reverse mentoring in organizational settings.

Conclusion: The results show that reverse mentoring can serve as a meaningful tool for promoting both individual and organizational competence development and—under the right conditions—help reduce the barriers to labor market entry for recent graduates. In other words, reverse mentoring has the potential to tackle two challenges with one solution. However, realizing this potential requires a clear framework, deliberate change management, and long-term commitment from the organization.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur elever beskriver fritidshemmets fysiska inomhusmiljö. Med hjälp av tre frågeställningar syftar vi till att fördjupa förståelsen för hur elever uppfattar och påverkas av den fysiska inomhusmiljön. Studien bygger på en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer i form av samtalspromenader. Det insamlade materialet har analyserats genom tolkning, kategorisering och koncentrering. Resultatet visar att eleverna i stort sett trivs på fritidshemmet och att de är medvetna om vilka möjligheter respektive begränsningar som finns i inomhusmiljön kopplade till gränser, regler och tillgång till utrymmen. Flera faktorer påverkar upplevelsen av inomhusmiljön som socialt samspel, aktiviteter, materiella resurser och vuxennärvaro. Majoriteten av eleverna har en positiv syn på fritidshemmets inomhusmiljö men lyfter samtidigt tydliga förbättringsförslag och önskemål kring verksamhetens fysiska resurser.

While more and more government services are moved online, tracking has also become widespread on the web. Many websites use third party services, which often lets those services track and collect data from visitors. How much third-party web tracking is used on government websites? In the present research, that question was answered in a Swedish context through an automated analysis of 575 Swedish government websites. It was also investigated why third-party web tracking is used on Swedish government websites, and what can be done by these websites in order to decrease the usage of such third parties. This was achieved through interviews with six experts in privacy and security, and later with nine representatives from seven government organizations. The website analysis showed that Google --- this includes Google Analytics, Google Fonts, YouTube, etc. --- was found on just below 30% of websites. Piwik Pro was found on just above, and rek.ai just below, 25%. Some of the reasons for using third-party web tracking on Swedish government websites was the convenience compared to using self-hosted alternatives, that certain accessibility tools are required by law, and that certain tools are provided by the hosting providers or CMS. Some of the recommendations on how to reduce third-party web tracking on government websites was found to be to self-host fonts and analytics, to minimize data collection, and to limit data retention.

This study presents a comparative evaluation of two RTOS: Zephyrand SAAB OS (uCOS-II). The purpose is to determine if portingfrom SAAB OS increases the real-time capabilities. This study fo-cuses on the metric: CAN-message response time to determine thereal-time performance. The setup used is a developed XYZ-node,which purpose is to simulate a CAN-message set. The XYZ-nodesends an attribute request which is then responded to by the DUT.The response time is measured using a PicoScope 3000 series. Wefound that Zephyr performed slightly better for all load rates. Whilethese findings suggest a slight performance increase when porting toZephyr, a more conclusive analysis could be made considering otheraspects of the RTOS, such as CPU utilization and scheduling meth-ods. In conclusion this study contributes both to the performanceinsights and methods used to conduct performance tests for real-time systems.

This thesis conducts a comparative analysis of two widely used Instant Messaging (IM) applications—WhatsApp and Signal—focusing on three key areas of user privacy: metadata exposure, transport layer encryption, and backup storage security. Despite both platforms employing endto-end encryption (E2EE) to protect message content, our findings reveal significant differences in how each handles user metadata, cloud dependencies, and backup practices. Through empirical testing using tools such as PCAPdroid and Wireshark, we observe that WhatsApp exposes more metadata and communicates with a broader range of third-party domains, while Signal maintains a minimal infrastructure footprint and stronger cryptographic configurations. The study also uncovers varying levels of transport layer security, with Signal consistently favoring stronger cipher suites and local-only encrypted backups. By highlighting these architectural and behavioral differences, the thesis underscores the importance of holistic privacy protection beyond E2EE. These insights aim to support users, developers, and policymakers in understanding how privacy-bydesign principles are (or are not) implemented in mainstream messaging applications.

Many governmental websites all over the world lack proper accessibility incorporation, despite guidelines being offered by the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG). Accessibility is often believed to only improve disabled users' experiences or to disrupt regular users' experiences and is therefore often dismissed in web design. For the purpose of discovering how non-disabled users' subjective experiences and thoughts are affected by visual accessibility changes, we conducted a study where ten participants were shown two versions of five different Swedish governmental websites. They were asked to first rate their experience based on seven questions on a Likert scale. We then conducted a semi-structured interview to gather information about their individual experiences, which served as the foundation for the conclusion in this thesis. The results suggest all users benefit from or are unaffected by accessible features being included. Aspects like text size, contrast, and proficient readability were most commonly mentioned as visual aspects that impacted the non-disabled users' experiences, while letter spacing was less impactful.

This thesis explored how transparency-focused UX design features—specifically pop-

up messages—impact users' trust and awareness of data collection on e-commerce

websites. The study used a quantitative research approach, using comparative usability

testing and a post-experiment survey with 30 participants. Two Figma prototypes were

developed: one with transparency-enhancing pop-up messages (Prototype B), and one

without (Prototype A). Participants interacted with both and then filled out a survey

comparing their experiences. Results from Chi-Square and Mann-Whitney U tests

showed statistically significant preferences for the transparent design (Prototype B),

with higher levels of perceived trust and awareness reported. The findings highlight the

importance of integrating transparency into UX design to support user trust and

responsible data practices in e-commerce, as well as balancing transparency with

interface simplicity.

Keywords: Transparency, UX Design, Quantitative Research, Usability Testing, Data

Privacy, User Trust, E-commerce

The interconnected nature of today’s online platforms, specifically social media and websites, has made seamless experiences across social media and websites crucial to the visibility and memorability of brands. This study investigates user perceptions of different levels of visual consistency between an e-commerce user interface and social media content on user experience and trust. A dedicated e-commerce website was developed for a fictitious brand, along with content for three different social network accounts, each designed with varying degrees of visual consistency towards the website’s user interface. Participants were divided into three groups, with each group interacting with one of the accounts and the website to examine how cross-platform visual consistency influences users’ perception of trust, navigational ease, and intentions to engage. The study combines usability testing, semi-structured interviews, and thematic analysis to capture both behavioral and cognitive user responses across these groups. Findings suggest that the perceived visual consistency promotes greater trust and navigational ease, leading to a more positive user experience. Conversely, perceived inconsistencies between platforms can disrupt user expectations and diminish the credibility of a brand. 

Background: Digital Product Passports (DPPs) are highlighted as a key instrument for enabling a circular economy, yet cybersecurity aspects are still treated fragmentarily in existing research. To address this gap, the following research questions were formulated: RQ1. Which cybersecurity needs or risks are identified or impliedin proposed DPP implementations? RQ2. Which technical strategies and mechanisms are employed to address these threats? Method: Five databases (ACM Digital Library, IEEE Xplore, Springer Link, ArXiv och Web of Science) were searched. A structured, robust and transparent selection process was conducted using a systematic literature review (SLR) and the PRISMA framework. Findings: The analysis identified three main themes, Storage, Authenticity and Data Exchange, and nine subthemes. Storage covers solutions such as blockchain and centralized or decentralized databases. Authenticity concerns identification techniques that enable access control, confidentiality and integrity. Data Exchange focuses on the secure transmission of data supported by various framework and protocols.Value: The study reveals a gap in the current research landscape regarding cybersecurity implementations and awareness in the DPP context. It provides researchers with a clear overview of current technological DPP proposals and their associated cybersecurity properties, as well as highlight areas that may require further research.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how Lean Thinking and Value Stream Mapping can be applied and used to improve spare parts management in the service operations of the Swedish spa bath industry. 

Method: The research approach used in this study was a qualitative multiple-case study. The research questions were answered by using qualitative data through interviews as a data collection method. 

Findings: The study ́s findings presented several challenges for the case companies regarding spare parts management in service operations. The main challenges identified were poor flow visibility, lack of standardization, and limited coordination between service and inventory functions. 

The findings also resulted in proposed opportunities for improvement. Standardization of diagnostics and routines, planning and coordination between service technicians and inventory, and integration of service and warehouse information flows were presented as potential improvement areas. 

Practical Implications: This thesis could be used to provide practical insights into how Lean Thinking and Value Stream Mapping, when used as an analytical tool, can be adapted in service contexts. 

Theoretical Implications: This study contributes to the academic understanding of service supply chain improvement and provides theoretical insights into the implementation of Lean Thinking in a service environment. 

Delimitations: This thesis delimitates to spare parts management within service operations of the spa bath industry. Focusing on three SMEs in Sweden that act as resellers of spa bath products and specifically spare parts in this study. 

Purpose: To examine how omni-channel retailers in Sweden promote sustainable last-miledelivery options. The study is focusing on crucial challenges of balancing fast, costeffective, and environmental responsibility. Two research questions were developed toinvestigate the previously stated purpose in-depth: 1. What last-mile delivery do omnichannel retailers offer end-customers? 2. What common strategies are employed by omnichannel retailers in Sweden to promote sustainable last-mile deliveries?

Method: A quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional design was employed, alongside acombination of systematic sampling and analysis for the primary data. Secondary data isused as qualitative approach. The data was collected from 100 omni-channel retailers inSweden: 50 large-sized, 50 medium-sized. With primary focus on delivery speed, price, 3PLprovides and diversity of sustainable delivery certifications which underwent analyses andcomparison.

Findings: The study found that omni-channel retailers offer various delivery methodsincorporating different labels promoting sustainable practices. However, sustainabledelivery options such as fossil-free, Swan or climate compensated are vaguely and unclearlycommunicated at the retailer’s check-out stage. Larger retailers offer more sustainableofferings compared to medium-sized retailers.

Implications: The study highlights the need for improved communication and greatertransparency from retailers when promoting sustainable last-mile deliveries. The limitedinformation posed an implementation regarding the available data for collection. Publiclyavailable data on sustainable labels and certificates were limited when gathering necessarydata during the research.

Limitations: The study is limited by large and medium retailer sample size exclusively in Sweden, reducing generalizability. Incorporating small-sized retailers, and a deeperunderstanding of 3PLs would elevate the study. Furthermore, including small-size retailerswould provide a more complete understanding of last-mile delivery practices.

Background: Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting language acquisition and it yet remains underdiagnosed compared to other neurodevelopmental disorders, such as ASD and ADHD. The aim of this scoping review is to explore how society, family, and/or professionals perceive Developmental Language Disorder, how aware and knowledgeable are as well as the potential misconceptions that occur. The research questions were: How can the level of DLD awareness be exprored among the public, parents, and professionals? In what ways does limited awareness affect the diagnostic process? Method: According to the PCC framework, eight peer-reviewed studies published between 2019 and 2025 were included from five databases (ERIC, CINAHL, PsychInfo, PubMed, and Medline). Results: Overall, the findings demonstrated that there was low awareness and some misunderstandings among the public, caregivers, and professionals. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the need for campaigns, professional development programs, and further research is recommended.

Syfte - Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur implementeringen av automatiserade lagerlösningar, såsom paternosterverk och materialhissar, påverkar truckanvändning, arbetsmiljö och säkerhet vid producerande företag. Analys utgår från lean-principer med fokus på hur automatiserade lösningar kaneffektivisera produktivitet och plocktider i kritiska moment inom internlogistiken.För att besvara studien syfte har tre frågeställningar formulerats: [1] Hur förändras truckbehovet vid automatiserade lagerlösningar inom internlogistiken vid producerande företag?[2] Vilka säkerhetsfördelar kan uppstå vid automatiserade lagerlösningar inom internlogistiken vid producerande företag?[3] Hur kan lean-principer effektivisera produktivitet och plocktider i kritiska moment inom internlogistiken vid producerande företag? Metod – Studien är en fallstudie med abduktiv ansats, där både kvalitativa och kvantitativa data samlats in. För att uppnå studiens syfte och besvara frågeställningarna har datainsamlingsteknikerna bestått av observationer, intervjuer samt dokumentstudie för att analysera nuvarande materialhanteringsprocesser och identifiera potentiella förbättringsområden. Intervjuerna transkriberades, kodades och analyserades med hjälp av Gioia-metoden. Metoden ansågs relevant för att kunna analysera den stora mängd data som samlats in genom de genomföra intervjuerna. Resultat – Resultaten visar att automatiserade lagerlösningar som paternosterverk och materialhissar minskar truckanvändningen genom att centralisera materialflöden och effektivisera plockzoner. Detta leder till en säkrare arbetsmiljö genom att reducera manuella lyft, repetitiva rörelser och riskfyllda transporter. Studien visar också att digitala system kan integreras för att förbättra plockprecision och minska risken för felhantering. Den centrala observationen är att automatiseringen inte bara förbättrarergonomi och säkerhet, utan även har potential att öka produktiviteten i logistikens mest kritiska moment. Samtidigt framkommer att viss anpassning av layout, kompetens och systemintegration är avgörande för att realisera vinsterna. Effekterna av automatiseringen är särskilt tydliga i utrymmesbegränsade miljöer med höga krav på flexibilitet.Implikationer – Studien ger praktiska rekommendationer för hur pick-to-light-system, automattruckar och zonplockning kan samverka med automatiserade lagerlösningar för att skapa effektiva och säkra materialflöden. Teoretiskt visar studien hur automation kan kombineras med lean-principer för att eliminera slöseri, reducera icke-värdeskapande moment och skapa hållbara logistiklösningar. Resultaten är användbara för företag som överväger investeringar i automation och vill uppnå både ergonomiska och operativa förbättringar. Studien belyser även vikten av att integrera digitalisering med befintliga logistiksystem för att uppnå hög plocknoggrannhet och låg felprocent. Begränsningar i studien gäller främst generaliserbarhet utanför det specifika fallföretaget, men slutsatserna kan ändå fungera som vägledning för liknande verksamheter med motsvarande utmaningar.Begränsningar – Studien begränsas till kittning av internt och externt material med fokus på kittningsgrupp 212 i Y-verkstaden vid fallföretaget. Valet av begränsning motiveras av gruppens centrala roll inom materialförsörjningen och de utmaningar som uppstår och där arbetsmomenten präglas av manuella plock- och kittningsaktiviteter. 

Abstract

Purpose – This thesis investigates the bottlenecks and inefficiencies within the inbound

and order picking process, with an emphasis on how lean tools and strategic planning

can enhance the efficiency in inbound and picking operations.

Method – The study, based on a case company, is the large-sized furniture retailer’s

central warehouse in Jönköping. Qualitative research approach was applied, the data

collected through interviews, observations and internal documents. Lean tools were

applied to identifying efficiencies and analyzing the process to address the research

questions.

Findings – The investigations resulted in identifying inefficiencies in warehouse layout

and capacity, technological and automated systems, and workflow conditions. The

problems were categorized according to the Eight Wastes of Lean, and potential

improvements suggested through 5S implementations and Standard Operating

Procedures. The Theory of Constraints also applied to identify the bottlenecks in the

system. The role of strategic planning in long-term operational improvements are also

highlighted.

Implication - This thesis provides practical solutions to address inefficiencies and

bottlenecks in inbound operations and the order picking process. These inefficiencies

have been classified into strategic inefficiencies and operational inefficiencies, either

aligning with the company strategies and enabling long-term to reach the operational

goals or hindering obstacles in daily operations and requiring improvement actions. The

decoupling point concept was used to explain how strategic inefficiencies are also

beneficial in long-term goals. The framework of the eight wastes of lean was applied to

investigate the root causes of these inefficiencies. The Theory of Constraints supported

to identify critical bottlenecks that limits the operations performance.

The improvements can support overcoming operational inefficiencies. Implementing

lean tools such as 5S and strengthening Standard Operating Procedures can be helpful

to improve productivity in stated operations.

Limitations – This study is based on qualitative data from a major warehouse. Due to

the unique characteristics of customer orders, it is not feasible to measure and quantify

picking times numerically. The inefficiencies and suggestions presented in the study

are applicable to other warehouses that face similar or the same operational challenges.

Keywords – Inbound, Order picking, 5S, Eight Wastes of Lean, Inefficiencies in

Warehouse, Bottlenecks in Order Picking, Bottleneck in Inbound Operations, Standard

Operating Procedures, Strategic Planning

Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how medium-sized manufacturing companies can effectively initiate the integration process of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) into their operations to meet regulatory requirements and customers’ demands, together with identification of key barriers and enablers. Method: This research adopts a qualitative single-case study approach using a Swedish manufacturing company. Data was collected by conducting seven semistructured interviews with key employees, document analysis, and observations. Thematic analysis, based on Braun and Clarke’s framework, was used to code and analyze the findings, supported by relevant literature and a triangulation methodology to ensure validity. Findings: The study indicates that external and internal pressures, such as regulatory frameworks and rising customer demands, act as external drivers for LCA adoption in medium-sized manufacturers. Internally, organizational barriers were recognized: low internal engagement, ambiguity in responsibility allocation, difficulties in obtaining data from suppliers, high initial cost and perceived workload of implementing LCA. However, the research reveals key enablers that support LCA integration, such as strong leadership commitment to sustainability goals and the presence of digital infrastructure, which facilitates material and energy tracking. These capabilities allow data traceability and readiness for future reporting. Additionally, an early-phase LCA tool was proposed to guide implementation efforts and enhance operational alignment with upcoming regulatory requirements. Implications: This study presents valuable insights for medium-sized manufacturing companies planning to implement Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). This is for them to meet future regulatory requirements and market demands. It highlights the importance of aligning LCA efforts with leadership engagement, digital infrastructure, and supplier cooperation to overcome the internal barriers. The findings suggest a simplified, early-stage LCA tool can enhance feasibility and foster internal engagement when a full-scale LCA is not yet possible. Limitations: This single-case qualitative study limits generalizability beyond the specific industry and regional context. Due to the early-stage LCA adoption and data constraints, no full LCA model was conducted. 

Purpose – Companies need to maintain sufficient inventory to meet demand while avoiding excessive capital tied up in stock. Achieving a balance between inventory levels and service levels is crucial, with capital commitment playing a central role. For manufacturing companies applying a Make to Stock (MTS) strategy, this is particularly challenging, as production is based on forecasts rather than actual demand. The purpose of this study is therefore: To investigate how manufacturing companies using a Make to Stock (MTS) strategy can optimize their inventory management in order to balance service levels and inventory levels from a capital commitment perspective.

To fulfil this purpose, the study is guided by two research questions:

[1]  What challenges do MTS companies face in balancing their inventory levels from a capital commitment perspective?

[2]  How can MTS companies balance their inventory levels with the goal of achieving more efficient capital utilization?

Method – The study is conducted as a case study, following an abductive approach. It is primarily based on qualitative research with elements of quantitative data. To address the research questions, data was collected through interviews and document studies. The interviews were transcribed, coded and analysed using a thematic analysis method, which was deemed suitable for processing the large volume of qualitative data.  

Findings – The results identify several challenges associated with balancing inventory levels from a capital commitment perspective. Additionally, the study highlights tools that companies can use to manage their inventory more effectively. Among other things, the study revealed that challenges often arise due to uncertain demand forecasts, complex material flow, and a lack of coordination between departments. The study also showed that methods such as item classification, economic order quantity, and safety stock dimensioning can support the development of a more demand-driven and cost-efficient inventory management.

Implications – The study contributes both theoretical and practical implications. Theoretically, it compiles and connects existing literature on inventory management, capital commitment, service levels, and demand forecasting. Practically, it offers insights into the challenges manufacturing companies face in managing capital commitment and provides guidance on how inventory strategies can be optimized to improve both delivery performance and resource efficiency.

Limitations – The study is limited to processes from raw material inventory to finished goods inventory within the scope of a functional production layout. Other parts of the supply chain are excluded. The focus is solely on standard products under a Make to Stock (MTS) strategy, custom-made products are not included. The study does not address strategic decisions regarding overall warehouse design or the actual implementation of proposed measures. Instead, it aims to serve as decision support for more effective inventory management from a capital commitment perspective.

Keywords – capital tie-up, inventory levels, Make to Stock (MTS) strategy, production, safety stock, service level, supply chain

Syftet med denna studie är att belysa vilket perspektiv lärare i grundskolans årskurser 1–6 har på relationens betydelse för elevers lärande, med särskilt fokus på motivation och prestation. Studien avser även undersöka hur dessa lärare aktivt arbetar för att utveckla och upprätthålla positiva relationer till sina elever och vilka strategier de använder sig av i detta arbete.

Utifrån syftet kommer två frågeställningar att undersökas. Hur arbetar lärare för att skapa och upprätthålla positiva relationer till eleverna samt hur upplever lärare att relationen mellan lärare och elev påverkar lärandefaktorer som motivation och prestation hos eleverna?

I studien användes en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer där sex legitimerade lärare på låg- och mellanstadiet intervjuades. Empirin har sammanställts med teoretisk koppling till sociokulturell teori. Studiens resultat visar att lärare finner relationsskapande till eleverna viktigt och att de lägger ner mycket tid på detta. Lärarna skapar relationer till eleverna genom att bemöta eleverna individuellt, visa ett genuint intresse för dem, samtala, uppmuntra, berömma, använda sig av humor och värme men samtidigt tydliga ramar. De anser att relationer är en färskvara som behöver underhållas och arbetar kontinuerligt med att upprätthålla goda och nära relationer till sina elever. Samtliga lärare upplever att relationen har en påverkan på elevernas motivation och prestation. De upplever att en positiv relation mellan lärare och elever gör eleverna mer motiverade och möjliggör för läraren att ställa krav på dem, vilket ökar deras prestationer. En god relation gör att eleverna vill visa läraren vad de kan och göra läraren glad samt leder till att eleverna känner sig trygga och därmed kan prestera bättre. 

Utomhusvistelse är idag en central del av elevers tid i fritidshem. Mot bakgrund av de positiva aspekter som utomhusvistelse kan bidra med är syftet med studien att undersöka elevers egna upplevelser av utomhusvistelse. Frågeställningarna som besvaras är hur eleverna upplever utomhusmiljön, samt hur eleverna upplever deras lärares betydelse gällande utomhusvistelsen. För att uppnå syftet har semistrukturerade intervjuer samt ett fåtal kompletterande samtalspromenader använts. Tolv elever har deltagit i studien och därmed har kunskap kunnat bildas om fritidshemselevers upplevelser om utomhusvistelse, samt vilka faktorer som är avgörande för upplevelserna. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt har varit fenomenologi och resultatet har bearbetats utifrån en fenomenologisk ansats där upplevelsebegreppet är centralt. Resultatet visar att elevernas upplevelser av utomhusvistelse är starkt kopplade till känslor av frihet, glädje och gemenskap. Skolgårdens lekytor samt lekredskap upplevs avgörande för bra utomhusupplevelser. De vuxnas närvaro erfars som avgörande för trygghet. Även väderförhållanden är en avgörande faktor för elevers upplevelser av utomhusvistelse.