Introduction – The construction sector faces extensive sustainability challenges and

contributes significantly to society´s greenhouse gas emissions and resource

consumption. At the same time, changing work patterns and declining demand for

traditional office spaces have resulted in an increasing number of vacant office

premises. However, experiences from previous conversions show that many existing

office buildings are technically, economically, and functionally difficult to adapt for

residential use. This highlights the need to consider future adaptability and the potential

for conversion into the early design stage of new office buildings.

This thesis investigates how newly constructed office premises can be designed to

facilitate future conversion to residential units, with a particular focus on adaptability.

The aim is to increase understanding of how early design decisions affect the long-term

usability of buildings and to contribute a practical tool in the form of a guideline and

checklist.

Method – The study applies a qualitative research strategy and is conducted as case

studies of two conversion projects: The View in Nacka and Kunskapsfabriken in

Jönköping. The empirical material is based on document analysis, literature review, and

semi-structured interviews with professional stakeholders.

Results – The results from the document analysis and interviews show that building

depth, daylight conditions, and the configuration of the structural system are central

physical factors affecting a building´s adaptability. Column-beam systems are

identified as more advantageous than load-bearing walls, as they enable greater

flexibility for future changes. The main barriers to conversion are economic, regulatory,

and technical challenges.

Analysis – The analysis of the empirical data indicates that adaptability can be assessed

through a combination of flexibility, generality, and technical adaptability. To enable

future conversion, structural constraints need to be minimized at early design stages,

fixed cores should be strategically positioned, and floor slabs should be dimensioned

with residential requirements in mind. At the same time, adaptable buildings require a

more general design approach than what is optimal for office use alone.

Discussion – The results of the study are consistent with previous research highlighting

that building geometry and daylight conditions are important factors influencing the

feasibility of conversion. The discussion further indicate that economic conditions can

constitute a significant limitation, as they affect which technical solutions can be

implemented in practice. The study also supports previous research emphasizing

adaptive reuse as a strategy for contributing to increased environmental and social

sustainability. The results indicate that early design decisions can improve the

conditions for future conversions and thereby contribute to a more resource-efficient

use of buildings.

Occupational Therapy Interventions for Persons with Dementia and BPSD in Residential Care: A Scoping Review

Abstract

Background: In Sweden, approximately 70,000 people with dementia live in residential care, and most develop behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) during the disease course. These symptoms can negatively affect quality of life and care environments.Aim: To map existing research on occupational therapy interventions for BPSD  in people with dementia living in residential care facilities. Method: A scoping review based on systematic searches in CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and PubMed, including twelve studies.Results: Occupational therapy interventions based on meaningful activities may reduce BPSD and improve quality of life and well-being. Further research is needed to strengthen the evidence base and clarify the role of occupational therapists. Conclusion: These interventions may contribute to increased participation and quality of life and to reduced behavioral and psychological symptoms. The findings can be understood through the ValMO model, in which the different value dimensions of occupation help explain the significance of the interventions for individual well-being. Implications: The study may contribute to strengthening the implementation of person-centered and activity-based occupational therapy interventions, which may promote participation and quality of life among people with dementia and BPSD living in residential care. 

This qualitative multiple case study examines the perception and application of social skills in

the day-to-day activities of employees in Digital Fintech Start-ups in Sri Lanka. This study aims

to examine emotional intelligence, persuasive communication and networking in the context of

PayHere and U Pay. It explores employee perceptions of the importance of these competencies

for customer relations, team working, engaging with stakeholders, service adoption, and business

development work.

The data were gathered using 12 semi-structured interviews; 6 interviews with employees from

PayHere and 6 interviews with employees from U Pay. Customer-support, technical,

business-development and managerial roles were represented by participants. The data from the

interviews was thematised and themes were developed.Themes were extracted from interviews

to identify patterns, differences between both cases and connections between three social skills.

The results indicate that the workers related emotional intelligence to awareness of customer

issues, self-control, handling of problematic interactions and teamwork. Persuasive

communication was correlated with providing the benefit of digital-payment services and dealing

with uncertainty and creating trust with stakeholders. Internal coordination, knowledge sharing,

referrals, partnership, access to business opportunities were related to networking. The results

also suggest that these skills were often applied in combination, not as individual skills.

The study adds to the literature by focusing on the competencies of the employees rather than

those of the founders or leaders. It also offers each of the areas in the context of how

technological services are turned into comprehensible and relationship-dwelling experiences in a

resource-restricted emerging-market context. The results could help digital startups with

recruitment and training and employee development.

Introduction and aim: The construction sector faces major challenges related to climate impact, resource consumption and waste generation. Reuse of building materials is therefore an important part of the transition towards circular construction. However, reuse is not yet an established part of the design process. The aim of this study is to examine which factors influence the possibility of working with reuse during the design phase, with a focus on architects’ and structural engineers’ experiences and perceptions. 

Method: The study was conducted using a combination of semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire survey. Five interviews were carried out with architects and structural engineers working in the Swedish construction sector. In addition, a digital questionnaire with 19 respondents was used to identify broader patterns related to working methods, barriers and development needs. 

Results: The results show that reuse of building materials is currently handled mainly as a project-specific ambition rather than as an integrated part of established design routines. Early decisions in the design phase are considered crucial for enabling reusage. The most significant barriers are economic conditions, lack of time, limited client demand, uncertain access to suitable materials, and insufficient information about the quality, documentation and technical properties of reused building components. 

Analysis: The analysis shows that the possibility of integrating reused building materials is affected by a combination of economic, technical and organisational factors. Architects and structural engineers are willing to work with reused material, but their possibilities are limited by current project structures, market conditions and uncertainty regarding responsibility and material performance. Reusage of materials is therefore often deprioritised in favour of conventional solutions using new materials. 

Discussion: The study indicates that reuse of building materials needs to be considered earlier and more systematically in the design process to become a practical alternative in construction projects. Increased client demand, clearer requirements, economic incentives, improved digital tools and a more developed market for reused building materials are important conditions for wider implementation. Although the results cannot be generalised to the entire construction sector, they provide indications of recurring challenges and opportunities in current practice. 

What happens to the individual components inside a product when that product reaches end-of-life? Today, the answer is simple, and wasteful: everything goes to recycling, regardless of condition. Components with years of useful life remaining are destroyed alongside those that are genuinely exhausted. With EU regulations such as the Digital Product Passport, Battery Regulation, and Right-to-Repair Directive now demanding verifiable lifecycle data, this practice is no longer just unsustainable, it is increasingly non-compliant. This research proposes a decision-support framework that assesses individual components at end-of-life, links their condition to the most appropriate circular recovery pathway, and supports data trustworthiness through distributed ledger technology. Demonstrated on a professional battery chainsaw, the results show that approximately 80% of components retained reusable life, value entirely lost under product-level disposal, and that 70% of the circular decision is achievable with visual inspection alone. The work bridges circular economy, reliability engineering, and digital trust to turn end-of-life from a single decision into a component-by-component opportunity.

This study investigates the prediction of anomalies in room climate regulated by a central Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system. We propose an approach to automatically annotate anomalies in unlabeled operational data from a four-story administrative building, covering 3 years of data on building energy consumption and temperature. By identifying and extracting key features, we employ various state-of-the-art machine learning methods, including Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural networks, Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Random Forest, to predict annotated anomalies before they occur. Our results demonstrate that while all approaches perform similarly, Random Forest outperforms the others with a precision of 0.72 and a recall of 0.71. This finding provides facility managers with the ability to predict anomalies in room climate, particularly excessive heating or cooling, thus enabling cost reduction and improved operational efficiency.

Abstract Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that places high demands on the individual’s self-care ability. Despite this, many patients experience difficulties in performing and maintaining self-care in everyday life, which may lead to deteriorated health and an increased risk of complications. Aim: The aim was to describe patients’ experiences of factors influencing self-care ability in type 2 diabetes. Method: The study was conducted as a qualitative literature review with an inductive approach. Scientific articles were identified through systematic searches in the databases CINAHL and MEDLINE. A total of 17 qualitative articles were included and analyzed according to Friberg’s five-step model. Results: The results showed that patients’ experiences of self-care ability were influenced by several factors. These were organized into three main areas: knowledge and understanding, socioeconomic factors, and psychological factors. Lack of knowledge and misconceptions hindered self-care, while increased understanding through experience and support facilitated it. Social support and cultural norms could both promote and hinder self-care, while economic constraints constituted a clear barrier. Psychological factors such as motivation, self-efficacy, and emotional reactions were found to be of great importance, with both positive and negative emotions influencing self-care behaviors. Conclusion: Patients’ self-care ability in type 2 diabetes is a complex process influenced by multiple interacting factors. To strengthen self-care, individualized support from nurses is required, with a focus on knowledge, motivation, and psychosocial needs.

Companies in engineer-to-order (ETO) settings face increasing pressure to enhance effectiveness and efficiency in their supply chain planning (SCP) practices through digital transformation. Yet despite the recognized potential of machine learning (ML), its adoption In SCP practices in ETO settings remains minimal. This implementation gap forms the central motivation fort his thesis.

This thesis explores SCP practices in ETO settings, especially sales and operations planning (S&OP) and request for quotation (RFQ) planning and investigates how ML techniques can be integrated to improve these practices. Through three complementary studies involving nine ETO companies, the research addresses the gap between ML's theoretical potential and practical implementation in complex manufacturing settings. The research employs a multiple case study approach for two of the studies of which one is conducting a mapping of ML techniques in four SCP areas to improve agility and adaptability. The other study is grounded in paradox theory and contingency theory to examine S&OP, RFQ planning and their interaction. Despite mounting pressure for digital transformation, the studies reveal minimal ML adoption across the investigated cases, highlighting a significant implementation contradiction that shapes the research contributions. The third study is focusing on how efficiency and effectivity of SCP in ETO settings enhanced with ML should be measured.

The thesis presents four key findings through five interconnected papers. First, different ETO settings fundamentally impact S&OP and RFQ planning through in total eight hierarchical contingency factors, creating an iterative cycle where practices reshape organizational context and generate new contradictions. Second, performance measurement frameworks require adaptation for ML implementation in ETO settings, with a bidirectional relationship between metrics and technology adoption that challenges traditional linear improvement models. Third, specific ML techniques can address SCP challenges in ETO settings, with systematic mapping across the demand planning, production planning, supply management, and inventory management areas. In addition, specific ML techniques can address contradictions for improved management in S&OP and RFQ planning. Fourth, practical implementation requires a structured actionable framework addressing data integration, targeted applications, scaling, and continuous learning systems. The research makes theoretical contributions by extending the Triple-A framework to ETO settings, advancing paradox theory applications in SCP practices, and challenging established assumptions in performance measurement literature. The integration of paradox and contingency theories provides novel insights into how contradictions and contextual factors dynamically influence SCP practice formation in ETO settings.

Practically, the thesis delivers actionable frameworks, propositions, and implementation guidance for companies pursuing ML adoption in SCP. Successful implementation requires sustained investment in data quality, technical infrastructure, organizational capabilities, and performance maturity, prerequisites that the studied cases had not yet fully established.

Future research should pursue longitudinal studies of actual ML implementations, cross-organizational culture validation, cross-manufacturing setting validation, and quantitative assessment of contradiction management effectiveness.

Introduction: Physical activity (PA) is increasingly recognised in occupational therapy (OT) as a meaningful occupation supporting health, participation, and recovery. For women with serious mental illness (SMI), PA may offer benefits beyond fitness, including emotional regulation, identity reconstruction, and social connection. However, little is known about OT-facilitated PA in Croatian psychiatric settings.Aim: To explore and describe the lived experience and personal meaning of OT-facilitated PA among women with SMI in Croatian psychiatric settings.Method: A qualitative design using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was employed. Eight women with SMI who had participated in OT-facilitated PA within the previous six months were recruited purposively. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in Croatian, audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed idiographically before cross-case theme development. MOHO informed interpretation of occupational dimensions.Findings: Five master themes were identified: movement as regulation and relief; PA as reclaiming self, agency, and personhood; PA participation shaped by structure, relationships, and choice; PA negotiated under constraints and trade-offs; and PA as connection with vulnerability.Conclusions: PA was experienced as meaningful occupation shaped by autonomy, symptoms, fatigue, institutional context, and relational support.Significance: The study supports OT practice by showcasing choice, flexibility, relational support, and recovery-oriented PA interventions within psychiatric services.

Internet of Things (IoT) devices are increasingly used in environments where security weaknesses may cause operational disruption. Security evaluation of such devices therefore needs to examine how real hardware behaves during controlled attack scenarios, not only identify possible vulnerabilities.

The aim of this thesis was to develop, implement, and evaluate AttackLab, a hardware-based test environment with scenario-level automation for reproducible IoT security assessment. The study used a quantitative experimental approach in a controlled laboratory setting. Five ESP32-based reference nodes were used together with an iPhone target and Sigma's SmartSpa product. The empirical scope was limited to three implemented Wi-Fi-based scenarios: Wi-Fi reconnect, Wi-Fi DoS/overload, and Wi-Fi eavesdropping.

The results show that AttackLab supported automated scenario execution, structured phase control, run-specific evidence handling, and traceable analysis artefacts. The reconnect and DoS/overload scenarios produced measurable differences in reachability, disruption, and recovery behaviour. The eavesdropping scenario produced valid capture and protocol-level analysis artefacts across both induced and naturally occurring traffic.

The thesis concludes that a hardware-based IoT security test environment can strengthen transparency and reproducibility when real-device behaviour is studied under controlled attack conditions. AttackLab contributes as a practical experimental platform and as a methodological structure for evidence-oriented IoT security evaluation.

Deviation management is a central component of organisational management systems and continuous improvement efforts aimed at identifying deficiencies, preventing risks, and creating conditions for learning and development. Previous research has shown that deviation management risks being reduced to administrative registration rather than contributing to organisational learning and improvement. Existing studies have primarily focused on healthcare and other safety-critical sectors, while corresponding research within municipal real estate companies remains limited. This is particularly relevant as municipal real estate companies are responsible for socially important environments where deficiencies in quality, safety, and maintenance may affect both operations and citizens. Against this background, the present improvement project and study were conducted within a municipal real estate company in Trollhättan.

The improvement project aimed to develop and test a structured feedback model intended to strengthen organisational learning and reduce variation in feedback and deviation management practices. The project was conducted through two iterative PDSA cycles. In parallel, a qualitative study explored employees’ and managers’ experiences of feedback and learning in relation to deviation management. Data were collected through focus group interviews and analysed using qualitative content analysis. The findings showed that documented feedback within 14 days increased from 33% to 65%, while variation between organisational units decreased over time. The study also demonstrated that deviation management was characterised by unclear conceptual understanding, a high degree of informal problem-solving, and deficiencies in feedback and follow-up. At the same time, participation, psychological safety, and shared reflection emerged as important prerequisites for organisational learning and continuous improvement.

The study concludes that deviation management should be understood as a learning system rather than merely an administrative control function. The findings contribute to knowledge within a relatively underresearched field and indicate that structured feedback may strengthen organisational learning and support sustainable improvement processes in complex organisations. The results also highlight the need for further research within the real estate sector and other organisational contexts.

This thesis investigates how sampling rates, cutting disk RPS, and blade condition affect accelerometermeasurements in a robotic mower. Fifty test cases were conducted in both indoor and outdoor envi-ronments to evaluate how mechanical vibrations and operating environments influence slow acceler-ation detection. The results show that overall IMU environmental disturbances had a stronger impacton measurement reliability than individual disturbance factors while increasing sampling rates did notconsistently improve performance. Time domain metrics, inverse RMSE and inverse MAE, providedthe most reliable evaluation, while FFT offered mainly qualitative insight. Overall, both metrics werefound suitable for assessing accelerometer reliability under different operating conditions.

The rapid pace of technological development and increasing cyber threats against the public sector place stricter demands on robust authentication methods. The purpose of this bachelor thesis was to investigate the conditions and organizational challenges surrounding the implementation of passwordless authentication within Swedish public organizations, with a specific focus on how regulations such as the NIS2 Directive and the Cybersecurity Act influence governance. A qualitative research approach was applied, based on a document analysis of current legislation combined with semi-structured interviews with IT managers within public organizations. The collected data was analyzed thematically. 

The results show that public organizations have a positive attitude toward passwordless authentication as part of multi-factor authentication (MFA), however, organizational and economic barriers often prevent full-scale implementations. Furthermore, legal requirements are too non-specific to drive major efforts beyond existing requirements . 

To facilitate the transition, it is recommended that the shift be strategically integrated into the information security management system (ISMS) and that biometric technology be incorporated into regular hardware procurement processes .

Finally, the findings should be interpreted within the study's specific limitations. The study was intentionally restricted to public sector entities, and the analysis concentrated strictly on the effects of the NIS2 Directive and the Cybersecurity Act. 

Despite the growing availability of digital tools designed for warehouse environments, the gap between their formal adoption and embedding into operational practice remains wide and persistent. This gap is most acute in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs), where structural constraints limit the organizational capacity to implement and sustain digital change. Existing research on warehouse digitalization has developed without systematic attention to firm size, while SME digitalization research has focused almost exclusively on manufacturing and production contexts. The intersection of warehousing, SMEs, and digitalization therefore remains underexplored. The purpose of this study was to examine the conditions shaping digitalization in warehousing within SME contexts. Two research questions guided the investigation: what barriers to digitalization exist in warehousing within SMEs, and how organizations respond to those barriers.

A qualitative, embedded single-case study was conducted at a Swedish SME distributing wood and wood-based materials across five warehouse sites. Empirical material was generated through document analysis, non-participant observations at three sites representing different levels of digital maturity, and six semi-structured interviews with warehouse operators and managers. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The Technology-OrganizationEnvironment (TOE) framework served as the organizing analytical lens.

Fifteen barriers to digitalization were identified across the three TOE dimensions. Technologically, the most significant barriers concerned system misfit, data trust erosion, and the absence of compatible tools at the warehouse floor level. Organizationally, the functional adequacy of the existing manual system emerged as the primary mechanism preventing digital culture from developing, alongside structural overload, person-dependent operations, and implementation cycles that repeatedly encoded existing misfit into incoming systems. Environmentally, both identified barriers originated entirely outside the organization's capacity to address through internal means. All responses identified fell within the organizational dimension: governance decisions at go-live, the channeling of floor-level knowledge into operational decisions, and the redistribution of concentrated task responsibility.

Four contributions to existing understanding follow from the findings. The degree to which a barrier responds to organizational action appears to be structured by the TOE dimension in which it originates, a differentiation the framework does not currently establish. The mechanism through which digital culture fails to develop is identified as the functional adequacy of the manual alternative, rather than resistance to change. Integration readiness is better understood as an ongoing condition requiring active maintenance than as a threshold met once at adoption. Finally, the physical properties of the product and warehouse space define a boundary condition on what digitalization can achieve, a dimension not accounted for in established TOE constructs. 

Daylight and electric lighting play a significant role in shaping visual comfort, lighting quality, and working conditions within office environments. As Building Information Management (BIM) becomes increasingly integrated into architectural and engineering practice, simulation-based workflows provide opportunities to evaluate lighting performance during the early design stage. This study investigates daylight and electric lighting performance of commercially available window systems and office luminaires using a BIM-integrated simulation approach. A digital office model was developed in Autodesk Revit and analyzed using Autodesk Revit Insight for daylight simulations and ElumTools for electric lighting analysis. Five window systems and five luminaires obtained from BIM libraries and manufacturer sources were evaluated under two interior surface reflectance conditions. Daylight performance was assessed using illuminance levels, percentage of area achieving 300 lux, and Spatial Daylight Autonomy, while electric lighting performance was evaluated using average illuminance and lighting uniformity ratio in accordance with EN 12464-1 (2021). The study identified practical limitations associated with BIM-based lighting simulations, particularly incomplete BIM object information and missing photometric data from manufacturer libraries. The results indicate that both window configuration and interior surface reflectance significantly influence indoor lighting conditions. Higher surface reflectance improved daylight penetration, illuminance distribution, daylight autonomy, and lighting uniformity within the office space. Overall, the findings demonstrate that BIM-integrated simulation workflows provide an effective method for evaluating visual lighting performance in office environments and contribute to a more systematic understanding of daylight and electric lighting behavior during the design process.

This thesis examines whether Sweden’s decision to retain the krona rather than adopt the euro affected its economic performance during the 2008 financial crisis. Using the synthetic control method, it constructs a counterfactual “euro-Sweden” as a weighted combination of the original euro-area economies and compares it with the actual, monetarily sovereign Sweden over the period 1999–2015, with particular attention to the crisis and recovery. Across both outcomes examined—real GDP per capita and the unemployment rate—Sweden outperformed its synthetic counterpart. Real GDP per capita exceeded the counterfactual by roughly 1,500 US dollars per capita before the crisis and by around 2,000 and 3,700 dollars during the acute and recovery phases respectively, while unemployment was approximately 0.9 percentage points lower during the crisis window. The advantage was thus a pre-existing premium that the crisis amplified rather than an effect created by it. A mechanism analysis attributes this pattern to the stabilisation tools that monetary sovereignty preserved: a krona depreciation of roughly twenty per cent that supported exports, an independent monetary policy calibrated to domestic conditions, and the fiscal space that the other channels left intact. Given the small number of comparison economies, the results are suggestive rather than statistically decisive, but they point consistently towards the value of an independent currency as insulation against an asymmetric shock, lending more support to Calmfors’s emphasis on monetary sovereignty than to Rose’s emphasis on integration gains.

Introduction (and aim) – Through sustainable stormwater management, protection from flooding and damage to buildings can be achieved, while at the same time reducing the pollutants that comes with stormwater. The urbanization contributes to larger water flows that need to be stalled, which can be done in stormwater dams. When conducting stormwater investigations, as well as when dimensioning and placing stormwater dams, the actual soil percolation is not considered. The purpose of the report is therefore to investigate how site-specific data from a percolation test can be used to precise the dimensioning and placement of stormwater dams. 

Method – The study consists of a case study where the area of Östad in Tanum has been chosen as the study area. The study uses both qualitative and quantitative methods to capture an overall perspective so that the goal can be met. Using the collection techniques of direct and indirect observation, document study and measurements, raw data could be collected, structured and then analyzed. The study is based on real conditions by using industry-standard software, while discussions with experts from AFRY, Tanum Municipality and BAGA Water Technology AB have strengthened the credibility of the study. 

Results – In the case study area, the soil consists of clay-silt and sandy moraine. After exploitation, the stormwater flow increases, which is proposed to be stalled in a permeable stormwater dam. With the site-specific data, the stalled volume could be reduced by 6 m3, and therefore 708 SEK in construction costs could be saved, while 8.64 kg of carbon dioxide (CO2) could be avoided from being released into nature. The location of the stormwater dam with and without consideration of site-specific percolation became the same. 

Analysis – The study shows that the percolation test can be used as a less important complementary factor when it comes to the placement of stormwater dams. The study also shows an increased precision when sizing stormwater dams with knowledge of site-specific percolation. After implementing the percolation test, the costs in the investigation phase increase, but the costs and environmental impact decrease in the construction phase. In this way, there is an opportunity for the industry to reduce its climate impact through an investment in the investigation phase.  

Discussion – When placing the dam, soil percolation can only be an additional supplementary factor. Since the precision of the dimensioning is percentage, it means that it is more worthwhile implementing the percolation test in large projects or in projects where the client is more concerned with the climate footprint than the cost. For clients with larger economic resources, who therefore can solve the cleaning effect of the storm water in other ways, and who are concerned about the buildable area, the percolation test may be the most favorable. However, there is a risk in using sitespecific percolation, since a certain safety margin of the stalled volume is lost. 

I bygg- och exploateringsprojekt genereras stora mängder bergmassor som behöverhanteras på ett resurseffektivt och miljömässigt säkert sätt. Hanteringen av sulfidbergkan bli problematisk, eftersom kontakt med vatten och syre kan orsaka kemiskareaktioner som kan leda till spridning av metaller och försurning som följd. Studiensyftar till att undersöka hur olika strategier för hantering av sulfidberg påverkar miljöoch ekonomi.Arbetet genomförs som en kvalitativ fallstudie med utgångspunkt i bygg- ochexploateringsprojekt i Stockholmsregionen. Studien grundar sig på semistruktureradeintervjuer med olika aktörer inom branschen med erfarenhet av hantering av sulfidbergsamt genomgång av dokument, såsom rapporter, kontrollprogram, myndighetsbeslutoch vägledningar. Det insamlade materialet har analyserats tematiskt för att identifieraåterkommande mönster och skillnader i hur sulfidberg beskrivs, bedöms och hanteras.Resultatet visar att sulfidberg kan leda till försurning och frigöra metaller när detexponeras för vatten och syre. Surt och metallrikt vatten kan sedan transporteras vidaregenom dagvatten till både ytvatten och grundvatten. Hur stora riskerna blir beror delspå hur det hanteras men också dess egenskaper. För att minimera miljöpåverkan är detviktigt med noggranna riskbedömningar, tidig provtagning och åtgärder som begränsarexponeringen för syre och vatten. Det är ett komplext ämne där hanteringen avsulfidberg påverkas av flera olika faktorer. Faktorer som påverkar hanteringen är blandannat osäkerhet kring bedömningar, brist på enhetliga arbetssätt och varierandekunskapsnivå. Det leder till att beslut fattas med stor försiktighet, exempelvis genomatt skicka materialet till deponi, även om återanvändning skulle vara möjlig. Studienvisar att tidiga undersökningar, planering, korrekt provtagning och en platsspecifikriskbedömning ökar möjligheten att återanvända massorna på ett sätt som gynnar bådemiljön och ekonomin på ett säkert sätt.Studien visar att strategier grundade i genomtänkt planering, god kunskap och anpassadanvändning skapar bättre förutsättningar för en bättre masshantering som är hållbar ibåde ett ekonomiskt och miljömässigt perspektiv.Hantering av sulfidberg bör planeras tidigt och baseras på en bedömning som ärplatsspecifik. Genom bättre samverkan, tydligare riktlinjer och mer kunskapsbaseradebeslut kan både riskerna kopplat till miljö och ekonomi minska och därmed få en merresurseffektiv och säker masshantering av sulfidberg. 

Humanitarian supply chains (HSCs) operate under severe time constraints and uncertainty, where delays in aid delivery can result in prolonged suffering and loss of life. This dissertation explores how lead-time effectiveness—a critical performance outcome—can be enabled in HSCs through integration between humanitarian organizations (HOs) and donors. Performance management and information systems are proposed as mechanisms supporting this integration during disaster preparedness. This dissertation employs a mixed-methods approach, combining systematic literature reviews, multiple-case studies, and survey-based empirical analysis. Five appended papers collectively address four research questions by (1) conceptualizing lead-time effectiveness holistically, (2) explaining integration challenges and mechanisms through agency theory, (3) adapting and applying performance management for integration, and (4) examining how information systems influence integration in performance management. Key findings reveal a holistic conceptualization of lead‑time effectiveness as lead‑times across humanitarian supply chain actors, resources, and activities planned in the disaster preparedness stage and enabled in the disaster response stage, contributing to timeliness, reliability, accuracy, and beneficiary satisfaction. This dissertation also develops a dictionary of performance metrics for lead-time effectiveness, so HOs and donors can define and measure them. The application of these metrics depends on HOdonorintegration. Integration remains challenging due to agency assumptions, including self-interest, bounded rationality, and goal conflicts. Agency theory explains these challenges and provides a basis for identifying mechanisms to address them. One mechanism is performance management, which supports integration through five activities: selecting performance variables, defining metrics, setting targets, measuring, and analyzing/acting. An adapted performance management framework for HSCs is proposed, emphasizing disaster preparedness and providing recommendations. Another mechanism is information systems, which support integration in performance management: characteristics (e.g., standardization) and capabilities (e.g., adaptability) significantly influence information for joint activities, whereas information flow remains constrained by, e.g., access restrictions and resource limitations. Suggestions include shared data formats, joint reporting templates, and staff training. Together, these contributions develop an updated conceptual framework and a pathway showing how performance management and information systems support integration and enable lead-time effectiveness in humanitarian supply chains, offering theoretical and practical implications to strengthen disaster preparedness for a better response.

A study was conducted to investigate whether combining existing automated accessibility toolsand structuring their output into a clear and readable format could increase the coverage of detectedWCAG violations, as well as improve developers’ ability to resolve identified accessibility issues.To achieve this, a test library was developed by combining the existing tools Axe, Pa11y, and Aceand by transforming their combined JSON output into a structured PDF format. The result includeddescriptions of detected issues, as well as information regarding their location in the codebase andsuggested guidance for remediation. The developed test library was then evaluated in collaborationwith an ERP company, where it was applied to two web extensions. The generated PDF reports weresubsequently used by the developers to correct issues in one of the extensions.From the analysis of the two generated reports, an increased coverage of detected issues was ob-served. After the developers at the company used the generated PDF reports to resolve identified issues,no remaining accessibility issues were detected in the tested extension. In addition, interviews wereconducted with the three developers who had worked with the results. The interviews indicated thatthe testing library substantially improved the debugging process for WCAG-related issues by provid-ing clear issue descriptions, guidance for remediation, and precise location information within the codebase. At the same time, opportunities for improvement were identified, particularly regarding reportnavigation, reduction of redundant information, and the handling of manual accessibility checks.For further feedback on the developed test library, additional complementary interviews wereconducted with students. During these interviews, 13 students were presented with different issuedescriptions, where half of the issues showed the raw JSON output and the other half displayed theformatted PDF output. The results indicated that the majority of students preferred the formatteddescriptions due to improved readability and clarity.From these findings, it was concluded that the combination of existing automated accessibilitytools and the structuring of their output into a readable and navigable format improved both the de-tection coverage of WCAG issues and the efficiency of developer debugging workflows.

In Android application development, developers increasingly rely on deep links to open content from external sources such as websites, emails, and other applications. Although deep links improve usability, incorrect configuration or insecure handling can introduce security risks, including link hijacking, malicious parameter injection, and unsafe WebView usage. This thesis designs, implements, and evaluates a Python-based static analysis tool, intended for use in Continuous Integration (CI) environments, that detects twelve deep-link security misconfigurations across Android manifest files, Digital Asset Links files, and Kotlin/Java source code. The evaluation was carried out in three stages, a controlled test application, a synthetic benchmark of fifteen rule-targeted projects with a labelled ground truth of 53 expected findings, and a study of fifteen real-world open-source Android applications producing 416 findings, each manually verified against the source code. The tool achieved perfect precision, recall, and F1-score on the synthetic benchmark. For real-world applications, it achieved 88.9% precision, increasing to approximately 95% after excluding test files. False-positive analysis identified three concrete causes, test-file scanning, non-deep-link URI utilities, and intra-filter <data> element aggregation. These findings suggest three directions for future improvements, excluding test directories, aggregating split <data> elements, and incorporating inter-procedural data-flow tracking. The tool, benchmark projects, and labelled open-source dataset are released as reusable research artefacts.

Purpose – This study aims to review the current research in the digitalization of the humanitarian supply chain performance management (HSCPM)and complement the insights found in the literature with the support of humanitarian organization (HO) reports. As a result, this study also identifies research gaps and directions for future research.

Design/methodology/approach – The study first used a systematic literature review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis to collect and review 25 peer-reviewed articles. Second, the study complemented the articles’ findings by collecting and analyzing 12 HO reports.

Findings – The study reveals the common understanding and links between HSCPM concepts and digitalization approaches, determining that the digitalization approaches per se used in the literature are indistinct and fragmented. Furthermore, it reveals the gaps between literature and practice that cause the research to develop slowly. Some suggestions are made to aid relevant future research. Both gaps and research directions are presented in Table 5.

Research limitations/implications – This study first contributed to methodology in reviewing the digitalization of HSCPM research from literature and practical perspectives. There is a need to expand the data collection scope, integrate various analyses, and foster collaborations with multi-disciplinary researchers and practitioners.

Social implications – This study highlights the gaps and potential pathways for the research community to conduct future research investigations into the digitalization of HSCPM.

Originality/value – To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the first studies to analyze the HSC’s current research into the applicationof digitalization in HSCPM from both academic and practical perspectives. It also provides a replicable methodology for future studies.

Purpose: This study aims to explore how to apply and integrate the performance management (PM) process in humanitarian supply chains (HSCs) among and between humanitarian organizations (HOs) and donors so as to improve cost-efficiency (CE) and lead-time effectiveness (LTE) in the stage of natural disaster preparedness.

Design/methodology/approach: This study adapts and operationalizes a framework for the PM process used in commercial supply chains to assess HSCs. A multiple-case study with two types of actors – six HOs and three donors—is used to describe the applications of the PM process and analyze the level of integration between the actors.

Findings: The activities in the PM process could sometimes be only vaguely described. Both actors emphasized improving CE, with less emphasis on LTE. Both actors have a low level of integration in each PM process activity, decreasing the CE and LTE. Therefore, guidelines for improving the level of PM process integration are provided.

Research limitations/implications: To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is one of the first to combine literature on HSCs and PM process integration, thereby contributing to both literature fields. The concrete contribution of this study is a framework for PM process application and integration among and between HOs and donors.

Practical implications: The PM process framework can be used to assess PM process application, as well as current and increased level of integration, to improve CE and LTE. The current applications can also inspire other HOs and donors.

Originality/value: Previous studies indicate the lack of frameworks in the PM domain of HSCs, especially in the stage of natural disaster preparedness.

Humanitarian supply chains (HSCs) play an essential role in alleviating humanitarian crises in disaster-prone settings where lead-time effectiveness is critical. Information systems are key to the integration between humanitarian organizations (HOs) and donors, particularly for performance management that supports preparedness. However, empirical research on how information systems influence such integration remains limited. This study addresses this gap using a mixed-methods approach that operationalizes information systems as characteristics, capabilities, and flows, and links them to the integration between HOs and donors in performance management during preparedness. The methodology consists of a three-phase mixed-methods approach, including survey pretesting through focus group discussions, a survey of 145 Indonesian HOs operating in disaster-prone settings, and focus group discussions to validate the interpretation of the quantitative results. Hierarchical regression analysis reveals that information systems characteristics and capabilities significantly influence integration, and information systems flow can influence integration when challenges are addressed. Theoretically, the study advances understanding of how information systems enable integration for preparedness. In practice, it highlights the need to standardize data formats, define performance metrics and communication protocols, and implement training initiatives. The findings offer insights that strengthen HSC preparedness in similar settings and suggest topics for future research.

This study examines the problem of minimizing job lateness in the paper manufacturing industry, focusing on cut-size machine scheduling under fluctuating demand. Historical demand data (2018-2019) were forecast using Double Exponential Smoothing (DES) and Holt-Winters' Triple Exponential Smoothing (TES), with accuracy assessed via Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The forecasts informed scheduling models for single- and parallel-machine environments using dispatching rules, including Earliest Due Date (EDD), Shortest Processing Time (SPT), Critical Ratio (CR), Longest Processing Time (LPT), and Least Slack Time (LST). Results show Holt-Winters' TES achieves the most accurate forecasts, while EDD consistently minimizes lateness, reducing delays by more than 70% compared with alternatives. These findings highlight the value of integrating forecasting and scheduling to enhance machine utilization and delivery performance. The framework offers practical guidance for demand planning and resource allocation in export-oriented manufacturing sectors facing high demand variability.

The aim of this study was to investigate professionals’ views on the proposal to replace secure youth care with youth detention for young offenders aged 13–17. The proposal for youth prisons has raised questions about how Swedish society should deal with young people who commit serious crimes, particularly in relation to the best interests of the child, the protection of society and social reintegration. The study was conducted as a qualitative interview study using semi-structured interviews, in which six professionals with varying experiences of working with young offenders were interviewed. The collected data was subsequently analysed using thematic analysis. The analysis was based on labelling theory, social control theory and professional vision theory, with the aim of investigating how professionals' reason about youth detention and what possible consequences they believe the sanction may have. The results show that professionals describe youth detention from several different perspectives. A central theme concerns youth detention as a social marker, as several interviewees highlight the risk of labelling and the reinforcement of a criminal identity. Furthermore, several interviewees argue that youth detention risks reinforcing a criminal identity among young people, which may hinder their reintegration into society. Another theme concerns the fact that youth detention can be seen both as a risk and as a possible sanction. Several risks are highlighted, such as the possibility that young people may be negatively influenced by others and that their schooling may be hindered. At the same time, some interviewees believe that youth detention can have certain advantages, such as providing a clearer consequence, greater control, and acting as a deterrent to further criminality.

Abstract

Introduction (and aim) – The purpose of this study is to investigate what reliable moisture measurement values in modern concrete mean, to examine which competenceor knowledge gaps the Council of Building Competence (RBK)-authorized technicians encounter when working with modern concrete types, and to investigate which parts ofthe RBK moisture measurement manual may need to be supplemented regarding modern concrete. The overall aim of this study is to create a deeper understanding of developments in concrete technology and how these developments affect moisture measurement in practices.

Method – The study was conducted using qualitative research methods and is based on data from a document study of the Council of Building Competence manual “Moisture Measurement – Concrete & Floor Levelling” as well as interviews with RBK-authorized technicians. The methods were chosen to enable an analysis of existing guidelines and their practical application.

Results – The document study shows that the RBK moisture measurement manual contains guidelines for the measurement process, quality assurance, risk management, documentation, and deviation management in moisture measurements in concrete. The interviews show that the RBK moisture measurement manual works well regarding the execution of moisture measurements. At the same time, the interviews show that RBK-authorized technicians experience a need for updates and clearer guidelines regarding modern concrete types in the RBK moisture measurement manual.

Analysis – The analysis of the results was carried out based on the document study and interview responses. The analysis was structured according to the research questions. The results of the analysis show that it is difficult to define what reliable moisture measurement in modern concrete types mean. The analysis also shows that RBK-authorized technicians perceive that they have good fundamental knowledge but lack clear guidelines for working with modern concrete types. Finally, the analysis shows that the RBK moisture measurement manual needs additions regarding modern concrete types.

Discussion – The discussions show that the RBK moisture measurement manual works well for standardized moisture measurements, but that modern concrete types create new challenges regarding reliability and interpretation of measurement results. The results show that RBK-authorized technicians perceive that they have a good fundamental competence but lack clear guidelines for modern concrete types. The study therefore indicates a need to develop and update the moisture measurement manual to better follow developments in modern concrete types. The methodological discussion show that the combination of a document study and interviews was a strength, although more respondents and practical tests could have strengthened the study further.