After the Industrial Revolution, the degree of importance of economic factors in production has changed. The prominence of the capital and labor factor has come to the forefront. Capital has begun to turn to regions where it will provide more profit, while countries have tried to attract capital to their economies in order to raise their economic growth and prosperity. This cycle has become faster and more flexible nowadays with the influence of globalization. In commercial terms, the borders have begun to be seen as a single country for world capital owners. Capital owners, as in the past, are planning their international investments according to the criteria such as economic and political stability, cheap labor force and cheap raw materials.

This study was conducted in order to measure the relation between the foreign direct investment and economic growth and to determine and conclude the significance of the direct foreign investment for developing economies. In this study, the impact of the foreign direct capital, which came to Turkey after the 2008 economic crisis, on economic growth and unemployment were researched and analyzed econometrically. As a result of the analysis; parallel to similar studies in the literature, it has been observed that direct foreign capital has a positive effect on economic growth and unemployment. 

All economies are affected by the changes in oil prices. The impact level is particularly related to the current account balance. Current balance or imbalance is very important in terms of economic competitiveness of countries.

In this study, effects of the fluctuations in oil prices to the current account balance were analyzed for the BRIC countries and Turkey. The base years are between 1992-2015. After collecting the data of these years, ADF Unit Root Test, Philip-Perron Unit Stem Test, Engle Granger Co-integration Test, Impact Response Analysis and Johansen Co-integration Analysis were used for the study. For the relationship between oil prices and current account balance; No relation was found in Brazil, Russia and India. For Turkey, bidirectional causality relationship has seen from oil prices to current account balance. 

This study was conducted to elaborate the relationship between economic growth, employment and unemployment, which are the most important indicators of macro-economic performance. For this purpose, first conceptual explanations were made and then empirical VAR analysis, impact response analysis, variance survey method, traditional Granger causality test and least squares method were applied and tried to be explained.

As far as national and international literature is concerned, there are different views on the symmetry, direction or meaning of the relationship between economic growth, labor and employment. These surveys were generally done by analyzing the Okun Law and adding only two variables. In this study, manufacturing industry index, value of public expenditure and fixed capital investments were added to make the model more meaningful and obtain more healthy analysis results.

When the studies for the Turkish economy are examined, especially studies considering the years of 2000, it is found that economic growth can not solve the problem of unemployment and the growth without employment is also valid. When the economic growth rates are examined, it is observed that the unemployment rate remained high and did not fall despite the positive growth in the post-2000 period except for the 2001 crisis and the 2008 global crisis.

It is understood that between 2000 and 2016 there is a weakrelationship between economic growth and unemployment. The smallest squares estimation results showed a 1% increase in economic growth has lowered the unemployment rate by 0.1% and it was supported by the Granger causality test, and the economic growth was the cause of unemployment within the 5% statistical meaning level.

All these results show that economic growth has a positive effect on employment, and unlike the current literature, a relatively strong employment-generating growth performance has been experienced in recent years. 

Nowadays, with the effect of globalization, international trade activities have gained great importance in terms of the growth of the country's economy and firms, and it has become a necessity for firms to survive in today's competitive environment and expand their market area to international markets. However, when making this expansion, it is possible for firms to take into account the differences of international and national markets. Therefore, firms should develop product, price, promotion and distribution strategies according to the target markets they have determined. As a result of the research carried out in this context, it has been observed that the relationship between the product and price adaptations of the firms in the manufacturing industry in Turkey and their export performance in international trade should be determined, and therefore the subject of the research has been shaped. According to the descriptive statistics regarding the firms involved in the research; Factors affecting the performance of exporting companies in the manufacturing industry sector are respectively; It has been determined that there are "product adaptation", "perceived export performance", "price adaptation", "export activities of the firm against its competitors" and "the satisfaction level of the firm for its export activities". According to the regression analysis results; It has been determined that product adaptation and price adaptation have an effect on the satisfaction level of export activities, export activities and general export performances of the firms against their competitors.

Turizm, insanların ikamet ettikleri yerlerden turistik yer lere hareketini içerdiğinden, her turist ilgi çekici yerlere ulaşmak için seyahat etmek zorundadır. Bu nedenle ulaşım, turizm endüstrisinin en önemli bileşenler inden biridir. Son on yılda ise etkinlik turizmi, küresel olarak turizm stratejilerinin ve boş zaman davranışın ın önemli bir aktörü olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Taşımacılığın önemi, yalnızca ulusal sosyo-ekonomik kompleks in gelişiminde sahip oldukları işlevde değil, aynı zamanda devletler arasındaki ilişkilerin güçlendirilmesin de üstlendikleri önemli rolde de yatmaktadır.

Purpose – To evaluate the link between the logistics performance, export performance and company performance of exporting companies operating in Konya and to explain the influence of the logistics performances of these companies on company performance practices and export performances.

Methodology – The data used in the study were obtained online with the survey method and analyzed and evaluated with the help of the SPSS program.

Findings – As a consequence of the evaluations made in line with the direction of the research, it was established that logistics performance has a positive and significant effect on firm performance and export performance; In company with this, it has been determined that firm performance has a decisive and meaningful effect on export performance.

Conclusions – It has been cleared that there is a directly proportional relationship between the logistics performance, export performance and economic growth of the companies, in other words, the export performance and logistics performance of the companies affect the company performance.

International trade statistics are generally classified in the terms of products and trade quantities between countries. Export sophistication is a nascent method of measuring how much the export size of countries has a capital-intensive product composition. Due to export sophistication, which can also be expressed as an index of development based on income levels of exporting economies, research and development expenditures and unit export prices, countries can be characterized by their sophistication in exports. In this study, unit exports prices were calculated by dividing the total exports by the total export unit quantity of each country in each HS Code chapters. Cluster analysis was used with per capita R&D expenditures and the sophistication index based on the unit export prices. The countries were classified due to these criteria. Consequent of this classification analysis, 6 different clusters of countries were identified. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the innovation gap is a decisive factor in the export sophistication.

Exporting firms feel the need to get a share from the world-wide trade and take advantage of the opportunities and advantages in foreign markets; therefore, export competencies should be enhanced and the marketing orientation components must be chosen and implemented correctly. This study examines the level of export competencies and the importance level of the marketing orientation components of the firms. Then, the effects of marketing orientation components on export competencies are exposed. Within the framework of the research sample, 169 exporting firms that operate in the automotive supply industry in Turkey are chosen by using convenience sampling method. Reliability analysis, validity analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis are applied to the collected data. The results indicate that quality of the products is the main competence and being customer oriented is the most important marketing orientation component of the firms. Moreover, marketing orientation components in general significantly affect the export competencies. Study suggests that firms should give sufficient importance to R&D activities and technology use and prioritize cost and efficiency in their production. It is also a necessity for exporting firms to increase their international competencies through international innovation efforts by communicating with foreign markets, adopting international environmental and market conditions, and gaining international marketing skills.

Purpose: The concept of the Green Deal is one of the important roadmaps adopted to build a more livable world against the climate crisis and make the current system cleaner and more sustainable. Businesses in the EU are subject to sustainability rules required by the Green Deal. Since Turkey is a signatory power to the agreement, the Turkish companies are also hinged on to the Green Deal. The logistics sector emerges as one of the priority areas on this matter. In this sense, Turkey has also prepared a 'Green Deal Action Plan' to adapt to the new situation. In this study, Turkey's competencies in international logistics will be evaluated, and the compatibility of the planned actions with the green deal process will be discussed.

Methodology: This research is conducted to review literature from recent journals, governments reports, and the World Bank’s logistics performance index (LPI) to draw out secondary data that helped analyze the drivers of the EU's green deal practices and the challenges faced by Turkey's logistics industry in implementing them.

Findings: Turkey's competencies in international logistics and action plans to comply with the Green Deal are examined.

Originality: This study is novel in examining Turkey’s logistics compatibility with EU’s Green Deal rules.

The external factors are the non-operational factors that cannot be influenced by the firms and play an important role in the export decisions. Besides, exporting firms must determine their distribution policies accurately while aiming to deliver their products to foreign markets in the most convenient way. The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the relationship between the external factors that are effective in the export activities of the firms and the distribution-oriented marketing policies that they implement. Accordingly, it is examined whether firms differ in export distribution strategies, the importance level of external factors differs for which distribution strategies and whether the external factors classify the distribution strategy categories in exporting. A survey was conducted with the participation of managers of 227 actively exporting firms which consist the sample of study, and the data obtained were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and discriminant analysis. The findings showed that selective distribution is preferred when the importance of competition and cultural environment is high, intensive distribution is preferred when the importance of geographical distance and exchange rate is high, and exclusive distribution is preferred when the importance of trade barriers is high.

The automotive and the automotive supply industry are major contributors to a country's economy. The automotive and automotive supply industry in Turkey are heaped up especially in Marmara Region as well as in other regions and made considerable progress during past years. Bursa, Istanbul, Izmir, Kocaeli, Konya, Ankara, Adana and Manisa are cities, with high industiral density, which play an important role to keep the industry alive. The automotive and automotive supply industry, which started to operate in the mid-1950s, continued to gain momentum in the 1960s. In 1966, the mass automobile production in Turkey started with Anadol brand. In the 1970s, major automobile manufacturers also had a say in serial production with the establishment of new assembly lines. The automotive industry, with infrastructure and superstructure investments, has always been at the top of the developed and developing country's economies. After 1996, with the entry of customs union agreement, Turkey’s distribution networks have shifted to the international dimension and have undergone a structural transformation. For the automotive and automotive supply industry, the situation has become a door to foreign competition in order to adapt to ever-changing global economic conditions. In this study, first, competitive power indexes of the machinery and vehicle sectors of Italy and Turkey were examined comparatively. Second, the export market components of automotive and automotive supply industries of Italy and Turkey have been examined comparatively. In the quantitative methodology of the study, hypothesis was tested with nonparametric statistical analyzes by sampling of the competitiveness parameters and export figures of Italy and Turkey on yearly basis. As a result, Italy and Turkey's competitiveness in the machinery and automotive sectors and their positions in the global competition have been determined.

The purpose of the study is to reveal possible trade partners of Turkey's polypropylene imports through competitive analysis. Polypropylene, a basic raw material, is used extensively in many sectors. Turkey stands out as the largest importer after China in world polypropylene market. Additionally, Turkey's rapidly growing automotive, construction and plastics industries lead to a continuous increase in the demand for polypropylene products, which makes it necessary to address the issue. In this direction, the world polypropylene industry has been examined within the scope of international trade data and the global competition analysis of Turkey's polypropylene imports has been revealed by the target market matrix method. Respectively, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and South Korea are the countries from which Turkey imports mostly. However, according to the results of the analysis, the Russia and India were included as the primary target countries for Turkish importers and Turkish market should be seen as an opportunity for global polypropylene exporters and investors. There are very limited studies in the selection of target markets for imports. Therefore, this study will contribute to the literature as the first polypropylene import market analysis.

Today, with the changing technology and increasing competition, the easy sale of products has disappeared. Now it has become important to place the brand in the mind of the customer and to create customer loyalty. Being a national brand is not enough for firms, it is important to make the brand known internationally. In addition, firms must first select the international markets in which they can compete and aim to increase their export performance by penetrating those markets. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of the brand awareness levels of the firms on their export performance. The sub-purpose of the research is to reveal whether the export capabilities of firms have an effect on their export performance. In this direction, a quantitative research was designed by using a sample covering the firms operating in the agricultural machinery sector in Konya region in order to determine the effect of brand awareness on export performance. In line with the findings, it has been determined that the brand awareness of the firms that are subject of the study has a clear and valid effect on export performance. In addition, it has been revealed that the export commitment, which is one of the export capabilities of the firms, increases the export performance, however the expertise and practice levels of the employees, the export experience of the firms and the market information do not have a convincing effect on the export performance.

The aim of this study is to reveal the importance levels of the problems encountered by the exporting firms and analyze the exporting problems in terms of the number of the countries that the firms export and the firms’ exporting period.

With the emergence of the concept of globalization, the barriers between international markets have been lifted, yet each market and region has its own economic, technological, social and legal etc. characteristics. These characteristics sometimes constitute problems for exporting firms and it is thought that export experience is important to overcome these problems.

In this respect, the hypothesis of the study is that there is a meaningful relation between the exporting problems and the exporting experiences. The findings of the empirical study reveal that the most important problem for the exporting firms is the difficulty of competing in export markets. The other result is; firms with less export experiences face more exporting problems than those with much export experience and the firms with less export experience see these problems more important. In other words, export problems are not considered very important for the firms with more export experience.

This paper is carried out on job satisfaction of employees in the banking sector and the learning capacity, in order to reveal their impact on organizational performance. A questionnaire consisting of 29 expressions was used in order to test the research model introduced in the context out of demographic variables. The survey was delivered to total of 645 banking employees’ staffs that are working in government, private and interest-free in Diyarbakır, Batman Siirt and Mardin. In conclusion, a positive linear relationship between learning capacity, job satisfaction and performance have been identified. In addition interest-free banking employees reported more scores on Organizational Performance, Learning Capacity and Job satisfaction than government and private sector banking employee. Further, several differences have been identified according to some demographic variables.

Uncertainties and risks play a central role in creating vulnerabilities for logistics service operations. Over the years, Logistic Service Providers (LSPs) have learned how to ensure resilience to confront uncertainties and risks triggered by adverse events. However, quite unlike any seen in recent times, the COVID-19 pandemic brings about unavoidable uncertainties and risks for the logistics industry. Yet, there is no common approach to contextualize how they interact together. We incorporate an empirical research design and make a threefold contribution: first, we identify uncertainties and risks that LSPs encounter during the COVID-19 pandemic and investigate their prominence. Second, we unveil intertwined schemes of afore-identified uncertainties and risks and augment the understanding of their cause-effect structure. Third, we provide an uncertainty and risk assessment guideline for LSPs affected by threats emerging from unforeseeable crises.

In this study, we combine qualitative work and the fuzzy DEMATEL method. Qualitative thematic analysis of in-depth interviews reveals the most important uncertainties (COVID-19 measures, employee welfare, forecast horizon, demand change, and government regulations) and risks (COVID-19 risk, delivery delays, supply chain disruptions, financial failure, and product returns) for LSPs. The fuzzy DEMATEL method shows that COVID-19 measures and COVID-19 risk are highly prominent and influence other factors. The results indicate that demand change, government regulations, and supply chain disruptions are net causers, and employee welfare, financial failure, forecast horizon, delivery delays, and product returns are net receivers. Distinctly, employee welfare is the most affected factor, empirically confirming that major risks for LSPs are related to the human factor. More investigation in our results suggests that supply chain disruptions and demand change, two factors triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic, influence financial failure and forecast horizon, two factors associated with operational performance. 

The common goal of countries around the world is to increase their income by taking a larger share from international markets. For this reason, in today's world, countries give importance to export-related practices and policies in order to increase their export rates. Inward Processing Regime (IPR), which has been implemented in Turkey since 1996; It enables firms operating in export activities to import raw materials and intermediate goods to be used in the production of the goods to be exported at world market prices by exempting them from taxes. In this context, the main objective of the study is to examine the effect of the Inward Processing Regime, which is important at the point of export-based economic growth, and in general, the effect of export supports on the export performance of companies. Data were collected in the year 2021 through questionnaires with businesses operating in Konya and both benefiting and not benefiting from the Inward Processing Regime application, and statistical analyzes were made. As a result of the findings, it has been determined that there is a statistically significant difference between the export performances of the firms that apply and do not apply the Inward Processing Regime; and the level of benefiting from the export supports of the firms positively affects their export performance. It has been concluded that the export performance of the firms that apply the Inward Processing Regime at a high or very high level is at a higher level than the export performance of the firms that do not apply the Inward Processing Regime. However, it has also been revealed that the reasons of importing raw materials, level of benefiting from IPR applications and the level of effect of IPR on firm activities do not have a significant effect on the export performance.

Purpose – How it affects Turkey's logistics performance and foreign trade data in the international trade environment also reveals the changes in export and import figures over the years.

Methodology – The method used in the study was carried out descriptive tests on export and import data and the figures of the logistics performance index of 160 countries, then correlation and regression analyzes were made and the relationship between them was examined.

Findings – As a result of the analyzes made in line with the purpose of the study, it has been determined that the export and import performance has a direct effect on the development level of the countries, and as a result, there is a directly proportional relationship on the logistics performance and its sub-components.

Conclusions – As a result of the study, a positive parallelism was determined between the development performance of the countries and their logistics performance. In addition, it is understood that foreign trade volume affects the development of logistics performance.

The automobile industry is one of the leading commercial markets around the world. In this enormous market, countries, companies, and manufacturers compete boldly to increase their international market shares. In this great competition, there are centuries old giant companies such as Mercedes, BMW, Volkswagen, Opel, as well as new automobile brands such as Tesla, Renovo, Tritonev. Turkey is one of the significant markets where these brands are competing fiercely. When this market is analyzed, one preference of Turkish consumers draws much attention. This is the color preferences of automobile purchasers. Considering the sales figures of the previous years, white automobile sales are above 50% rate regardless of brand and model. The objective of this study investigated why Turkish automobile consumers prefer white automobile color. In this study, the SWARA method, one of the MCDM method is used to analyze consumers white automobile preferences. The findings of the study show that aesthetic perceptions are significant in purchasing white automobiles. The results of the study allow us to draw implications for the white automobile purchasing behavior for the global automobile market in the concept of international marketing.