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  • 1. Alatalo, Juha M.
    et al.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Chen, Shengbin
    Molau, Ulf
    Responses of lichen communities to 18 years of natural and experimental warming2017Inngår i: Annals of Botany, ISSN 0305-7364, E-ISSN 1095-8290, Vol. 120, nr 1, s. 159-170Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Background and Aims 

    Climate change is expected to have major impacts on high alpine and arctic ecosystems in the future, but empirical data on the impact of long-term warming on lichen diversity and richness are sparse. This study report the effects of 18 years of ambient and experimental warming on lichens and vascular plant cover in two alpine plant communities, a dry heath with sparse canopy cover (54 %) and a mesic meadow with a more developed (67 %) canopy cover, in sub-arctic Sweden.

    Methods 

    The effects of long-term passive experimental warming using open top chambers (OTCs) on lichens and total vascular plant cover, and the impact of plant cover on lichen community parameters, were analysed.

    Key Results 

    Between 1993 and 2013, mean annual temperature increased about 2 °C. Both site and experimental warming had a significant effect on cover, species richness, effective number of species evenness of lichens, and total plant canopy cover. Lichen cover increased in the heath under ambient conditions, and remained more stable under experimental warming. The negative effect on species richness and effective number of species was driven by a decrease in lichens under experimental warming in the meadow. Lichen cover, species richness, effective number of species evenness were negatively correlated with plant canopy cover. There was a significant negative impact on one species and a non-significant tendency of lower abundance of the most common species in response to experimental warming.

    Conclusions 

    The results from the long-term warming study imply that arctic and high alpine lichen communities are likely to be negatively affected by climate change and an increase in plant canopy cover. Both biotic and abiotic factors are thus important for future impacts of climate change on lichens.

  • 2.
    Alatalo, Juha M.
    et al.
    Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Högskolan i Jönköping, Tekniska Högskolan, JTH, Byggnadsteknik och belysningsvetenskap.
    Chen, Shengbin
    College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, China.
    Sun, Shou-Qin
    Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu, China.
    Molau, Ulf
    Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Bryophyte cover and richness decline after 18 years of experimental warming in Alpine SwedenManuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    1. Bryophytes in the Arctic and Alpine regions are important in terms of biodiversity, cover and biomass. However, climate change and widespread shrubification of alpine and arctic tundra is predicted to increase in the future, with potentially large impacts on bryophyte communities.

    2. We studies the impact of 18 years of experimental warming with open top chambers (OTCs) on bryophyte cover, richness and diversity in an alpine mesic meadow and a heath plant community in Northern Sweden. In addition we investigated the relationship between deciduous shrubs and bryophytes.

    3. Cover and richness of bryophytes both declined due to long-term warming, while diversity did not show any significant responses. After 18 years, bryophyte cover had decreased by 71% and 26 in the heath and meadow, while richness declined by 39% and 26%, respectively.

    4. Synthesis. Decline in total bryophyte cover in both communities in response to long-term warming was driven by a general decline in many species, with only two individual species showing significant declines. Although most of the species included in the individual analyses did not show any detectable changes, the cumulative change in all species was significant. In addition, species loss was slower than the general decline in bryophyte abundance. As hypothesized, we found significant negative relationship between deciduous shrub cover and bryophyte cover, but not bryophyte richness, in both plant communities. This is likely due to a more delayed decline in species richness compared to abundance, similar to what was observed in response to long-term warming.

  • 3. Alatalo, Juha M.
    et al.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Calluna AB, Nacka, Sweden.
    Juhanson, Jaanis
    Michelsen, Anders
    Ľuptáčik, Peter
    Impacts of twenty years of experimental warming on soil carbon, nitrogen, moisture and soil mites across alpine/subarctic tundra communities2017Inngår i: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 7Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    High-altitude and alpine areas are predicted to experience rapid and substantial increases in future temperature, which may have serious impacts on soil carbon, nutrient and soil fauna. Here we report the impact of 20 years of experimental warming on soil properties and soil mites in three contrasting plant communities in alpine/subarctic Sweden. Long-term warming decreased juvenile oribatid mite density, but had no effect on adult oribatids density, total mite density, any major mite group or the most common species. Long-term warming also caused loss of nitrogen, carbon and moisture from the mineral soil layer in mesic meadow, but not in wet meadow or heath or from the organic soil layer. There was a significant site effect on the density of one mite species, Oppiella neerlandica, and all soil parameters. A significant plot-scale impact on mites suggests that small-scale heterogeneity may be important for buffering mites from global warming. The results indicated that juvenile mites may be more vulnerable to global warming than adult stages. Importantly, the results also indicated that global warming may cause carbon and nitrogen losses in alpine and tundra mineral soils and that its effects may differ at local scale.

  • 4. Alatalo, Juha M.
    et al.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Molau, Ulf
    Climate change and climatic events: community-, functional- and species-level responses of bryophytes and lichens to constant, stepwise, and pulse experimental warming in an alpine tundra2014Inngår i: Alpine Botany, ISSN 1664-2201, E-ISSN 1664-221X, Vol. 124, nr 2, s. 81-91Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    We experimentally imposed three different kinds of warming scenarios over 3 years on an alpine meadow community to identify the differential effects of climate warming and extreme climatic events on the abundance and biomass of bryophytes and lichens. Treatments consisted of (a) a constant level of warming with open top chambers (an average temperature increase of 1.87 °C), (b) a yearly stepwise increase of warming (average temperature increases of 1.0; 1.87 and 3.54 °C, consecutively), and (c) a pulse warming, i.e., a single first year pulse event of warming (average temperature increase of 3.54 °C only during the first year). To our knowledge, this is the first climate change study that attempts to distinguish between the effects of constant, stepwise and pulse warming on bryophyte and lichen communities. We hypothesised that pulse warming would have a significant short-term effect compared to the other warming treatments, and that stepwise warming would have a significant mid-term effect compared to the other warming treatments. Acrocarpous bryophytes as a group increased in abundance and biomass to the short-term effect of pulse warming. We found no significant effects of mid-term (third-year) stepwise warming. However, one pleurocarpous bryophyte species, Tomentypnum nitens, generally increased in abundance during the warm year 1997 but decreased in control plots and in response to the stepwise warming treatment. Three years of experimental warming (all treatments as a group) did have a significant impact at the community level, yet changes in abundance did not translate into significant changes in the dominance hierarchies at the functional level (for acrocarpous bryophytes, pleurocarpous bryophytes, Sphagnum or lichens), or in significant changes in other bryophyte or lichen species. The results suggest that bryophytes and lichens, both at the functional group and species level, to a large extent are resistant to the different climate change warming simulations that were applied.

  • 5.
    Alatalo, Juha M.
    et al.
    Qatar University.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Molau, Ulf
    Göteborgs Universitet.
    Impacts of different climate change regimes and extreme climatic events on an alpine meadow community2016Inngår i: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 6, artikkel-id 21720Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Climate variability is expected to increase in future but there exist very few experimental studies that apply different warming regimes on plant communities over several years. We studied an alpine meadow community under three warming regimes over three years. Treatments consisted of (a) a constant level of warming with open-top chambers (ca. 1.9 °C above ambient), (b) yearly stepwise increases in warming (increases of ca. 1.0, 1.9 and 3.5 °C), and (c) pulse warming, a single first-year pulse event of warming (increase of ca. 3.5 °C). Pulse warming and stepwise warming was hypothesised to cause distinct first-year and third-year effects, respectively. We found support for both hypotheses; however, the responses varied among measurement levels (whole community, canopy, bottom layer, and plant functional groups), treatments, and time. Our study revealed complex responses of the alpine plant community to the different experimentally imposed climate warming regimes. Plant cover, height and biomass frequently responded distinctly to the constant level of warming, the stepwise increase in warming and the extreme pulse-warming event. Notably, we found that stepwise warming had an accumulating effect on biomass, the responses to the different warming regimes varied among functional groups, and the short-term perturbations had negative effect on species richness and diversity.

  • 6.
    Alatalo, Juha M.
    et al.
    Uppsala Universitet.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Molau, Ulf
    University of Gothenburg.
    Seven years of experimental warming and nutrient addition causes decline of bryophytes and lichens in alpine meadow and heath communitiesManuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [sv]

    Global change is predicted to have large and rapid impact on polar and alpine regions. Bryophytes and lichens increase their importance in terms of biomass, carbon/nutrient cycling, cover and ecosystem functioning at higher latitudes/altitudes. Here we report from a seven year factorial experiment with nutrient addition and warming on the abundance of bryophytes and lichens in an alpine meadow and heath community. Treatments had significant negative effect on relative change of total abundance bryophytes and lichens, the largest decline to the nutrient addition and the combined nutrient addition and warming treatments, bryophytes decreasing most in the meadow, lichens most in the heath. Nutrient addition, and the combined nutrient addition and warming brought rapid decrease in both bryophytes and lichens, while warming had a delayed negative impact. Of sixteen species that were included the statistical analyses, we found significant negative effects on seven species. We show that impact of simulated global change on bryophytes and lichens differ in in time and magnitude among treatments and plant communities. Our results underscore the importance of longer-term studies to improve the quality of climate change models, as short-term studies are poor predictors of longer-term responses of bryophytes and lichens, similar to what have been shown for vascular plants. Species-specific responses may differ in time, and this will likely cause changes in the dominance structures of bryophytes and lichens over time.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 7. Alatalo, Juha M.
    et al.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    VTI, Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Molau, Ulf
    Testing reliability of short-term responses to predict longer-term responses of bryophytes and lichens to environmental change2015Inngår i: Ecological Indicators, ISSN 1470-160X, E-ISSN 1872-7034, Vol. 58, nr Supplement C, s. 77-85Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Environmental changes are predicted to have severe and rapid impacts on polar and alpine regions. At high latitudes/altitudes, cryptogams such as bryophytes and lichens are of great importance in terms of biomass, carbon/nutrient cycling, cover and ecosystem functioning. This seven-year factorial experiment examined the effects of fertilizing and experimental warming on bryophyte and lichen abundance in an alpine meadow and a heath community in subarctic Sweden. The aim was to determine whether short-term responses (five years) are good predictors of longer-term responses (seven years). Fertilizing and warming had significant negative effects on total and relative abundance of bryophytes and lichens, with the largest and most rapid decline caused by fertilizing and combined fertilizing and warming. Bryophytes decreased most in the alpine meadow community, which was bryophyte-dominated, and lichens decreased most in the heath community, which was lichen-dominated. This was surprising, as the most diverse group in each community was expected to be most resistant to perturbation. Warming alone had a delayed negative impact. Of the 16 species included in statistical analyses, seven were significantly negatively affected. Overall, the impacts of simulated warming on bryophytes and lichens as a whole and on individual species differed in time and magnitude between treatments and plant communities (meadow and heath). This will likely cause changes in the dominance structures over time. These results underscore the importance of longer-term studies to improve the quality of data used in climate change models, as models based on short-term data are poor predictors of long-term responses of bryophytes and lichens.

  • 8.
    Alatalo, Juha M
    et al.
    Qatar University.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Čuchta, Peter
    Academy of Science of the Czech Republic.
    Collembola at three alpine subarctic sites resistant to twenty years of experimental warming2015Inngår i: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 5, artikkel-id 18161Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This study examined the effects of micro-scale, site and 19 and 21 years of experimental warming on Collembola in three contrasting alpine subarctic plant communities (poor heath, rich meadow, wet meadow). Unexpectedly, experimental long-term warming had no significant effect on species richness, effective number of species, total abundance or abundance of any Collembola species. There were micro-scale effects on species richness, total abundance, and abundance of 10 of 35 species identified. Site had significant effect on effective number of species, and abundance of six species, with abundance patterns differing between sites. Site and long-term warming gave non-significant trends in species richness.

    The highest species richness was observed in poor heath, but mean species richness tended to be highest in rich meadow and lowest in wet meadow. Warming showed a tendency for a negative impact on species richness. This long-term warming experiment across three contrasting sites revealed that Collembola is capable of high resistance to climate change. We demonstrated that micro-scale and site effects are the main controlling factors for Collembola abundance in high alpine subarctic environments. Thus local heterogeneity is likely important for soil fauna composition and may play a crucial role in buffering Collembola against future climate change.

  • 9.
    Alatalo, Juha M.
    et al.
    Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Visby, Sweden.
    Little, Chelsea, J.
    Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Visby, Sweden.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Molau, Ulf
    Göteborgs Universitet.
    Dominance hierarchies, diversity and species richness of vascular plants in an alpine meadow: contrasting short and medium term responses to simulated global change2014Inngår i: PeerJ, E-ISSN 2167-8359, Vol. 2, artikkel-id e406Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    We studied the impact of simulated global change on a high alpine meadow plant community. Specifically, we examined whether short-term (5 years) responses are good predictors for medium-term (7 years) changes in the system by applying a factorial warming and nutrient manipulation to 20 plots in Latnjajaure, subarctic Sweden. Seven years of experimental warming and nutrient enhancement caused dramatic shifts in dominance hierarchies in response to the nutrient and the combined warming and nutrient enhancement treatments. Dominance hierarchies in the meadow moved from a community being dominated by cushion plants, deciduous, and evergreen shrubs to a community being dominated by grasses, sedges, and forbs. Short-term responses were shown to be inconsistent in their ability to predict medium-term responses for most functional groups, however, grasses showed a consistent and very substantial increase in response to nutrient addition over the seven years.

    The non-linear responses over time point out the importance of longer-term studies with repeated measurements to be able to better predict future changes. Forecasted changes to temperature and nutrient availability have implications for trophic interactions, and may ultimately influence the access to and palatability of the forage for grazers. Depending on what anthropogenic change will be most pronounced in the future (increase in nutrient deposits, warming, or a combination of them both), different shifts in community dominance hierarchies may occur. Generally, this study supports the productivity–diversity relationship found across arctic habitats, with community diversity peaking in mid-productivity systems and degrading as nutrient availability increases further. This is likely due the increasing competition in plant–plant interactions and the shifting dominance structure with grasses taking over the experimental plots, suggesting that global change could have high costs to biodiversity in the Arctic.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 10.
    Alatalo, Juha M.
    et al.
    Uppsala universitet, Växtekologi och evolution.
    Little, Chelsea J.
    Uppsala universitet, Växtekologi och evolution.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Samhälle, miljö och transporter, SAMT, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Molau, Ulf
    Vascular plant abundance and diversity in an alpine heath under observed and simulated global change2015Inngår i: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 5, artikkel-id 10197Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Global change is predicted to cause shifts in species distributions and biodiversity in arctic tundra. We applied factorial warming and nutrient manipulation to a nutrient and species poor alpine/arctic heath community for seven years. Vascular plant abundance in control plots increased by 31%. There were also notable changes in cover in the nutrient and combined nutrient and warming treatments, with deciduous and evergreen shrubs declining, grasses overgrowing these plots. Sedge abundance initially increased significantly with nutrient amendment and then declined, going below initial values in the combined nutrient and warming treatment. Nutrient addition resulted in a change in dominance hierarchy from deciduous shrubs to grasses. We found significant declines in vascular plant diversity and evenness in the warming treatment and a decline in diversity in the combined warming and nutrient addition treatment, while nutrient addition caused a decline in species richness. The results give some experimental support that species poor plant communities with low diversity may be more vulnerable to loss of species diversity than communities with higher initial diversity. The projected increase in nutrient deposition and warming may therefore have negative impacts on ecosystem processes, functioning and services due to loss of species diversity in an already impoverished environment.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 11.
    Ali, Arshad
    et al.
    East China Normal University.
    Molau, Ulf
    Göteborgs Universitet.
    Bai, Yang
    Chinese Academy of Sciences.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Alatalo, Juha M.
    Qatar University.
    Diversity-productivity dependent resistance of an alpine plant community to different climate change scenarios2016Inngår i: Ecological research, ISSN 0912-3814, E-ISSN 1440-1703, Vol. 31, nr 6, s. 935-945Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Here we report from a experiment imposing different warming scenarios [control with ambient temperature, constant level of moderate warming for 3 years, stepwise increase in warming for 3 years, and one season of high level warming (pulse) simulating an extreme summer event] on an alpine ecosystem to study the impact on species diversity–biomass relationship, and community resistance in terms of biomass production.

    Multiple linear mixed models indicate that experimental years had stronger influence on biomass than warming scenarios and species diversity. Species diversity and biomass had almost humpback relationships under different warming scenarios over different experimental years. There was generally a negative diversity–biomass relationship, implying that a positive diversity–biomass relationship was not the case.

    The application of different warming scenarios did not change this tendency. The change in community resistance to all warming scenarios was generally negatively correlated with increasing species diversity, the strength of the correlation varying both between treatments and between years within treatments. The strong effect of experimental years was consistent with the notion that niche complementarity effects increase over time, and hence, higher biomass productivity over experimental years. The strongest negative relationship was found in the first year of the pulse treatment, indicating that the community had weak resistance to an extreme event of one season of abnormally warm climate.

    Biomass production started recovering during the two subsequent years. Contrasting biomass-related resistance emerged in the different treatments, indicating that micro sites within the same plant community may differ in their resistance to different warming scenarios.

  • 12.
    Andreas, Seiler
    et al.
    SLU.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut och Calluna AB.
    Mörkertal i viltolycksstatistiken: resultat från enkätundersökning och analyser av olycksdata2017Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [sv]

    En av de vanligaste orsakerna till vägtrafikolyckor är påkörning av vilda djur, i synnerhet klövdjur. Över 45 000 viltolyckor per år registrerades under de sen-aste 5 åren och antalen ökar stadigt. Trots upprepade informationskampanjer, omfattande investering i viltstängsel och andra förebyggande åtgärder och i kon-trast till avskjutningsstatistik för älg och rådjur, så ökar olyckstalen i snabbare takt än vad som kan förväntas på grund av ökat trafikarbete och större fordons-flotta. Det är tydligt att viltolycksproblematiken i Sverige inte är under kontroll. En bidragande faktor är att inte alla inträffade olycksfall rapporteras och inte alla rapporterade händelser återges av den officiella statistiken. Uppräknings-faktorerna som Trafikverket använder i sina Effektberäkningar vid Väganalyser (EVA-kalkyler) är utdaterade och utgår från effektsamband som troligtvis inte längre är aktuella. För att planera effektiva och riktade åtgärder behövs bättre kunskap om var, när och hur ofta viltolyckor inträffar.

    Föreliggande projekt avser att uppdatera kunskaperna om mörkertalet i rappor-teringen av viltolyckor på väg och belysa andra bortfall i statistiken. Målsätt-ningen är att ta fram ett uppdaterat underlag (Uppräkningsfaktorer) för använd-ning i effektberäkningar vid väganalyser samt undersöka kvarstående utred-ningsbehov och eventuella förbättringsmöjligheter som kan leda till en bättre uppskattning av konflikten mellan vilt och vägtrafik. Projektet omfattar tre delstudier: enkätundersökning med bilförare, analys av viltrelaterade personskadeolyckor i STRADA (d.v.s. Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition) samt en jämförande analys av olycksrapporter från polisens och eftersöksjägarnas inrapportering i viltolycksstatistiken tillgänglig hos NVR (Nationella Viltolycksrådet).

    En enkätstudie via internet (på domänen www.viltochtrafik.se) genomfördes för att undersöka storleken på mörkertalet i rapportering av viltolyckor från bilfö-rare till polis. Enkäten var tillgänglig för allmänheten online under perioden 2013-10-31 till 2014-12-31 och besvarades av 3981 respondenter. Vi ställde frå-gor kring kunskaper om och erfarenheter med viltolyckor och bad om mer detal-jerade uppgifter om den incidenten som inträffade för respondenterna efter 2004. Mer än hälften av alla respondenter (65 %) har varit med om en klövvilt-olycka någon gång och runt 20 % av dessa angav att olyckan troligen aldrig rap-porterats till polisens kännedom. Drygt 45 % av respondenterna angav att de va-rit med om viltolyckor efter år 2004 och mörkertalet uppskattades till mellan 9 % och 19 %. Vi rekommenderar att det schablonmässiga mörkertalet för klövvilt (oavsett art) bör vara 15 % (±5 %). Våra resultat visar att mörkertalet i rapporte-ringen från bilist till polisen har närmare halverats sedan 1970-talet.

    Efter att en olycka anmälts till polisen finns risk för ytterligare bortfall i statisti-ken. Inkommande polisanmälningar överförs manuellt till olika databaser, bero-ende på hur händelsen klassificeras. Olyckor där viltet inte utgjorde den omedel-bara orsaken till skadan klassas inte som viltolycka och återfinns då inte i den officiella polisiära statistiken på viltolyckor. Detta bortfall är ej kvantifierad men uppskattas ligga på kanske 5 % eller högre. Trafikolyckor med personskador (ca 1,6 % av alla viltolyckor) rapporteras vidare till databasen STRADA. Vår analys visade att i genomsnitt 37 % av alla viltrelate-rade personskadeolyckor under 2003–2012 inte var klassade som en viltolycka och därmed förmodligen inte heller fanns listat som viltolycka i Polisens T-RAR (trafikregister).

    När en olycka med vilt anmäls kontaktas i regel en kontaktperson kontaktperso-ner för att vid behov ta hand om det skadade djuret. Vid jägarens platsbesök skrivs en viltolycksrapport med detaljerade uppgifter om plats, tid och djurart. Inte alla rapporter (84 %) innehåller dock fullständiga och korrekta uppgifter som kan användas vid rumsliga analyser av olyckor. Det verkar även finnas en skevhet i viltolycksstatistiken med ca 12 % färre eftersök längs enskilda och kommunala vägar än förväntad.

    Tekniska problem i Polisens datasystem under 2012–2015 medförde dessutom att ett okänt antal anmälda viltolyckor inte registrerades i trafikregistren (T-rar, pust, k-rar). Det ledde till att det i vissa regioner och under vissa år finns fler viltolycksrapporter än polisrapporter. Vi uppskattar att detta bortfall kan ligga på minst 11 % i genomsnitt, under antagandet att rapporter från eftersöksjä-garna utfärdats för runt 90 % av alla polisregistrerade fall.

    Förenklat uttryckt står alltså den polisiära statistiken på viltolyckor under 2010 – 2015 för runt två-tredje delar av de verkligt inträffade olyckorna, medan efter-söksstatistiken i rumsliga analyser representerar ungefär hälften. Denna enkla tumregel bör dock användas försiktigt eftersom det finns tydliga avvikelser i mörkertalen mellan viltarterna, länen och åren.

    De olika bortfallen i statistiken har därmed en påtaglig effekt på den totala upp-skattningen av olyckstal. Vissa av orsakerna för bortfallen kan dock lätt åtgärdas eftersom de beror till stor del på brister i rutiner för registrering och data-bashantering. Vi rekommenderar därför en systematisk kontroll av databaserna och förbättrade kontrollmekanismer vid registrering och klassificering av an-mälda fall. Vi rekommenderar också att databaserna i STRADA, trafikregistret och eftersöksstatistiken länkas via ett gemensamt händelse-ID. Detta kan un-derlätta mycket vid framtida bortfallsanalyser. Vi föreslår även detaljstudier av hur olyckorna registreras och tolkas för att bättre kunna förebygga framtida bortfall.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 13.
    Antonson, Hans
    et al.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Mobilitet, aktörer och planering, MAP.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Ahlström, Christer
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Samspel människa, fordon, transportsystem, MFT.
    Experiencing moose and landscape while driving: a simulator and questionnaire study2014Inngår i: Journal of Environmental Psychology, ISSN 0272-4944, E-ISSN 1522-9610, Vol. 41, s. 91-100Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Animal vehicle collisions (AVC's) have large economic, medical and ecological consequences but have rarely been studied with respect to driver behaviour. The aim of this study was to investigate different AVC-relevant landscape settings (vegetation cover), with and without game fencing and in combination with encountering moose. Twenty-five participants took part in an advanced driving simulator experiment. The results show that neither the presence of a game fence nor vegetation was found to affect driving speed, speed variability, lateral position or visual scanning in general. When a moose appeared at the side of the road, the drivers reacted by slowing down earlier and reducing their speed more when no game fence was present. Furthermore, the speed reduction when a moose was present was significantly larger when the vegetation was sparse. Game fencing made drivers feel at ease whereas dense vegetation was experienced as more stressful.

  • 14.
    Arvidsson, Anna K.
    et al.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Drift och underhåll, DOU.
    Blomqvist, Göran
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Erlingsson, Sigurdur
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Väg- och banteknik, VBA.
    Hellman, Fredrik
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Väg- och banteknik, VBA.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Öberg, Gudrun
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Drift och underhåll, DOU.
    Klimatanpassning av vägkonstruktion, drift och underhåll2012Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [sv]

    Klimatförändringarna är en realitet och påverkar vårt samhälle och därigenom även våra transporter. Genom att klimatanpassa transportsystemen blir systemen mer robusta och risken för transportstörningar blir mindre. För vägars konstruktion, drift och underhåll innebär klimatanpassningen i de flesta fall relativt stora förändringar men det saknas idag en övergripande bild av det totala klimatanpassningsbehovet nationellt sett samt vilka åtgärder som behöver tas och som är rimliga att tas. Eftersom klimatförändringarna generellt varierar mellan Sveriges klimatzoner är det förenat med stora svårigheter att förutsäga vilken påverkan klimatförändringarna får på vägarnas beteende och livslängd. Inom vinterväghållningen i Sverige kommer saltanvändandet totalt sett att minska på grund av det varmare klimatet. Plogningstillfällena kommer antagligen minska, men beredskapen bör inte minskas för mycket eftersom de mer extrema tillfällena kommer att öka. För att lyckas klimatanpassa vägtransportsystemen så att de blir robusta konstaterar vi att det finns ett stort behov för att ta fram mer kunskap om vägkonstruktionens påverkan av ett förändrat klimat, samt inom drift och underhåll hur man skall anpassa sig genom olika typer av varierande och flexibla klimatanpassningsåtgärder och till effekterna av extrema väderhändelser.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 15. Baruah, Gaurav
    et al.
    Molau, Ulf
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Calluna AB, Nacka, Sweden.
    Alatalo, Juha M.
    Impacts of seven years of experimental warming and nutrient addition on neighbourhood species interactions and community structure in two contrasting alpine plant communities2018Inngår i: Ecological Complexity: An International Journal on Biocomplexity in the Environment and Theoretical Ecology, ISSN 1476-945X, E-ISSN 1476-9840, Vol. 33, nr Supplement C, s. 31-40Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Abstract Global change is predicted to have major impacts on alpine and arctic ecosystems. Plant fitness and growth will be determined by how plants interact with each other at smaller scales. Local-scale neighbourhood interactions may be altered by environmental pertubations, which could fundamentally affect community structure. This study examined the effects of seven years of experimental warming and nutrient addition on overall changes in the community structure and patterns of interspecific interaction between neighbouring plant species in two contrasting alpine plant communities, mesic meadow and poor heath, in subarctic Sweden. We used a network approach to quantify the dissimilarity of plant interaction networks and the average number of interspecific neighbourhood interactions over time in response to different environmental perturbations. The results revealed that combined warming and nutrient addition had significant negative effects on how dissimilar plant interaction networks were over time compared with the control. Moreover, plant–plant neighbourhood interaction networks were more dissimilar over time in nutrient-poor heath than in nutrient-rich mesic meadow. In addition, nutrient addition alone and combined nutrient addition and warming significantly affected neighbourhood species interactions in both plant communities. Surprisingly, changes in interspecific neighbourhood interactions over time in both communities were very similar, suggesting that the nutrient-poor heath is as robust to experimental environmental perturbation as the mesic meadow. Comparisons of changes in neighbouring species interactions with changes in evenness and richness at the same scale, in order to determine whether diversity drove such changes in local-scale interaction patterns, provided moderate evidence that diversity was behind the changes in local-scale interspecific neighbourhood interactions. This implied that species might interact at smaller scales than those at which community measures were made. Overall, these results demonstrated that global change involving increased nutrient deposition and warming is likely to affect species interactions and alter community structure in plant communities, whether rich or poor in nutrients and species.

  • 16.
    Cornelissen, Johannes H. C.
    et al.
    Vrije Universiteit.
    Van Bodegom, Peter M.
    Vrije Universiteit.
    Aerts, Rien
    Vrije Universiteit.
    Callaghan, Terry V.
    University of Sheffield.
    Van Logtestijn, Richard S. P.
    Vrije Universiteit.
    Alatalo, Juha
    VINNOVA.
    Chapin, Stuart F.
    University of Alaska.
    Gerdol, Renato G.
    Università degli Studi di Ferrara Dipartimento delle Risorse Naturali e Cultural.
    Gudmundsson, Jon
    Agricultural University of Iceland.
    Gwynn-Jones, Dylan
    University of Wales.
    Hartley, Anne E.
    Florida International University.
    Hik, David S.
    University of Alberta.
    Hofgaard, Annika
    Norwegian Institute for Nature Research.
    Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S.
    Agricultural University of Iceland.
    Karlsson, Staffan
    Vetenskapsrådet.
    Klein, Julia A.
    Colorado State University.
    Laundre, Jim
    Marine Biological Labratory.
    Magnusson, Borgthor
    Icelandic Institute of Natural History.
    Michelsen, Anders
    University of Copenhagen.
    Molau, Ulf
    Göteborgs Universitet.
    Onipchenko, Vladimir G.
    Moscow State University.
    Quested, Helen M.
    Stockholms Universitet.
    Sandvik, Sylvi M.
    Agder University College.
    Schmidt, Inger K.
    Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University Denmark.
    Shaver, Gus R.
    Marine Biological Labratory.
    Solheim, Bjørn S.
    University of Tromsø.
    Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A.
    Vrije Universiteit, Moscow State University.
    Stenström, Anna
    Länsstyrelsen Västra Götaland.
    Tolvanen, Anne
    Finnish Forest Research Institute.
    Totland, Ørjan T.
    Norwegian University of Life Sciences.
    Wada, Naoya W.
    University of Toyama.
    Welker, Jeffrey M.
    University of Alaska Anchorage.
    Zhao, Xinquan
    Chinese Academy of Sciences.
    Brancaleoni, Lisa
    Brancaleoni, Laura
    De Beus, Miranda A. H.
    Cooper, Elisabeth J.
    Dalen, Linda
    Harte, John
    Hobbie, Sarah E.
    Hoefsloot, Gerlof
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Göteborg University.
    Jonasson, Sven
    Lee, John A.
    Lindblad, Karin
    Melillo, Jerry M.
    Neill, Christopher
    Press, Malcolm C.
    Rozema, Jelte
    Zielke, Matthias
    Global negative vegetation feedback to climate warming responses of leaf litter decomposition rates in cold biomes2007Inngår i: Ecology Letters, ISSN 1461-023X, E-ISSN 1461-0248, Vol. 10, nr 7, s. 619-627Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Whether climate change will turn cold biomes from large long-term carbon sinks into sources is hotly debated because of the great potential for ecosystem-mediated feedbacks to global climate. Critical are the direction, magnitude and generality of climate responses of plant litter decomposition. Here, we present the first quantitative analysis of the major climate-change-related drivers of litter decomposition rates in cold northern biomes worldwide.

    Leaf litters collected from the predominant species in 33 global change manipulation experiments in circum-arctic-alpine ecosystems were incubated simultaneously in two contrasting arctic life zones. We demonstrate that longer-term, large-scale changes to leaf litter decomposition will be driven primarily by both direct warming effects and concomitant shifts in plant growth form composition, with a much smaller role for changes in litter quality within species. Specifically, the ongoing warming-induced expansion of shrubs with recalcitrant leaf litter across cold biomes would constitute a negative feedback to global warming. Depending on the strength of other (previously reported) positive feedbacks of shrub expansion on soil carbon turnover, this may partly counteract direct warming enhancement of litter decomposition.

  • 17.
    During, Heinjo J.
    et al.
    Utrecht University.
    Verduyn, Betty
    Utrecht University.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Biomechanical properties of the terrestrial mosses Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt. and Pogonatum japonicum Sull. & Lesq. along altitudinal gradients in northern Japan2015Inngår i: Arctoa: A Journal of Briology, ISSN 0131-1379, Vol. 24, s. 375-381Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Altitudinal gradients along mountain slopes provide valuable opportunities to study variation in plant traits in response to changes in environmental conditions along such  gradients. This study focused on biomechanical traits of two moss species, the more or less horizontally growing Pleurozium schreberi and the erect-growing Pogonatum japonicum, along altitudinal gradients on two mountains in Hokkaido, northern Japan.

    We measured stem diameter in two directions to determine the second moment of area I, used three-point bending tests with free stem ends to determine the slope of the force-deflection curve dF/dx, and used these data to calculate Young’s modulus and flexural rigidity of the stems. Both species showed much variation in all traits among replicates in the samples at each altitude. Environmental variation associated with altitude had more effect on the biomechanical traits of P. japonicum than on those of P. schreberi. Stems of P. japonicum were thicker (larger I) than those of P. schreberi and had a larger Young’s modulus and flexural rigidity. Stems tended to become thinner (lower second moment of area) and less rigid (lower flexural rigidity) at increasing altitude in both species.

  • 18.
    Folkeson, Lennart
    et al.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Genell, Anders
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    State of preparedness for climate change adaptation in operations and maintenance of transport infrastructure in eight Swedish municipalities2017Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    This study analysed the preparedness for climate change adaptation (CCA) of transport infrastructure in eight municipalities in Sweden. The study focused on municipal officials’ role in organizing and implementing CCA measures. The interviews were done in 2011. Many respondents confused CCA with climate change mitigation. Three of the municipalities had performed vulnerability analyses but apart from that, well-documented decision support in long-term adaptation was largely lacking. Adaptation measures were often based on day-to-day problems and recently experienced weather incidents. Strategic work with long-term CCA seemed to be largely lacking. The placing of the responsibility for CCA in the municipal organization was often unclear. Six of the respondents found there were no actual hindrances to their work with CCA and no conflicts with other municipal aims. However, several responses indicated budgetary competition with environmental aims or other societal strivings. The planning and implementation of CCA measures seemed to be highly dependent on individual officials, their engagement, their passivity/activity regarding this issue, their defined responsibility and the boundaries for their current position in the municipality organization. 

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 19.
    Gren, Ing Marie
    et al.
    Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Högskolan i Jönköping, Tekniska Högskolan, JTH, Byggnadsteknik och belysningsvetenskap. Calluna AB, Nacka, Sweden.
    Calculating the costs of animal-vehicle accidents involving ungulate in Sweden2019Inngår i: Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, ISSN 1361-9209, E-ISSN 1879-2340, Vol. 70, s. 112-122Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 20.
    Gren, Ing-Marie
    et al.
    Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Brutemark, Andreas
    Calluna AB, Nacka, Sweden.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Jönköping University, Tekniska Högskolan, JTH, Byggnadsteknik och belysningsvetenskap. Calluna AB, Nacka, Sweden.
    Svedén, Jennie B.
    Calluna AB, Nacka, Sweden.
    Costs of air pollutants from shipping: a meta-regression analysis2020Inngår i: Transport reviews, ISSN 0144-1647, E-ISSN 1464-5327, Vol. 40, nr 4, s. 411-428Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This study estimated the external cost of air pollution from shipping by means of a meta-regression analysis, which has not been made before. Three pollutants, which were included in most of the primary studies, were considered: nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur dioxides (SO2) and particulate matters with a diameter of max 2.5 micrometres (PM2.5). All primary studies included damages of health and a majority added impacts on agriculture and estimated the cost of air pollutants by transferring cost estimates from studies on costs of air emissions from transports in Europe. Different regression models and estimators were used and robust results were found of statistically significant emission elasticities of below one, i.e. total external costs increase by less than 1% when emissions increase by 1%. There was a small variation between the pollutants, with the highest elasticity for PM2.5 and lowest for NOx. Calculations of the marginal external cost of the pollutants showed the same pattern, with this cost being approximately six times higher for PM2.5 than for the other pollutants. Common to all pollutants was that the marginal external cost decreases when emission increases. Another robust result was a significant increase in the cost of studies published in journals compared with other publication outlets. These findings point out some caution when transferring constant external unit cost of air pollutant from shipping, which is much applied in the literature, and the cost functions estimated in this study could thus provide a complementary transfer mechanism.

  • 21.
    Gren, Ing-Marie
    et al.
    Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet.
    Häggmark-Svensson, Tobias
    Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet.
    Andersson, Hans
    Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet.
    Jansson, Gunnar
    Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet.
    Jägerbrand, Annika
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Using traffic data to estimate wildlife populations2015Inngår i: Journal of Bioeconomics, ISSN 1387-6996, E-ISSN 1573-6989, Vol. 18, nr 1, s. 17-31Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Wildlife populations are threatened worldwide by, among others, habitat fragmentation and hunting pressure. An important impediment for the large scale, national and regional, management of the populations is the difficulty to quantify population dynamics. The purpose of this study is to present a tool for such estimations which is based on available data in several countries; traffic load and traffic accidents with wildlife. An econometric model is developed, which accounts for landscape characteristics. It is applied to wild boar in Sweden, for which data on traffic load and accidents for different counties and years are available. Landscape characteristics are introduced with direct or indirect effects on population growth. The indirect landscape model gives the best statistical performance, and the results show relatively small differences in calculated intrinsic growth rate among counties but considerable differences in predicted population developments.

  • 22.
    Gren, Ing-Marie
    et al.
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Calluna AB.
    Costs of traffic accidents with ungulates in Sweden2017Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    Traffic accidents with ungulates pose a serious problem in many countries, and there is a need for predicting accidents and costs at a large scale for an efficient management of the accidents. Based on the assumption that traffic accidents are determined by traffic volume and ungulate population sizes, this study provides a relatively simple method for calculating and predicting costs of current and future traffic accidents with roe deer, wild boar, and moose in Sweden. A logistic population model is assumed for all ungulates, and econometric methods are used for predicting vehicle accidents with panel data on traffic accidents, traffic load, bags, hunting licenses, and landscape characteristics for each county and year during 2003-2015. The calculated total discounted cost of traffic accidents over a period of 15 years is relatively stable around 1300 million SEK per year in present value (which corresponds to 0.03% of gross domestic product in 2015), but the allocation of costs among ungulates differs. Costs of vehicle accidents with moose account for the largest share of the cost (44%), but accidents with wild boar show the most rapid increase over a 15 year period because of the estimated relatively high intrinsic growth rate and the recent establishment of this animal in several counties. The predicted costs are, however, sensitive to the assumption of future hunting pressure and traffic volume.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    Fulltext
  • 23.
    Gustafsson, Susanne
    et al.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Trafiksäkerhet, samhälle och trafikant, TST.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Grumert, Ellen
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Trafikanalys och logistik, TAL.
    Hastighetsdämpande åtgärder: en litteraturstudie med fokus på nya trafikmiljöåtgärder och ITS-orienterade lösningar2011Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    A literature survey has been conducted regarding international traffic calming measures that could have a potential use in Sweden and other Nordic countries. Focus has been on measures in new traffic environments and ITS (Intelligent Transport System) based solutions. Information has been obtained through searches in literature databases and on different homepages, as well as from contacts in networks. Initially, we describe common traffic calming measures used today in Swedish traffic environments. For example, different forms of vertical and horizontal measures, and different types of surfaces, road markings and paintings. In the case of existing ITS solutions, we mention speed reminder signs, variable message signs and Motorway Control System (MCS).

    New kinds of physical measures that have most potential for use are e.g. modifications of speed bumps and the construction of small curves that enforce lower speed. Such curvatures can be used at entrances to communities or before roundabouts.

    Different concepts of "shared space" (e.g. walking speed zones) are something that could be used more extensively, even at intersections and other locations in urban areas. In such cases, all traditional road equipment is removed and a synergy between different user groups is created, leading to lower speeds.

    Different types of road markings and paintings can be used to visually narrow the road, but also in order to create an optical illusion that makes one feel as if the speed is high. However, such measures are not fully effective during winter conditions. Applications in 3D can also be used to create the illusion of obstacles in the roadway and result in reduced speeds. It is important to consider the overall picture and to combine various measures in a correct way. This report gives some examples on how to implement speed reduction measures in communities with thoroughfares. Furthermore, we give example on how strategic approaches and policy design may help to efficiently implement different kinds of traffic calming measures.

    ITS-solutions, where a two-way communication between vehicles and between vehicles and the infrastructure is used, have gained momentum in Europe and internationally. Three possible systems that have not yet been introduced on the market are described. Most of the cooperative systems are still in a research and development phase. The potential of the systems is considered to be large, and this is also reflected in the extensive research and development investments in the area. Furthermore, ITS as a whole, i.e. cooperative systems as well as other ITS solutions is believed to have a great potential.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 24.
    Gustafsson, Susanne
    et al.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Trafiksäkerhet, samhälle och trafikant, TST.
    Sörensen, Gunilla
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Trafiksäkerhet, samhälle och trafikant, TST.
    Eriksson, Olle
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Drift och underhåll, DOU.
    Genell, Anders
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Ljudvarningar vid vägarbetsplatser för att uppnå sänkta hastigheter: Kartläggning och praktisk utvärdering2014Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [sv]

    Ett projekt har genomförts i syfte att hitta metoder som effektivt sänker förbipasserande trafikanters hastigheter vid vägarbetsområden genom att i realtid varna med hjälp av ljud. Projektet har bestått av två delar. Först genomfördes en kartläggning av befintliga studier. Resultaten visar att de egenskaper i en ljudvarning som ger större effekt är att den har kvinnoröst, är direkt och informativ, samverkar mellan semantik och akustik, ökar i intensitet och medför nedtoning av andra ljuddistraktioner. Med bas i resultaten från kartläggningen gjordes en praktisk utvärdering av potentiell användning av ljudvarningar vid vägarbetsplatser i VTI:s simulator Sim III. Tjugotvå personbilsförare körde 25 kilometer på en motorväg där två vägarbeten fanns utplacerade i vägrenen. Hälften av försökspersonerna fick en ljudvarning före det första vägarbetet och den andra hälften före det andra vägarbetet. Ljudvarningen bestod av ett "pling" följt av en kvinnoröst som sa ”Varning! Vägarbete om 500 meter. Anpassa hastigheten!”. Meddelandet sändes via bilens interna högtalarsystem. Resultaten visar bland annat en signifikant hastighetsreducerande effekt av ljudvarningen. Den genomsnittliga sänkningen skattas till 9–17 km/h större med ljudvarning än utan. Vidare fanns en liten effekt (0,5–3,3 km/h) kvar av ljudvarningen även efter vägarbetet. Fler resultat presenteras tillsammans med förarnas subjektiva upplevelser av försöket.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 25. Hemström, Kristian
    et al.
    Bramryd, Torleif
    Wik, Ola
    Johansson, Michael
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Ackumulering av metaller i vegetation på geotekniska askkonstruktioner2012Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [sv]

    Det övergripande syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur användning av askor i ett långtidsperspektiv påverkar omgivande djur- och växtliv med avseende på ackumulation av metaller i ekosystem via växtupptag och exponering för betande djur. Studien innefattade en fält- och en odlingsstudie. I fältstudien studerades ackumulation av metaller och metalloider i blad från träd och buskar som självetablerat och växt under längre tid i äldre försöksuppställningar (lysimetrar) med aska. Dels i två olika åldrade slaggrus från avfallsförbränning och dels i åldrad aska från förbränning av biobränsle (grenar och toppar, GROT) och impregnerat returträ (RT), benämnd GROT/RT-aska. I odlingsstudien studerades ackumulationen av metaller och metalloider i engelskt rajgräs från askor och referensmaterial under en växtsäsong. Referensmaterial i odlingsstudien var två vanliga geotekniska material; bergkross och schaktmassa, och i fältstudien blad från träd och buskar i lysimetrarnas närområde. Samtliga studerade askor var åldrade;  5-24 år.

    Sammanfattningsvis visar studien på vikten av att ta hänsyn till damning och partikelkontaminering som exponeringsväg vid askanvändning. Vidare visar studien att åldrat slaggrus inte ger upphov till betydande förhöjda halter i blad från buskar och träd som självetablerat i sådant material eller i gräs från slaggrus som blandats med enhetsjord (50 vikt-%). Slutligen visade studien att de generella ackumuleringsfaktorer för upptag till växter som används i Naturvårdsverkets Handbok 2010:1 inte är lämpliga att använda i samband med riskbedömning av askor.

  • 26.
    Häggmark Svensson, Tobias
    et al.
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala.
    Gren, Ing-Marie
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala.
    Andersson, Hans
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala.
    Jansson, Gunnar
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Stockholm.
    Costs of traffic accidents with wild boar populations in Sweden2014Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    Traffic accidents with wild boar have increased rapidly over the last years in Sweden. This paper calculates and predicts costs of current and future accidents, totally and for different Swedish counties, based on estimates of wild boar populations. A logistic population model is assumed, and econometric methods are used for calculating populations with panel data on traffic accidents, traffic load, and landscape characteristics for each county. The results show an average growth rate of 0.48, which varies between 0.39 and 0.52for different counties. This, together with predictions on changes in traffic load, forms the basis for calculations of costs of traffic accidents for a 10 year period. In total, the predicted costs can increase from 60 million SEK in 2011 to 135 or 340 million SEK in 2021 in present value depending on hunting pressure. The variation in cost increases is, however, large among counties, increasing by tenfold in Stockholm and Södermanland where the wild boar populations are relatively small and by approximately 50% in counties with mature populations.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
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  • 27. Idoia Biurrun, Idoia
    et al.
    Burrascano, Sabina
    Dembicz, Iwona
    Guarino, Riccardo
    Kapfer, Jutta
    Pielech, Remigiusz
    Garcia-Mijangos, Itziar
    Wagner, Viktoria
    Palpurina, Salza
    Mimet, Anne
    Pellissier, Vincent
    Marcenò, Corrado
    Nowak, Arkadiusz
    Bergamini, Ariel
    Boch, Steffen
    Csergő, Anna Mária
    Grytnes, John-Arvid
    Campos, Juan Antonio
    Erschbamer, Brigitta
    Jiménez-Alfaro, Borja
    Kącki, Zygmunt
    Kuzemko, Anna
    Manthey, Michael
    van Meerbeek, Koenraad
    Swacha, Grzegorz
    Afif, Elias
    Alatalo, Juha M.
    Aleffi, Michele
    Babbi, Manuel
    Bátori, Zoltán
    Belonovskaya, Elena
    Berg, Christian
    Bhatta, Kuber Prasad
    Cancellieri, Laura
    Ceulemans, Tobias
    Deák, Balázs
    Demeter, László
    Deng, Lei
    Doležal, Jiří
    Dolnik, Christian
    Dramstad, Wenche
    Dřevojan, Pavel
    Ecker, Klaus
    Essl, Franz
    Etzold, Jonathan
    Filibeck, Goffredo
    Fjellstad, Wendy
    Güler, Behlül
    Hájek, Michal
    Hepenstrick, Daniel
    Hodgson, John G.
    Honrado, João P.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Högskolan i Jönköping, Tekniska Högskolan, JTH, Byggnadsteknik och belysningsvetenskap.
    Janišová, Monika
    Jeanneret, Philippe
    Kelemen, András
    Kirschner, Philipp
    Klichowska, Ewelina
    Kolomiiets, Ganna
    Kozub, Łukasz
    Lepš, Jan
    Lindborg, Regina
    Löbel, Swantje
    Lomba, Angela
    Magnes, Martin
    Mayrhofer, Helmut
    Malicki, Marek
    Mašić, Ermin
    Meier, Eliane S.
    Mirin, Denis
    Molau, Ulf
    Moysiyenko, Ivan
    Naqinezhad, Alireza
    Ninot, Josep M.
    Nobis, Marcin
    Pedersen, Christian
    Pérez-Haase, Aaron
    Peters, Jan
    Pladevall-Izard, Eulàlia
    Roleček, Jan
    Ronkin, Vladimir
    Savchenko, Galina
    Shyriaieva, Dariia
    Sickel, Hanne
    Stevens, Carly
    Świerszcz, Sebastian
    Tölgyesi, Csaba
    Tsarevskaya, Nadezda
    Valkó, Orsolya
    Van Mechelen, Carmen
    Vashenyak, Iuliia
    Vetaas, Ole Reidar
    Vynokurov, Denys
    Waldén, Emelie
    Widmer, Stefan
    Wolfrum, Sebastian
    Wróbel, Anna
    Zlotnikova, Ekaterina
    Dengler, Jürgen
    GrassPlot v. 2.00 – first update on the database of multi-scale plant diversity in Palaearctic grasslands2019Inngår i: Palaearctic Grasslands, ISSN 2627-9827, nr 44, s. 26-47Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    GrassPlot is a collaborative vegetation-plot database organised by the Eurasian Dry Grassland Group (EDGG) and listed in the Global Index of Vegetation-Plot Databases (GIVD ID EU-00-003). Following a previous Long Database Report (Dengler et al. 2018, Phytocoenologia 48, 331–347), we provide here the first update on content and functionality of GrassPlot. The current version (GrassPlot v. 2.00) contains a total of 190,673 plots of different grain sizes across 28,171 independent plots, with 4,654 nested-plot series including at least four grain sizes. The database has improved its content as well as its functionality, including addition and harmonization of header data (land use, information on nestedness, structure and ecology) and preparation of species composition data. Currently, GrassPlot data are intensively used for broad-scale analyses of different aspects of alpha and beta diversity in grassland ecosystems.

  • 28.
    Janhäll, Sara
    et al.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Genell, Anders
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Trafikinformation och miljöeffekter: beräkningar av omledningseffekter2013Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [sv]

    Projektet syftar till att beräkna miljöeffekterna av trafikinformation med en nyutvecklad beräkningsmodell. Baserat på denna effektsnurra redovisas även en åtgärdsbank som utifrån dagens trafikinformation syftar till förbättrad energianvändning, klimatpåverkan, luftmiljö, bullermiljö och andra miljövinster. Trafikinformation används i ökande utsträckning för att styra trafiken, särskilt i urbanmiljö där trängsel ofta påverkar framkomligheten, samtidigt som alternativa vägar finns tillgängliga. Inom vägsektorn informerar Trafikverket oftast resenären direkt, medan trafikföretagen som trafikerar järnvägsnätet får Trafikverkets information och sedan i sin tur informerar resenärer/förare. Detta påverkar genomslaget och möjligheten att styra trafiken stort, samt skapar en del problem för den trafikslagsövergripande informationen. Den här rapporten fokuserar på de akuta miljöeffekterna av trafikinformation, även om en genomgång av mer långsiktiga effekter ingår. Endast den förändrade trafikmängden och körsätt påverkar beräkningarna i effektsnurran. Många miljöeffekter kan påverkas av trafikinformation, som luftföroreningar, buller, klimatutsläpp, men även barriäreffekter, ljusförorening, förorening av vatten och mark, störning i ömtåliga områden etc. Beräkningar med effektsnurran visar hur mycket emissionerna påverkas av hur man kör, samt hur befolkningsexponeringen kan påverkas. De existerande jämförelsemodellerna är starkt förenklade och utveckling inom emissionsmodellering, exponering, effekter av exponering samt implementering av modellerna är av största vikt för att ta tillvara den kunskap som finns och hela tiden uppdateras.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
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  • 29.
    Janhäll, Sara
    et al.
    Statens väg- & transportforskningsinstitut (VTI).
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Högskolan i Jönköping, Tekniska Högskolan, JTH, Byggnadsteknik och belysningsvetenskap. Statens väg- & transportforskningsinstitut (VTI).
    Vägnära vegetation i staden – påverkan på trafiksäkerhet och luftkvalitet2019Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [sv]

    Att använda vegetation för att minska halterna av luftföroreningar i tätorter har blivit alltmer vanligt. Tidigare studier har visat att vegetationen bör placeras nära källan för att underlätta rening av luften via filtrering. Det finns också andra aspekter på hur vegetationen ska designas för att ge positiva effekter på luftkvaliteten. Då placeringen av vegetation mycket nära trafiken också kan ge effekter på trafiksäkerheten har denna studie kombinerat de nya rekommendationerna avseende luftkvalitet med en genomgång av hur vegetation behandlas i de planeringsprocesser som är aktuella för vägnära vegetation och hur vägnära vegetation påverkar trafiksäkerheten. Denna studie har genomförts främst med hjälp av litteraturstudier, både av vetenskaplig litteratur och av handledningar och annan typ av skriftligt material inom området.

    Viktiga slutsatser av studien är att vegetation behandlas på olika sätt i olika delar av planeringsprocesserna, vilket kan göra att hanteringen av vägnära vegetation ibland försvåras. Vår bedömning är att vägplanering och vegetationsplanering kan behöva integreras i fler fall.

    Avseende trafiksäkerhet finns rekommendationer om att röja den vegetation som hindrar synbarheten, både direkt och genom att skugga behövlig belysning. Det finns också anledning att hålla stamdiametrar nere för att minska risken för allvarlig skada, samt att beakta hur vegetation kan ta upp krockkrafter och minska skaderisken. Vegetationen kan också ha positiva trafiksäkerhetseffekter genom visuell eller fysisk avgränsning, skydda mot bländning eller användas som en hastighetsdämpande åtgärd.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
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  • 30. Jonsdottir, I.S.
    et al.
    Crittenden, P.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Göteborg University.
    Measuring growth rates in bryophytes and lichens1997Inngår i: Summary document of 8th Annual ITEX Workshop. Royal Holloway Institute for Environmental Research, 19-22 April, 1997, 1997Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
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  • 31.
    Jägerbrand, Annika
    et al.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Alatalo, Juha M.
    Uppsala Universitet.
    Kudo, Gaku
    Hokkaido University.
    Variation in responses to temperature treatments ex situ of the moss Pleurozium schreberi (Willd. ex Brid.) Mitt.originating from eight altitude sites in Hokkaido, Japan2014Inngår i: Journal of Bryology, ISSN 0373-6687, E-ISSN 1743-2820, Vol. 36, nr 3, s. 209-216Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Thermal acclimatisations are important for the survival and growth of individuals and populations but seldom studied for different populations of bryophytes. The aims of this study were to (I) investigate if responses to temperature treatments were independent of the site sampled or if the intra- and interpopulation variation in responses were larger than the responses to the temperature treatments (control, press, and pulse), and to (II) examine if experimental responses varied, depending on the sampled sites.

    We collected samples of the circumpolar bryophyte species, Pleurozium schreberi (Willd. ex Brid.) Mitt., originating from eight altitude sites on Mt. Oakan in Hokkaido, Japan, and exposed them to three different temperature treatments ex situ for four weeks. Thermal acclimatisation was estimated by measuring responses in growth length increase, biomass increase, number of branches, and the maximum quantum yield of PS II (Fv/Fm). We found that responses to temperature treatments were dependent of the site sampled, and that differences were most pronounced in the length increase. Results also shows that the responses to experimental treatments may differ between sites. Our results therefore raise important concerns regarding the general validity of both ex situ and in situ experiments when performed on a single or a limited number of sites.

  • 32.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Göteborg University.
    A new method for assessing dispersal and colonization of bryophytes2007Inngår i: Journal of Bryology, ISSN 0373-6687, E-ISSN 1743-2820, Vol. 29, nr 2, s. 133-134Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 33.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Anpassning av vägmiljö och vegetation som åtgärd mot viltolyckor2012Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [sv]

    Viltolyckor är ett globalt problem som förorsakar dödsfall samt fysiska och ekonomiska skador. Förebyggande åtgärder som används idag är inte tillräckliga för att åstadkomma en minskning i viltolycksstatistiken. Vägmiljöförändring innebär att attraktionskraften till resurser i vägområdet minskar eller att vägområdet påverkas så att det framstår som mindre attraktivt för vilt att korsa vägen. Vägmiljöförändringar kan handla om att modifiera underhållsåtgärderna, anpassa slåttern, eller på olika sätt förändra vegetationen. Denna rapport utgör en översikt över vilka möjligheter det i dagsläget finns att förändra vägmiljön för att minska risken att vilt skall befinna sig i vägområdet. Dessutom ingår en genomgång av arter av växter och växtgrupper som kan ha potential att verka oattraktiva för vilt (främst rådjur). Studier av viltkollisioner och omgivande miljö visar att det finns komplexa samband med exempelvis områdets och landskapets egenskaper (exempelvis skog eller öppet landskap) samt artoch/ eller habitatdiversitet. Hur avgörande dessa egenskaper är för risken att kollidera med vilt verkar till stor del bero på vilken viltart som studerats. Slutsatser av projektet är att slåtter, röjning och markanvändning kan påverka attraktiviteten hos vägkanter på ett idag ibland okänt sätt. Listan med arter som bedömts vara mest oattraktiva för vilt är en första sållning som bör utvärderas och vidareutvecklas.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
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  • 34.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Dead or alive? Testing the use of C:N ratios and chlorophyll fluorescence in vertical shoot profiles to determine depth of vitality and point of senescence in populations of bryophytes2015Inngår i: Lindbergia, ISSN 0105-0761, E-ISSN 2001-5909, Vol. 38, s. 4-13Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Bryophytes with indeterminate growth rarely exhibit clearly identifiable modules or age segments, but can be vertically divided into different physiologically active zones, since physiological activity normally declines vertically along the shoot profile depth. The aim of this study was to investigate whether it is possible to use C:N ratios (C/N)and/or parameters from chlorophyll fluorescence measurements (e.g. Fv/Fm, Fm or qN)to determine if bryophyte tissue is alive, senescent or dead, and at what distance along the shoot segment profile the moss tissue cease to live. Variation in C:N ratios and chlorophyll fluorescence between sites was also examined. This study shows that it is possible to separate alive, senescing and dead parts of the moss shoots in Pleurozium schreberi, and that chlorophyll fluorescence is a good method to use, whereas C/N varies between sites and species (for Hylcomium splendens and Racomitrium lanuginosum)and does not seem to reflect physiological activity to the same degree.

  • 35.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Hokkaido University.
    Effects of an in situ temperature increase on the short-term growth of arctic-alpine bryophytes2007Inngår i: Lindbergia, ISSN 0105-0761, E-ISSN 2001-5909, Vol. 32, nr 3, s. 82-87Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This study examined the short-term growth responses to a temperature increase in situ of three bryophytes species of different genera. Temperatures were enhanced by the use of open-top chambers at Latnjajaure, a subarctic-alpine site in northernmost Sweden. Growth was measured during the growing season of 1995, using the tied-thread method for Aulacomnium turgidum, the cranked-wire method for Sphagnum teres, and the shoot-transplanting method for Tomentypnum nitens. Temperature enhancement significantly increased the growth in length of Sphagnum teres while no significant effects were found for the other two species. One possible reason for this is that Sphagnum teres had more water available, while the other two species could not respond to increased temperature due to constraints of water availability. 

    Fulltekst (pdf)
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  • 36.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Högskolan i Jönköping, Tekniska Högskolan, JTH, Byggnadsteknik och belysningsvetenskap.
    Effects of LED lighting on animals and in the natural environment and recommendations to minimize the impact2019Inngår i: Proceedings of the 8th Professional Lighting Design Convention, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, 23-26 October 2019, 2019, s. 98-99Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 37.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Högskolan i Jönköping, Tekniska Högskolan, JTH, Byggnadsteknik och belysningsvetenskap.
    Evaluation between energy efficiency, ecological impactand the compliance of regulations of road lighting2019Inngår i: Proceedings of the 29th Session of the CIE: Washington D.C., USA, June 14 – 22, 2019, Volume 1 – Part 2, Vienna: The International Commission on Illumination, 2019, Vol. 1, s. 1720-1728Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Road lighting causes unwanted ecological impact on species and habitats where species may be protected and/or light-sensitive. Yet, there is very little information available on how roadlighting should be ecologically designed while simultaneously considering energy efficiency and the regulations needed for safety reasons. The aim of this study was study designs of different dimensions regarding energy efficiency, ecological impact and the compliance with regulations for traffic safety. By using DIALux evo simulations with four different LED luminaires, different scenarios of road lighting designs (pole distance of 10m, 25m and 40m, and pole heights of 3m, 5m, and 8m) on a 7m wide road was evaluated. Ecological thresholds of 1 lux and 0.1 lux are possible to get below at distances from the road edge between 5–11m, and 8.5–20m, respectively. Results are discussed from the perspectives of increased demand on energy efficiency on road lighting.

  • 38.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Kollisioner och olyckor med rådjur i Sverige under 10 år (2003–2012): variation i tid, geografi och kostnader2014Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [sv]

    Målen med detta projekt var att skapa en 10-årig översikt över antalet rådjurskollisioner i Sverige och olyckornas variation i tid, geografi och kostnader, både avseende egendomsskador och personskadeolyckor. Olycksstatistik från NVR, Nationella viltolycksrådet (kollisioner), Strada (personskadeolyckor i Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition) och Ofelia (system för järnväg) har använts. Resultaten visar att antalet rådjurskollisioner ökat under 10-årsperioden. Totalt antal rådjursolyckor som blivit inrapporterade under åren 2003–2012 är 306 267 (egendomsskador och personskadeolyckor) medan antalet omkomna och skadade personer i dessa olyckor är 2 752. Ökningen i antalet rådjurskollisioner har varit betydligt större i de nordligaste länen och Gotland. Antalet rådjurskollisioner är betydligt fler under försommaren (maj–juni) och tidigt på vintern (oktober–december), medan antalet personskadeolyckor med rådjur är högst under sommaren. Antalet rådjurskollisioner varierar under dygnet men flest kollisioner och olyckor sker under morgon och kväll för både egendomsskador och personskadeolyckor. För antalet omkomna i olyckor med rådjur inblandade är antalet dubbelt så stort än de officiellt rapporterade antalen, medan antalet svårt skadade är minst 177 % högre än de officiella siffrorna. Det är troligt att den officiella statistiken även underskattar antalet dödade och skadade från övriga viltslag såsom älg, hjort och vildsvin. Denna studie visar att totala kostnaderna för rådjurskollisioner och rådjursolyckor 2012 överstiger 1 miljard kronor varav cirka 70 % är kostnader för egendomsskador.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 39.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    LED (Light-Emitting Diode) road lighting in practice: An evaluation of compliance with regulations and improvements for further energy savings2016Inngår i: Energies, E-ISSN 1996-1073, Vol. 9, nr 5, artikkel-id 357Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Light-emitting diode (LED) road lighting has been widely implemented in recent years, but few studies have evaluated its performance after installation. This study investigated whether LED road lighting complies with minimum regulations in terms of traffic safety and whether improvements for energy efficiency are possible. Average road surface luminance (L), overall luminance uniformity (U0), longitudinal luminance uniformity (U1), power density (PD) and normalised power density (PN) were evaluated for 14 roads (seven designed for vehicular traffic and seven for pedestrians and bicycles). Energy savings were calculated as the percentage reduction to the minimum level of the existing lighting class or a lower lighting class and by applying a dimming schedule. The results showed that LED road lighting for vehicular traffic roads generally fulfilled the requirements, whereas that for pedestrian and bicycle roads generally corresponded to the lowest lighting class for L, and often did not meet the statutory requirements for U0 and UI. By adapting lighting levels to the minimum requirement of the existing lighting class or by dropping to a lower lighting class, vehicular traffic roads could save 6%-35% on L to lighting class M5 and 23%-61% on L to lighting class M6. A dimming schedule could lead to energy savings of 49%. There is little potential for savings on pedestrian and bicycle roads, except by implementing a dimming schedule. Thus, in general, for vehicular, pedestrian and bicycle roads, a dimming schedule can save more energy than can be achieved in general by reducing lighting class. Furthermore, since a dimming schedule can be adjusted to traffic intensity, any potential risk of compromising traffic safety is minimised.

  • 40.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    LED och ekologiska effekter2015Inngår i: Ceebel Nyhetsbrev, Vol. 1, s. 1-3Artikkel i tidsskrift (Annet (populærvitenskap, debatt, mm))
    Abstract [sv]

    LED har olika typer av ekologisk påverkan och kan i vissa fall leda till större effekter än traditionellt använd belysning. Samtidigt har LED potential att kunna utvecklas till en ekologisk neutral belysning. Det finns en rad olika saker man kan tänka på vid inköp av LED-lampor för att minimera ekologisk påverkan, såsom låg effektnivå, använda dimringsteknik, undvika oönskad ljusspridning och att försöka undvika lampor som har höga nivåer av våglängder under 500 nm.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 41.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Högskolan i Jönköping, Tekniska Högskolan, JTH, Byggnadsteknik och belysningsvetenskap. Calluna AB, Linköping.
    LED-belysningens effekter på djur och natur med rekommendationer: Fokus på nordiska förhållanden och känsliga arter och grupper2018Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Fulltekst (pdf)
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  • 42.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Högskolan i Jönköping, Tekniska Högskolan, JTH, Byggnadsteknik och belysningsvetenskap.
    Level of knowledge of sustainable development (SD) in the master’s program Sustainable Building Information Management (BIM)Manuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    Sustainable development (SD) is essential to reduce and mitigate climate change impacts, environmental deterioration and to increase social sustainability. SD is therefore highly relevant for the engineering profession and is today found integrated with the higher education of specific engineering programs. This paper investigated the knowledge of SD for students entering the master’s program in Sustainable Building Information Management (BIM) by comparing levels of knowledge at the start and end of the first course Sustainability, Analyses and Simulations. The level of knowledge of SD was analyzed by classifying students’ conceptions of sustainability using SOLO taxonomy and the spectrum of liminality and the threshold concept. Students written responses to the question “What do you know about sustainability?” and written group project reports were used for analyzing levels of knowledge of SD. Levels of knowledge of SD was classified as pre (pre-liminal or pre-structural); uni-structural, multi-structural, relational and post-stages (extended abstract or post-liminal). In total, 68% of the students entering the master’s program in 2017 and 88% in 2018 showed a pre-structural, uni-structural and multi-structural SD knowledge. In general, few students entering the program showed relational and post-stages of SD knowledge, 32% and 12% of the students in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The students at the post-stage were able to express themselves more individually and creatively compared to previous levels in that they could connect the dimensions of SD to the context of SD of buildings, but also argue why SD of buildings was important and they could also suggest actions or tools for improved SD that engineers should use. Only one group of five (in 2017) showed a post-stage level of knowledge in the group project report. It is likely that the student’s general approach to the work with the reports was to mainly cope with the course requirements which is a sign of surface approach to learning. It, therefore, seems reasonable that future developments of the course should ensure that the students use the scientific literature in their group project reports to make it easier for them to understand the relationship between software use and the connection to green buildings certificate systems and SD of buildings. By making it mandatory to include scientific literature in the reports the students will be encouraged to read and think critically, and deeper, and to put the practical implementation of the software analysis results into a scientific context of SD and BIM.

  • 43.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    New Framework of Sustainable Indicators for Outdoor LED (Light Emitting Diodes) Lighting and SSL (Solid State Lighting)2015Inngår i: Sustainability, E-ISSN 2071-1050, Vol. 7, nr 1, s. 1028-1063Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Light emitting diodes (LEDs) and SSL (solid state lighting) are relatively  new light sources, but are already widely applied for outdoor lighting. Despite this, there is little available information allowing planners and designers to evaluate and weigh different sustainability aspects of LED/SSL lighting when making decisions. Based on a literature review, this paper proposes a framework of sustainability indicators and/or measures that can be used for a general evaluation or to highlight certain objectives or aspects of special interest when choosing LED/SSL lighting. LED/SSL lighting is reviewed from a conventional sustainable development perspective, i.e., covering the three dimensions, including ecological, economic and social sustainability. The new framework of sustainable indicators allow prioritization when choosing LED/SSL products and can thereby help ensure that short-term decisions on LED/SSL lighting systems are in line with long-term sustainability goals established in society. The new framework can also be a beneficial tool for planners, decision-makers, developers and lighting designers, or for consumers wishing to use LED/SSL lighting in  a sustainable manner. Moreover, since some aspects of LED/SSL lighting have not yet been thoroughly studied or developed, some possible future indicators are suggested.

  • 44.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Ny vägbelysning: hur väljer man & hur miljövänlig är den?2014Inngår i: REV bulletinen, Vol. 1, s. 16-17Artikkel i tidsskrift (Annet (populærvitenskap, debatt, mm))
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    FULLTEXT01
  • 45.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Botanical Institute, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden .
    Patterns of species richness and vegetative performance in heath ecosystems at Thingvellir, Southwest Iceland2004Inngår i: Icelandic Agricultural Sciences, ISSN 1670-567X, Vol. 16-17, s. 29-38Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The Racomitrium lanuginosum (Hedw.) Brid. moss heath is a unique environment and is of great importance for co-occurring established vascular plants. A thick moss carpet can prevent or restrict the growth of vascular plants as they are exposed to more unfavourable growth conditions, but the effect on species richness and abundance is less known. To investigate the negative effects of a well-developed moss carpet on established vascular plants, patterns of species richness, shoot density, and number of leaves (Carex bigelowii Schwein. and Thalictrum alpinum L.) were studied in two different vegetation types, Racomitrium lanuginosum moss heath, and dwarf shrub heath in Þingvellir National Park, Southwest Iceland.

    Species richness was higher in dwarf shrub heath and increased proportionally with the size of the shrub patches. Total species richness and plant functional dominance did not differ between vegetation types. There were no differences found in shoot density, percentage of flowering and juveniles, number of leaves in Carex bigelowii, or shoot density, flowering percentage or number of leaves in Thalictrum alpinum between the vegetation types. However, leaf length of Carex bigelowii was higher in the dwarf shrubs heath, indicating more favourable growth conditions, shade or shelter effects. It is possible that translocation is taking place between the shoots of the clonal vascular plants in this study so that the plants themselves are counteracting unfavourable effects in the different vegetation types. The effect of global climatic change on moss heaths in Iceland is briefly discussed.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 46.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Jönköping University, Tekniska Högskolan, JTH, Byggnadsteknik och belysningsvetenskap.
    Synergies and Trade-offs between sustainable development and energy performance of exterior lighting2020Inngår i: Energies, E-ISSN 1996-1073, Vol. 13, nr 9, artikkel-id 2245Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this review was tomap synergies and trade-offs between sustainable development and energy efficiency and savings regarding exterior lighting. Exterior lighting, such as public road and street lighting, requires significant amounts of energy and hinders sustainable development through its increasing of light pollution, ecological impact, and global climate change. Interlinkages between indicators in sustainability and energy that have positive interactions will lead to a mutual reinforcement in the decision-making process, and vice versa, interlinkages between trade-offs may lead to unwanted and conflicting effects. Very few studies have presented a clear vision of how exterior lighting should be contributing to, and not counteracting, the sustainable development of our planet. This study was conducted through a theoretical and systematic analysis that examined the interactions between sustainable development and energy performance based on a framework using indicators and variables, and by reviewing the current literature. Additionally, 17 indicators of energy efficiency and energy savings were identified and used in the analysis. Most interactions between variables for sustainable development and energy performance (52%) were found to be synergistic. The synergistic interactions were mostly found (71%) in the ecological and environmental dimension showing that environmental and ecological sustainability goes hand in hand with energy efficiency and savings. Trade-offs were found only in the economic and social dimensions accounting for 18% of the interactions identified. This review shows that the interactions between sustainable development and energy performance can be used to establish more efficient policies for decision-making processes regarding exterior lighting.

  • 47.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Trafiksäkerhets- och trygghetsaspekter i samspelet mellan gatumiljöns utformning och en mer energieffektiv belysning2014Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [sv]

    Projektets syfte var att studera trafiksäkerhetsaspekter i ny belysning och deras samspel med gatumiljön för oskyddade trafikanter. Projektet undersökte således belysningsförutsättningar, påverkan på cyklister, samspelet mellan belysning, trafiksäkerhet, gatumiljö och/eller andra effekter såsom trygghet, gällande tre olika ljuskällor och typer av belysning (kvicksilver 125W, keramisk metallhalogen 70W samt LED 25W) belägna i ungefär samma typ av gatumiljö på en gång- och cykelväg på Kungsholms strand i Stockholm. Resultaten visar att energiåtgången för LED är 28 % av traditionell kvicksilverbelysning och 49 % av keramisk metallhalogenbelysning. Denna studie visar att det är möjligt att få tillräckliga jämnhetsnivåer med LED-belysning men att detta är beroende av armaturens utformning, design och antalet stolpar per meter väg (i detta fall 15,3 m stolpavstånd). I denna undersökning påvisades inga skillnader i cykelhastighet för LED-belysning mellan dagsljus och mörker eller mellan olika typer av belysning. Analyser av trygghetsaspekter fungerade bra att göra baserat på enkla uppskattningar av hur bra belysningen fungerar (genom analys av digitala foton) och till exempel upplevelse av synbarhet stämmer mycket bra överens med de uppmätta fysikaliska belysningsmåtten.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 48.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö och trafikanalys, MTA.
    Träds inverkan på belysningseffekt på gång- och cykelvägar2011Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [sv]

    Träd och vegetation i gatumiljö är viktiga komponenter i urbana områden och ökar miljökvalitén i städer.Syftet med projektet var att kvantifiera hur stor andel av belysningseffekten som bortgår på gång- ochcykelvägar på grund av skuggning av träd för att kunna ge rekommendationer om skötsel för minimaltljusbortfall. Effekt på belysningsstyrka undersöktes på 17 platser med trädskugga och två platser utanskugga. Mått på skuggning var trädintrång och trädarea över GC-väg och förändringar i form av R/FRsom är ett mått på hur växtvävnad påverkar spektralfördelningen.Resultaten visar att all typ av utstickande, skuggande vegetation i GC-vägens område har en potentielltblockerande effekt på belysningsstyrka och att effekten ökar ju mer trädintrång som finns. Trädintrångorsakade en reduktion av belysningsnivåerna med mellan 27–77 % och alla undersökta skuggadevägavsnitt hamnade därför under sin ursprungliga belysningsklass. Nuvarande riktlinjer för fri höjd övergång- och cykelbanor och körbanor verkar därför inte vara tillräckliga för att förhindra skuggningseffekterav träd nattetid då den fria höjden bör vara åtminstone lika hög som stolphöjden för att undvikaatt trädintrång orsakar ljusbortfall.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 49. Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    et al.
    Alatalo, Juha M.
    Uppsala universitet, Växtekologi och evolution.
    Effects of human trampling on abundance and diversity of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens in alpine heath vegetation, Northern Sweden2015Inngår i: SpringerPlus, E-ISSN 2193-1801, Vol. 4, artikkel-id 95Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This study investigated the effects of human trampling on cover, diversity and species richness in an alpine heath ecosystem in northern Sweden. We tested the hypothesis that proximity to trails decreases plant cover, diversity and species richness of the canopy and the understory. We found a significant decrease in plant cover with proximity to the trail for the understory, but not for the canopy level, and significant decreases in the abundance of deciduous shrubs in the canopy layer and lichens in the understory. Proximity also had a significant negative impact on species richness of lichens. However, there were no significant changes in species richness, diversity or evenness of distribution in the canopy or understory with proximity to the trail. While not significant, liverworts, acrocarpous and pleurocarpous bryophytes tended to have contrasting abundance patterns with differing proximity to the trail, indicating that trampling may cause shifts in dominance hierarchies of different groups of bryophytes. Due to the decrease in understory cover, the abundance of litter, rock and soil increased with proximity to the trail. These results demonstrate that low-frequency human trampling in alpine heaths over long periods can have major negative impacts on lichen abundance and species richness. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that trampling can decrease species richness of lichens. It emphasises the importance of including species-level data on non-vascular plants when conducting studies in alpine or tundra ecosystems, since they often make up the majority of species and play a significant role in ecosystem functioning and response in many of these extreme environments.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 50. Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    et al.
    Alatalo, Juha M.
    Effects of human trampling on abundance and diversity of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens in alpine heath vegetation, Northern Sweden2015Inngår i: SpringerPlus, E-ISSN 2193-1801, Vol. 4, nr 1Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This study investigated the effects of human trampling on cover, diversity and species richness in an alpine heath ecosystem in northern Sweden. We tested the hypothesis that proximity to trails decreases plant cover, diversity and species richness of the canopy and the understory. We found a significant decrease in plant cover with proximity to the trail for the understory, but not for the canopy level, and significant decreases in the abundance of deciduous shrubs in the canopy layer and lichens in the understory. Proximity also had a significant negative impact on species richness of lichens. However, there were no significant changes in species richness, diversity or evenness of distribution in the canopy or understory with proximity to the trail. While not significant, liverworts, acrocarpous and pleurocarpous bryophytes tended to have contrasting abundance patterns with differing proximity to the trail, indicating that trampling may cause shifts in dominance hierarchies of different groups of bryophytes. Due to the decrease in understory cover, the abundance of litter, rock and soil increased with proximity to the trail. These results demonstrate that low-frequency human trampling in alpine heaths over long periods can have major negative impacts on lichen abundance and species richness. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that trampling can decrease species richness of lichens. It emphasises the importance of including species-level data on non-vascular plants when conducting studies in alpine or tundra ecosystems, since they often make up the majority of species and play a significant role in ecosystem functioning and response in many of these extreme environments.

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