Background. Samis are indigenous people in north Europe. In the territory called Sa´pmi (Lapland), reindeer herding is the traditional base for the Sami economy. The relation between living conditions and positive health of the Swedish Samis has been sparsely studied. As health is closely linked to sense of coherence (SOC), an understanding of the background factors to SOC may contribute knowledge that might be useful in promoting living conditions and health.

Methods. The study examines relations between the level of SOC and background factors from surveys in a Sami population (n=613) in comparison to a non-Sami population (n=525) in Sweden, and in comparison between 2 subsamples of Samis, that is, herders and non-herders.

Results. There are more similarities than differences between the Sami and non-Sami populations. However, dividing the Sami population, reindeer herders had significantly lower SOC, and in specific the subcomponent manageability, that is, less ability to use available resources to meet different demands in life, compared to non-herders.

Conclusions. In addition to age and health, predictors of SOC are related to the life form of reindeer husbandry and the belonging to the herding community

Background: Children with intellectual disabilities living in developing countries are vulnerable to participation restrictions. Few studies have been made regarding their own perspectives. Aim: To describe how children in a low income country aged 13-17 with an intellectual disability perceive their participation in everyday life activities. Method: This bachelor thesis was conducted as a descriptive study and had a quantitative approach. Participants were collected through a non-probability, goal-oriented consecutive sampling. Data were collected by using “Picture my Participation”, an instrument designed as a structured interview with quantitative questions. The data were analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics 21. Tables and diagrams were made in Microsoft Excel 2013. Result: The activity that the children participated in most frequently was “Daily routines at home for personal care (dressing, choosing clothing, hair care, brushing teeth)”. The activity that most children prioritized as most important, and they were most involved in was “Organised leisure activities”. “Services and policies” and “Social environment” were the factors seen as “Facilitators” to participation, whereas “Family attitudes” was seen as a “Barrier” to participation. Conclusion: The children perceived their participation in the prioritized activities as high and experienced few barriers in the context of participation.

Syftet var att beskriva hur arbetsterapeuter arbetar i aktivitet med vård- och terapihund och upplevd nytta med detta. Metoden som valdes var en kvalitativ induktiv ansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Elva arbetsterapeuter rekryterades genom ett bekvämlighetsurval via grupper på Facebook. Telefonintervjuer och intervjuer via personligt möte spelades in och transkriberades för att slutligen analyseras med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet mynnade ut i ett övergripande tema som var: Arbetsterapeuten och hunden som ett stöd till meningsfulla aktiviteter, vilket resulterade i tre huvudkategorier som var: nytta, aktivitet och kommunikation, samt 14 underkategorier. Slutsatsen av examensarbetet var att hunden kunde vara användbar i att motivera patienter till aktivitet samt att aktiviteter tillsammans med och för hunden kändes mer meningsfulla.

The aim of this study was to describe experiences of pain and its relationship to daily activities in people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Method. Seven semi-structured focus group discussions were conducted with 33 men and women of different ages with RA. Data were analysed with content analysis. Results. Pain affected everyday life and may be a barrier to perform valued activities. Regarding the impact of pain on participation and independence, personal factors and the social environment were found to be important. It could be a struggle to find the right activity balance, since it was easy to be overactive, triggering subsequent elevation of pain levels. However, the participants also described activities as a mediator of pain and a distraction from it.Conclusion. The relationship between pain and daily activities in RA was complex. Pain as an impairment was expressed to be related to activity limitations and participation restrictions, as well as to contextual factors. These findings highlight the clinical importance of paying attention to the complexity of pain and its relation to daily activities and participation.

Bakgrund: Smärta vid Reumatoid artrit (RA) ärett välkänt symtom som orsakar lidande ochaktivitetsbegränsning. Traditionellt mäts smärtainom reumatologin som smärtintensitet på enVisuell Analog Skala (VAS). Kunskapen kring hurpatienter med RA upplever smärta och dess konsekvenser är begränsad. Patientens egenbeskrivning behövs som underlag för behandlingsplanering och för att utveckla nya metoderför att beskriva problematiken.Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva smärtavid RA ur ett patientperspektiv med fokus på hursmärtan påverkar dagliga aktiviteter.Metod: Patienter med diagnostiserad RA i syd-östra Sverige identifierades via Svenska Reumatologiregistret. Urvalet baserades på minst 5 årssjukdomsduration och minst 40 mm smärtintensitet på VAS vid de två senaste besöken på reumatologklinik. Sammanlagt 33 patienter, 7 män och26 kvinnor, deltog i sju fokusgrupper. Gruppernaformades utifrån kön och ålder. Intervjuguideninnehöll frågor som: Hur beskriver patienter medRA sin smärta? Vad påverkar smärtan? Vilkakonsekvenser har smärtan för aktivitetsutförande,aktivitetsbalans och undvikande av aktivitet? Enkvalitativ innehållsanalys görs.Resultat/förväntat resultat: Analyser hittills visar patienternas frustration över att inteklara det man vill eller behöver göra, beroendeav andra, minskade möjligheter till delaktigheti sociala sammanhang. Och närståendes betydelse. Analyserna visar att smärtan är relaterad till Göteborg6-8 april 201134trötthet, stress och sinnesstämning och att arbeteeller andra aktiviteter medverkar till att glömmabort smärtan och uppehålla förmåga. Analysenslutförs under hösten.Konklusion: Denna studie förväntas genererany angelägen kunskap om och förståelse försmärta.

This study aimed to examine the difficulties with performing valued life activities in relation to pain intensity in women and men with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In total, 737 persons with RA (73 % women) from three rheumatology units in Sweden responded to a questionnaire measuring performance of 33 valued life activities and self-rated pain. The relationships between performance of valued life activities (VLAs) and pain (measured by visual analogue scale (VAS)) were analysed based on gender. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted with the total VLA score as dependent variable. Women reported more pain and difficulties in performing valued life activities than men. Across genders, 85 % reported at least one valued life activity affected by RA. Significantly more women than men encountered difficulties in performing some activities such as cooking, gardening and meeting new people. Women reported higher pain intensity (35 mm) than men (31 mm). Almost all 33 difficulty ratings for valued life activities were higher among persons with high pain (>40 mm) than persons with lower pain. Difficulty ratings for valued life activities correlated positively with pain in persons with lower pain, but not among those with high pain. The results highlight the importance of addressing pain, especially among women with RA, as they reported pain to impact on their valued life activities. Interestingly, this was evident also in women with lower levels of pain.

OBJECTIVES: To study differences regarding pain and activity limitations during the 3 years following diagnosis in women and men with contemporary treated early RA compared with their counterparts who were diagnosed 10 years earlier.

METHOD: This study was based on patients recruited to the Early Intervention in RA (TIRA) project. In the first cohort (TIRA-1) 320 patients were included in time for diagnosis during 1996-1998 and 463 patients were included in the second cohort (TIRA-2) during 2006-2009. Disease activity, pain intensity (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS), bodily pain (BP) in the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), activity limitations (Health Assessment Questionnaire, HAQ), and medication were reported at inclusion and at follow-up after 1, 2, and 3 years.

RESULTS: Disease activity, pain, and activity limitations were pronounced at inclusion across both genders and in both cohorts, with some improvement observed during the first year after diagnosis. Disease activity did not differ between cohorts at inclusion but was significantly lower at the follow-ups in the TIRA-2 cohort, in which the patients were prescribed traditional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and biological agents more frequently. In TIRA-2, patients reported significantly lower pain and activity limitations at all follow-ups, with men reporting lower pain than women. Women reported significantly higher activity limitations at all time points in TIRA-2.

CONCLUSIONS: Pain and activity limitations were still pronounced in the contemporary treated early RA cohort compared with their counterparts diagnosed 10 years earlier and both of these factors need to be addressed in clinical settings.

Background: Over the last decades the RA-treatment strategies have changed considerably. Routines for early RA diagnosis and instituted disease modifying anti rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) have been established. In the early 2000s biologic agents also became available for treatment purposes. Despite these altered and improved strategies RA patients continue to report pain and activity limitations; women more so than men.

Objectives: To study differences regarding pain and activity limitations during the first three years after diagnosis of RA in today's patients compared with patients diagnosed 10 years earlier from a gender perspective.

Methods: This study was based on patients recruited to the project “early interventions in RA” (TIRA). In the first cohort (TIRA-1) 320 patients were included during 1996-1998. In the second cohort (TIRA-2) 463 patients were included during 2006-2008. Disease activity score 28 joint count (DAS-28) and medication were registered. Pain intensity (VAS), bodily pain (BP) in Short Form36 (SF-36) and activity limitation (Health Assessment Questionnaire, HAQ) were reported at inclusion and at follow-ups after one, two and three years.

Results: Disease activity did not differ between cohorts at inclusion, but was significant lower at the follow ups in the TIRA-2 cohort compared with the TIRA-1 cohort. Patients in TIRA2 were prescribed traditional DMARD:s and biologic agents more frequent than in TIRA-1. The TIRA-2 patients reported significantly higher pain intensity and activity limitations at inclusion but lower pain intensity and activity limitations at all follow-ups than TIRA-1 patients. There were no significant differences between cohorts regarding bodily pain at inclusion, but thereafter the TIRA-2 patients showed significant lower bodily pain than the TIRA-1 patients. Men reported lower activity limitation than women in TIRA-1; otherwise there were no gender differences in TIRA-1. In TIRA-2, there were no significant gender differences regarding pain at inclusion. However, men reported lower pain than women at all follow-ups. Women, in turn, reported significantly higher activity limitations at all time points in TIRA-2. Pain and activity limitations were significantly reduced from inclusion to the one year follow-up but remained stable thereafter.

Conclusions: Both women and men in today's early RA patient cohort report lower pain and less activity limitations at the follow ups after diagnosis of RA compared to 10 years earlier. However, both activity limitations and bodily pain are still pronounced.

OBJECTIVE: To study whether personal factors (self-efficacy and pain acceptance) mediate the relationship between pain and performance of valued life activities in persons with rheumatoid arthritis.

METHODS: Persons with rheumatoid arthritis for at least four years (n = 737; 73% women) answered a questionnaire measuring self-efficacy, pain acceptance, performance of valued life activities, and self-rated pain. Relationships among these constructs were explored using univariate and multivariate analyses. Structural equation modelling was then used to examine the mediational role of personal factors on the relationship between pain and performance of valued life activities.

RESULTS: A direct negative association between pain and performance of valued life activities was identified (Beta = .34, P < .001). This suggests that people with rheumatoid arthritis who had higher levels of pain has increased difficulties in performing valued life activities. Self-efficacy and activity engagement component of pain acceptance mediated the relationship between pain and performance of valued life activities, however the pain willingness component of pain acceptance did not influence participation in valued life activities.

CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the importance of considering personal factors, such as pain acceptance and self-efficacy, in facilitating participation in valued life activities.

SummaryTitle: Occupational therapists as a coach or paramedicOccupational therapists have a holistic view and works with each individual in focus, based on individuals abilities in relation to activity. The occupational therapy profession with its broad expertise and broad perspective of understanding is facing new challenges. The purpose of this study was to describe occupational therapists perception of working as a coach or as a paramedic. A qualitative method with a purposive sampling combined with a net-work sam-pling were used. Two focus group discussions were conducted. The number of participants were nine female working occupational therapists from a various scope of practice. The data-analysis was conducted through individual and group analysis and different categories were defined in accordance with the purpose. The occupational therapists combine the two roles as coach and paramedic in their work with different individuals. What employer and work area the occupational therapists work in, is essential for what approach they have. Economics, po-litical factors and the focus of the work influences. Depending on work area and focus, the individual has varying responsibility in their rehabilitation/treatment. The occupational thera-py education generates a joint terminology and an activity perspective that forms a common basis. The traditional professional roles has been revised, the question is whether coach is a buzz-word and paramedic more traditional? It’s essential that the profession has a clear profile and today occupational therapists apply for the same posts as other professions. In conclusion the occupational therapy profession is multifaceted with a common ground. Work area and the individual are essential for the occupational therapists approach in the rehabilita-tion/treatment.

Background: Little is known about whether individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) experience any specific facilitators or barriers to driving education.

Objective: To explore the facilitators or barriers to driving education experienced by individuals with ASD or ADHD who obtained a learner’s permit, from the perspective of the learner drivers and their driving instructors.

Methods: Data were collected from 33 participants with ASD or ADHD, and nine of their driving instructors.

Results: Participants with ASD required twice as many driving lessons and more on-road tests than those with ADHD. Participants with ADHD repeated the written tests more than those with ASD. Driving license theory was more challenging for individuals with ADHD, whilst individuals with ASD found translating theory into practice and adjusting to “unfamiliar” driving situations to be the greatest challenges.

Conclusion: Obtaining a driving license was associated with stressful training experience.

Ungdomar spenderar stor del av sin tid i skolan och upplever en minskad tid till fritid på grund av skolarbete. Tiden utanför skoltid är viktig för återhämtning och för att upprätthålla aktivitetsbalansen samt motverka stressrelaterad ohälsa. Syftet med studien är att beskriva aktivitetsbalans i relation till den tid eleven spenderar på skolarbete utanför skoltid och stress. Studien har en kvantitativ design, 46 deltagare rekryterades genom ett icke-slumpmässigt bekvämlighetsurval. Deltagarna besvarade påståenden kring aktivitetsbalans med Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OBQ) och kompletterande frågor om tid spenderad på skolarbete utanför skoltid och stress. Deskriptiv statistik, Spearman´s rank correlation och Mann-Whitney U-Test användes för att sammanställa data. Resultatet visar att deltagargruppen uppnår generellt låga totalpoäng i OBQ. Kvinnor skattar betydligt lägre aktivitetsbalans än män. Generellt anger hela deltagargruppen många studietimmar/vecka, och kvinnor anger fler studietimmar/veckan än män. Majoriteten av deltagarna upplever stress. Deltagare som inte upplever stress anger alla höga poäng på påståendet balans mellan vila, återhämtning och sömn. Slutsatsen för studien är att flertalet av deltagarna upplever låg aktivitetsbalans. Det är inte troligt att det finns en relation mellan skolarbete utanför skoltid och ungdomars aktivitetsbalans. 

Background:

Purpose To identify and establish the number and aetiology behind children being killed or injured during school transport from a door-to-door perspective by using experience from Sweden and the UK. Methods Available crash data were analysed. Results In total, 361 children in Sweden during 1994–2001,i.e. 24% of the 1,515 identified children aged 6 - 16 who were injured or killed were identified in 256 school transport events. The predominant reason for being killed or injured when travelling on school transportation was when children were outside the bus (74%), either when passing the bus to cross the street, running in front of the bus (21%) or behind the bus (30%). Contrary to the general belief that children older than 12 are mature enough to handle traffic, more than 50% of the fatal injuries in Sweden affected children aged 13 –16. Similar results were found in the UK. The afternoon school journeys, pedestrians after alighting from the bus, and those in situations that deviated from their normal routine were found to be particularly vulnerable. Conclusions The travel chain perspective/or door to door perspective offers a promising approach for understanding school transport risks and for identifying effective countermeasures; including around bus stops and on the way to/from the bus stop. Data collection needs to be revised to reflect this approach.

Purpose

Road crash statistics reveal that school children are frequent victims and the most risky situation is when the child is outside the bus. The aim of this pilot study was to explore possible changes in speed, implementation of routines, hazard detection and child security gains from a driver support system integrated with intelligent bus stops and additional technical equipment.

Methods

In total, 130 children with transmitters were using two specially equipped busses and bus stops. Speed of oncoming and overtaking cars, implementation of routines, the possibilities to discover potential hazards and experienced stress in the children were analysed by speed measurements, diary notes, questionnaires and focus group interviews.

Results

This pilot study exploration showed that the speeds of other road users were reduced at one of two bus stops. The driver support system was frequently used in all its parts and was considered useful by the bus drivers. It also raised the level of routines and allowed the drivers to survey the children. Children reported feeling more secure with the system running and experienced less stress as a consequence of it.

Conclusion

This pilot study shows that the evaluated systems may have the ability to reduce speed of other road users, raise the level of routines and make children feel more secure. Further studies are needed that apply a holistic approach on school transportation safety and security.

Background: Sexual health is an important issue in daily life, but little is known about occupational therapy (OT) students’ views on these matters.

Aim: To explore occupational therapy students’ views on addressing sexual health in their future professional role.

Material and methods: A descriptive qualitative study involving 37 OT students in 5 focus groups was performed and analyzed using content analysis.

Results: Three categories: ‘Sexual health is part of occupational therapy and but not of the OT educational program’; ‘Need for knowledge to identify and intervene related to sexual health problems’; and finally, ‘Communication about sexual health—unknown, untried, but necessary’, formed the theme, ‘Willing to try, wanting to know more, and recognizing not only the difficulties and challenges but also the importance of sexual health in OT practice’.

Conclusions: OT-students consider sexual health as part of OT-practice, but experience lack of knowledge of sexual health related to disease/disability, cultural diversity, and age and sexual orientation. Educational programs need to cover these matters, including how to address sexual health in OT-practice, to enhance OT’s future competence related to promotion of sexual health for clients.

Significance: Knowledge on students’ views are vital to guide education on this important, rather neglected, area. 

Background. Knowledge about how people with severe mental illness find meaning in non-work occupations is important in order to develop programmes of meaningful daily occupations for this group.

Purpose. To examine the meaning daily occupations may bring to those who are severely mentally ill and unemployed.

Methods. Twelve unemployed people with severe mental illness were interviewed regarding their experience of meaning in daily occupations.

Findings. Meaning was experienced in a balance between occupations that helped the informants control their mental illness. Themes of meaning were: feeling competent and being socially engaged, having routines and being productive, being creative and seeking knowledge, and taking care of body and mind. Substitutes for paid work were found in occupations such as taking care of the household or being productive at a day centre.

Implications. People with severe mental illness should be allowed to play an active role in their rehabilitation process, using the occupational therapist for forming daily routines, creating a balance between work-like and restful occupations, finding occupations that meet one’s skills and training social behaviour. Besides, work-related occupations should be emphasized in the rehabilitation.

The Code of Ethics for Occupational Therapists stipulates how occupational therapists should think about the profession’s central concepts in practice, where ‘Health’ is one such concept. Other guiding principles for practice are the Occupational Therapy Process Model and the ARTUR Case Record Structure. The aim of this study has been to identify and describe how occupational therapists at a hospital in Sweden documented interventions in patient case records. A stratified and random sample of one hundred case records was evaluated in relation to a checklist. The results showed that only 21 percent of the case records were complete. Often, the notes were found under the wrong keyword and 12 percent of the occupational therapy cases were indistinct and did not belong to any of the intervention categories in which occupational therapists normally intervene. Despite this, the majority of the case records reflected the ICF’s Activity/Participation component, which could be interpreted to mean that the occupational therapists held holistic health notions in line with the code of ethics. In order to improve the occupational therapists’ documentation in patient case records, further discussions of the central concepts and guiding principles for occupational therapy are required.

Under det senaste decenniet har det blivit allt vanligare med arbetsrelaterade besvär hos uniformerad polis i yttre tjänst, främst är det besvär från nedre delen av ryggen som uppgetts. Hälsohögskolan i Jönköping har fått i uppdrag av Rikspolisstyrelsen att belysa och utreda den uppkomna problematiken. Två tidigare rapporter, Polisens fysiska arbetsmiljö och Polisens psykosociala miljö, har presenterats. I rapporten om polisens fysiska arbetsmiljö framkom en hög förekomst av besvär från muskler och leder, främst nedre delen av ryggen under förhållande med bärande av utrustningsbältet i kombination med mycket stillasittande i tjänstebilar. I den andra rapporten framkom att en stor del av poliserna arbetar treskift och i många fall långa arbetspass, vilket yttrar sig i att de har svårt att psykiskt återhämta sig, inte har tid för familj och vänner samt att de ofta upplever sig trötta. I den tredje och sammanfattande rapporten presenteras vilka bakomliggande variabler som påverkar den fysiska och psykosociala arbetsmiljön.

Syftet med studien var att analysera vilka variabler och vilka kombinationer av variabler som påverkar den fysiska och psykosociala arbetsmiljön för uniformerad polis i yttre tjänst i Sverige. Rapporten baseras på 4244 enkätsvar från poliser i yttre uniformerad tjänst.

Resultatet från föreliggande studie har visat att det finns skillnaden i besvärsfrekvens mellan myndigheterna när det gäller otillräcklig fysisk och psykisk återhämtning samt besvär ifrån nedre delen av ryggen. Orsakerna till skillnaden mellan myndigheterna är inte utredda. Studien har visat att besvärsfrekvensen ökar då det föreligger krav att arbeta på ett rullande treskiftsschema. Utifrån detta föreslår vi att man:

• utför benchmarking av polismyndigheter för att öka förståelsen för de stora skillnader som förekommer

• utvärderar olika modeller av schemaläggning avseende treskift

• fortsätter arbetet med att utreda hur polisens uniform och kroppsburna utrustning, i kombination med bilsätets utformning, påverkar besvär från nedre delen av ryggen.

Introduction:Malawi is located in south-east Africa, 53% of the population live below the poverty line. Few studies have specifically investigated the situation for people with physical disabilities in Malawi. The aim of this study was to explore the opinions and feelings of how it is to live with a physical disability in Malawi from a prosthetic and orthotic patient perspective.

Methods:A qualitative study using individual semi-structure interviews for data collection was performed with 16 patients, men and women with physical disabilities receiving services from the prosthetic and orthotic centre in Lilongwe, Malawi. Data were analysed using content analysis.

Results:Six categories emerged from the data. People with physical disabilities felt independent and wanted to take care of themselves. They experienced mainly positive attitudes and encouragement from others. They had a positive view of life, but the disability affected their life situation. Contact with other people with physical disabilities was requested for support and experience-sharing. The major concern was work and the financial situation. Ability to work was important to meet basic needs and for the feeling of independence. Negative attitudes were a result of poor knowledge.

DiscussionThe study showed a clear need of creating work opportunities specifically for people with physical disabilities, since having a job was found important for many reasons. Support programs profiled to help and strengthen people with physical disabilities in Malawi would be beneficial for them to access the labour market. Spreading knowledge and information about physical disabilities and orthopedic devices is a key issue to create a better understanding and to change people ́s attitudes.

Conclusions:Work was important for the feeling of freedom, independence and for the self-image. Negative attitudes were uncommon, but when seen they were a result of poor knowledge about causes of disability and the situation for these people.

Background: Children with disabilities living in low and middle income countries’ perceptions of participation are not shown in research. These perceptions are important for providing appropriate interventions. Aim: To describe how children aged 8-12 with an intellectual disability living in Ethiopia perceive their situation regarding participation in activities in everyday life. Method: A descriptive design with a quantitative approach was used. The sample was gathered using consecutive sampling. Fifteen structured interviews were conducted, using “Picture my participation,” an instrument under development. Analyses were made using SPSS Statistics and Microsoft Excel. Results: The children perceived that they participated in activities in everyday life. There was a broad variation in the activities the children prioritized as most important. On a group level, they were very involved in these activities. The majority did not experience any barriers to perform these activities. Conclusions: The perceptions of the majority of the children were that they were involved in daily activities. They did not experience any barriers to participation. The results should be read with caution and generalization is not possible, due to the sample characteristics and that the instrument is under development.

To suffer from a rheumatic disease may cause physical symptoms such as inflammation, functional impairment and immune reactions. The disease results in consequences in the everyday life that may affect activity performance in roles.

The purpose of this study was to describe how people with rheumatic disease can experience impact on their roles in everyday life.

Integral method was used with match sampling on ten people with rheumatic disease. The instrument Role Checklist and semi-structured interviews were used to obtain a comprehensive and reliable picture of experiences impact in roles.

The result was described in a table, a schematic figure and descriptive text with quotations. The study showed that a rheumatic disease had an experienced impact on roles in everyday life through functional impairments and reduced endurance. The worker-role and home maintainer influenced, since they were decreased or completely missing. People who had developed strategies did not experience as much influence on their roles.

The authors believe that strategies can help people with rheumatic disease to maintain their roles despite sickness. Occupational therapists plays an important and crucial role by teaching strategies enabling people to engage in activities which can cause meaning and satisfaction. This promotes physical and emotional wellbeing for the person.

Background and purpose – Thrombolysis after stroke improves the neurological conditions but there is uncertainty if the improvement also embraces other areas. The aim was to describe the prevalence and occurrence of fatigue and dependence in ADL in individuals with stroke, and the relationship between them. The aim was also to identify which possible factors affect fatigue or dependence in ADL within the thrombolysis group and the control group of people with stroke who have not received thrombolysis. Methods - This study included 443 persons registered in Riks-Stroke, during 2010-2012. Information on background variables and thrombolytic treatment was collected during the hospital stay. All persons were discharged to their homes after the hospital stay. The persons were divided in thrombolysis group and control group and after three months, fatigue and ADL-ability (living situation, personal care, movements, dependence on relative) and memory were assessed. Results– Within the thrombolysis group there was 32.1% who reported great problems of fatigue and one-third (32.1%) was partly dependent in ADL. No statistical differences were observed between the groups, but an association was found between fatigue and need for assistance in ADL. The association persisted when people with memory problems were excluded. In the thrombolysis group, an association was found between fatigue and memory problems and an increased tendency of fatigue in women. In the thrombolysis group it was also established an association between ADL and memory problems, NIHSS (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale) and days at stroke unit, and an increased need for support in ADL for women. Conclusion – Post stroke fatigue (PSF) is a significant problem affecting the ADL-ability.  The study showed no distinct predictors of PSF. The results indicate the importance of information to pay attention to PSF and a great need of rehabilitation after stroke, irrespectively of group.

This Bachelor thesis aims to describe the self-rated occupational balance and health of students and to examine the correlation between them. 228 students from the nursing program and the social work program at the School of Health Sciences in Jönköping, recruited using convenience sampling, were asked to participate in the thesis by filling in the Life Balance Inventory (LBI) and two supplementary questions regarding age and self-rated health. The data was analyzed and processed in SPSS to describe the participants' self-rated occupational balance and health and to investigate a possible correlation between the two. The results showed total mean value on the LBI was 2.38 with a standard deviation of 0.26. The students had, over all, good health as over 80% rated their health as good or very good. Spearman's correlation test was used to investigate the possible correlation between self-rated health and occupational balance. The result showed a statistically significant (p = 0.001) weak positive correlation (r = 0.26). It can be concluded that the students experienced good health and occupational balance, however, no strong correlation between self-rated health and activity balance could be identified.