In today's classrooms, there is an increasing number of multilingual students, and how this can be dealt with to create equal teaching can be experienced by teachers as challenging. The aim is therefore to contribute with knowledge about how teachers in primary school grades 1–3 perceive that they are working to include multilingual resources in Swedish teaching, to improve learning in the multilingual classroom. The research questions that were answered are: To what extent and how do the teachers feel that they include multilingual resources in the Swedish teaching? What opportunities and challenges do teachers perceive with including multilingual resources in Swedish teaching? The theoretical framework for the study is based on Vygotsky's sociocultural theory and its focus on language development and social interaction. The material was collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed through thematic analysis. The results show that the teachers look at multilingual resources in different ways and that these seem to depend on which school the teachers teach at. It also shows that the teachers see the opportunities and the good effects of using students' multilingual resources, but also challenges in form of a lack of resources and time, among other things.

Studiens syfte är att bidra med kunskap om hur förskollärare stimulerar språkutvecklingen hos flerspråkiga barn. Studien har haft ett fokus på hur förskollärare beskriver arbetet kring språkutvecklingen hos flerspråkiga barn i förskolan. Studiens frågeställningar är: Vilka metoder beskriver förskollärare att de använder för att stötta flerspråkiga barn i sin språkutveckling? Hur beskriver förskollärare sina möjligheter att stötta flerspråkiga barns språkutveckling? Det sociokulturella perspektivet som grundas i Vygotskijs teorier om hur barnet utvecklas, lär sig genom språk och tar till sig olika kulturer har förankrats i denna studie. Studien har utgått från en kvalitativ metod och semistrukturerade intervjuer valdes där sex yrkesverksamma förskollärare intervjuades för att besvara våra frågeställningar. Resultatet har påvisat att förskollärarna skapar olika strategier för flerspråkigheten att synas i förskolans verksamhet och stöttar barnen till att utveckla det svenska språket oberoende på barnens modersmål. Slutsatsen är att samarbetet med vårdnadshavarna och förskolorna har en betydelsefull roll i att utveckla barnens flerspråkighet, däremot upplever förskollärarna en viss utmaning i hur de ska främja flerspråkighet.

Research in SLA has traditionally involved mainly well-educated language learners. Therefore, scholars have recently pointed out the need to investigate more diverse populations of L2 learners (Andringa & Godfroid 2019). The present project responds to this call by examining the role of educational background in vocabulary-learning-strategy use and vocabulary knowledge in immigrants studying L2 Swedish. Research on individual differences in SLA suggests that strategy use may affect learning outcomes and that strategies might also be successfully instructed (Griffiths, 2022). Hence one can speculate that well-educated learners have generally more efficient strategies, giving them an advantage compared to less educated learners. However, findings are inconclusive with regard to the relationship between educational background and strategic behavior (LaBontee 2019). The present study addresses this knowledge gap.

In this ongoing project, a questionnaire was distributed to 42 adult immigrants studying L2 Swedish at the A2 level. The group was heterogeneous with regard to age (Mdn = 35; IQR = 2545), length of residence in Sweden (Mdn = 4; IQR = 2–5), years of education (Mdn = 10; IQR = 9–14), and language background; the most represented L1s among the participants were Arabic, Kurdish and Farsi. Vocabulary knowledge was measured with a modified version of Bokander’s (2016) SweLT test, with items selected to match the participants’ level of L2 Swedish. Use of vocabulary-learning strategies was examined with a modified version of Labontee’s (2019) SVLSS 2.0 test. Together, these data enable us to explore interactions between educational background, vocabulary knowledge, and strategy use, while controlling for participants’ age, time of residence, and language background.

Data collected so far indicate that learners with a shorter education generally use fewer vocabulary-learning strategies, compared to learners with longer education. Importantly, learners with shorter education also appear to prefer basic strategies, like writing and rehearsing wordlists, and this preference is negatively correlated with vocabulary knowledge. In contrast, learners with longer education prefer contextual strategies, like guessing the meaning of new words, and this preference is positively correlated with vocabulary knowledge. In other words, while lesseducated learners appear to focus on rehearsing words, more well-educated learners strive to learn new words in an autonomous way, which may enable them to acquire a larger vocabulary. These results suggest that research on vocabulary-learning-strategy use in well-educated L2 learners cannot be directly generalised to other populations. In addition, the findings may be helpful for L2 teachers aiming at individualising their strategy-use instruction. 

The purpose of the study is to investigate how teachers describe opportunities and barriers with traditional writing acquisition through WTR. The goal is to provide knowledge about how the methods can be used in teaching. Four research questions were asked based on the aim:

• How do teachers describe that they work with traditional writing acquisition?
• How do teachers describe that they work with WTR?
• What are the advantages of the methodes according to teachers?
• What are the disadvantages of the methodes according to teachers?

The study is based on the socio-cultural perspective. A qualitative method has been used to collect data through semi-structured interviews. The respondents were of five teachers who work in primary schools. The collected material was analyzed with the help of a thematic analysis method in which the collected material was color-coded according to how it respondse to the questions of the study. The findings shows how teachers work with traditional writing and digital writing in school, as well as what there are for opportunities and barriers there are in connection with the two methodes.

Syftet med denna studie är att granska vad samtida forskning säger om användningen av skönlitteratur i undervisning i engelska som främmande språk i mellanstadiet. Forskningsfrågorna fokuserar på för- och nackdelar med användningen av skönlitteratur, samt hur dessa förhåller sig till kunskapskraven i engelska i mellanstadiet. Bakgrunden berör olika begrepp viktiga för förståelse av detta ämne, skönlitteraturens betydelse allmänt och i skolans värld samt de delarna i styrdokumentet Lgr 11 som pekar på behov av ett komplext undervisningsmaterial i engelska som främmande språk. Resultatdelen lyfter fram olika forskningsresultat som rör användningen av skönlitteratur i de yngre och äldre årskurserna. Här berörs för- och nackdelar när det gäller inlärning av nya ord, grammatik samt utveckling av andra aspekter såsom empati, kritiskt tänkande och interkulturell kompetens. Det lyfts även fram olika aspekter av arbetet med skönlitteratur som till exempel att förberedelse, genomförande och uppföljning av lektioner kräver mer tid av en lärare, än undervisning som endast följer en kursbok. Granskningen är baserad på forskningsartiklar, samt böcker som behandlar temat skönlitteraturens betydelse allmänt samt skönlitteraturens betydelse för inlärning av främmande- och andraspråk. Eftersom denna granskning är inriktad mot grundskolans mellanstadium, och i avsaknad av ytterligare material som behandlar mellanstadieålder, har jag även använt mig av undersökningar som omfattar äldre elever. Genom en noga granskning av forskningsmaterialen återger studien en bild av skönlitterära texters för- och nackdelar för språkundervisning i engelska som främmande språk i mellanstadiet.

This essay examines the use of the character Harry Potter as focalizer in the Harry Potter series. The objective is to see how Harry’s preconceived notions are caused by his inability to grasp moral complexity. The study is conducted by a close reading of the novels with the focus on the relationship between Harry and the character Severus Snape. The study is based on the theoretical foundation of narratology by Gérard Genette, as well as Wolfgang Iser’s explanation of the implied reader. Many instances of interaction between Harry and Snape in the book series are dependent on Harry’s viewpoint and his preconceived notions. Harry as the focalizer of the text affects the implied reader’s given view of Snape, while the real reader sees other parts of his personality due to the independence from the focalizer’s point-of-view. Snape’s moral complexity shows by the choices he makes is the cause of the misconceptions held by Harry and the implied reader. 

The aim of this essay is to gain knowledge about attitudes towards the use of different varieties of English in the classroom from the perspective of seven English teachers in Swedish upper secondary school. The study was carried out through interviews with teachers from different upper secondary schools in Sweden. Qualitative interviews were used to gain information from the teachers. The results showed that the language varieties most of the teachers used were American English and British English, which had to do with what variety they were more exposed to. When asked about their students’ choices of language variety in the classroom, the teachers said that they used American English because of the frequent presence of the variety in films and television. The teachers worked with language varieties in the classroom by incorporating different varieties into the teaching using films, clips or listening comprehensions with speakers of, for example, Indian English or Australian English. Regarding the significance of working with language varieties in the classroom, the teachers said that it could develop knowledge and understanding of other people and that it could expand knowledge about the English-speaking world. In conclusion, the results showed that, even though American English and British English are the most commonly used English varieties in Swedish upper secondary schools, there are many ways teachers try to incorporate other language varieties to help students develop their English.  

Denna studie syftar till att öka kunskap kring hur undervisning av elevers muntliga förmåga inom ämnet moderna språk kan utvecklas. Studien söker svar på två centrala frågor:

1. Vilka faktorer beskriver lärare i moderna språk kan påverka elevernas utvecklande av muntlig kommunikation negativt?
2. Vilka faktorer beskriver lärare i moderna språk främjar elevernas kunskaper i tal- och samtal på målspråket?

Studien utförs med en kvalitativ metod och datainsamlingen sker genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex lärare som undervisar i ämnet moderna språk på högstadiet. Resultatet av studien visar att faktorer som stora elevgrupper, elevers brist på självförtroende och begränsat utrymme påverkar elevernas inlärning i moderna språk negativt. I undersökningen framkommer det också att lärarna pekar på vikten av att genomföra strukturerad undervisning, att etablera en inkluderande inlärningsmiljö, att skapa positiva relationer och stimulera interaktion i klassrummet, för att förebygga utmaningar och gynna elevernas språkkunskaper i tal och samtal.

This essay examines the importance of decadence in the generational novel Gentlemen (1980) by Klas Östergren. The aim is partly to draw attention to a neglected authorship, partly to apply a theory that can illuminate Gentlemen. That is why I ask how decadence is reflected in the novel's main characters, community atmosphere and form.

My definition of decadence is based on Paul Bourget's Theorie de la decadence (1883), in which he portrays society, individuals and the language's decline. With these thoughts in mind, I assume a broad definition of decadence that focuses on man's ambivalence towards life in a world that is fallen in sense of values. The theory of decadence is thus the starting point of this analysis through close reading, where I discern prominent aspects of decadence.

Especially significant is the so-called Makten (The Force), and its claims for loyalty, as a cause of apocalyptic atmosphere. In order to deal with this dark, contemporary period, art becomes a refuge in similar ways as the artificial paradises of the Decadent era. Henry, like a dandy turns himself and his comforting everyday rituals into art; Leo, faithful to his disloyalty, tries to uncover the truth about the lies of Makten in his poetry; and Klas the narrator tells the truth about Henry and Leo by writing Gentlemen. By a homodiegetic narrator the characters are dissolved into their actions and the plot into details. Thus, both the book's aesthetics and themes can be traced to decadence.

This review article discusses some problems and needs for clarification that are connected with the use of the concepts culture, language, tool, and communication in Daniel Everett’s recently published book, Language: The Cultural Tool. It also discusses whether the idea of biological readiness and preparedness for language (rather than grammar) can really be disposed of as a result of Everett’s very convincing arguments against a specific genetic predisposition for the syntactic component of a grammar. Finally, it calls into question whether Everett really is true to his professed ideology of scientific ideographical pragmatism. ©2012 John Benjamins Publishing Company.

The purpose of this paper is to suggest a view of word meaning on the type level which is based on “meaning potentials” rather than on reified type meanings founded on either of the two traditional approaches of abstract generalization (Gesamtbedeutung) and typical or basic meaning (Grundbedeutung). It is suggested that actual meaning on the occurrence level is produced by context-sensitive operations of meaning activation and meaning determination which combine meaning potentials with each other and with contextually given information rather than by some simple compositionality operations yielding phrase and sentence meaning from simple type meanings of one of the two traditional kinds. To establish this goal, I first present the traditional notions and discuss some problems which arise when trying to handle variation in meaning. I then specifically discuss the relation of homonymy and polysemy to the traditional notions. In section 3, 1 introduce the notion of “meaning potentials” as an alternative to the traditional notions and then discuss in section 4 how this notion might be used to handle problems of meaning variation, focusing especially on homonymy and polysemy.

This paper discusses the relations between the semantic and the pragmatic web. After recapitulating some characterizations and definitions of the semantic and the pragmatic web two main tasks of pragmatics and of the pragmatic web are distinguished. The nature of the first of these tasks is then briefly discussed, leaving a further explication for future work. The paper ends by relating both tasks of the pragmatic web to the semantic web. Copyright 2008 ACM.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss some problems in identifying stances and the features that express these stances in televised political debates where there is conflict escalation. The study is based on an analysis of video-recorded political debates in different European languages (Italian (1), German (2) and US-American English (1)) and consists of a qualitative analysis of the videos in order to understand the similarities and differences in the use of social signals for stances in conflict situations in a similar setting (televised political debate) in three western cultures. ©2012 IEEE.

There are currently two distinct but not necessarily mutually exclusive approaches to the retrieval of information from linguistic corpora. ’Corpus-driven’ approaches rely solely on the corpus itself to yield significant patterns. With the exception of orthographic spacing, no additional annotations to a ’raw’ corpus are used to guide searches and the retrieval of information from the corpus. Typically, key word in context (KWIC) analyses are applied to relevant concordance lines to extract statistically significant lexical and grammatical patterns. In ’corpus-based’ approaches, on the other hand, information is retrieved from an enriched corpus on the basis of annotations in the form of linguistic tags and annotations. That is, the annotations are used to direct the searches to specific grammatical and lexical phenomena in a corpus. In this article, we propose a corpus-based approach and a tagset to be used on a corpus of spoken language for the African languages of South Africa. A number of problematic linguistic phenomena such as fixed expressions, agglutination, morphemic merging and spoken language phenomena such as interrupted words etc., often have some effect on tagging principles. These problematic phenomena are discussed and illustrated. The development of the tagset is based on the morphosyntactic properties of Xhosa for reasons that are outlined in the article. Manual tagging of a large corpus would be quite a daunting and time-consuming task, not to mention the potential for various kinds of errors. This problem is solved in a two-step process. Firstly, a computer-based drag-and-drop tagger was developed to facilitate the manual tagging of a so-called training corpus. This training corpus then forms the input to the development of an automatic tagger. The principles and procedures for the development of an automatic tagger for African languages are also discussed. ©2003 NISC Pty Ltd.

In this paper we give an outline of a corpus planning project which aims to develop linguistic resources for the nine official African languages of South Africa in the form of corpora, more specifically spoken language corpora. In the course of the article, we will address issues such as spoken language vs. written language, register vs. activity and normative vs. non-normative approaches to corpus planning. We then give an outline of the design of a spoken language corpus for the nine official African languages of South Africa. We consider issues such as representativity and sampling (urban-rural, dialects, gender, social class and activities), transcription standards and conventions as well as the problems emanating from widespread loans and code switching and other forms of language mix characteristic of spoken language. Finally, we summarise the status of the project at present and plans for the future. ©2003 NISC Pty Ltd.

Today, intercultural first acquaintance meetings are becoming more and more frequent. The aim of this study is to describe, analyze and compare Swedish, Chinese and Swedish-Chinese first acquaintance interactions. Our focus lies on a classification of the topics in mono- and intercultural first-time encounters. The analysis is based on 12 arranged face-to-face first acquaintance interactions between Chinese-Chinese, Swedish-Swedish and Swedish-Chinese students (4 of each dyad). The interactions are video-recorded and transcribed. In addition, semi-structured interviews with the participants have been conducted to get a better understanding of their communication. The method of activity-based communication analysis is used to analyze the data. The result of the study is a classification and a cross-cultural comparison of topics and the order of their occurrence in first time encounters. In addition, the study sheds light on the similarities and differences between Chinese and Swedish communication patterns. ©2011 Springer-Verlag.

This paper is an exploration in the semantics and pragmatics of linguistic feedback, i. e. linguistic mechanisms which enable the participants in spoken interaction to exchange information about basic communicative functions, such as contact, perception, understanding, and attitudinal reactions to the communicated content. Special attention is given to the type of reaction conveyed by feedback utterances, the communicative status of the information conveyed (i. e. the level of awareness and intentionality of the communicating sender), and the context sensitivity of feedback expressions. With regard to context sensitivty, which is one of the most characteristic features of feedback expressions, the discussion focuses on the way in which the type of speech act (mood), the factual polarity, and the information status of the preceding utterance influence the interpretation of feedback utterances. The different content dimensions are exemplified by data from recorded dialogues and by data given through linguistic intuition. Finally, two different ways of formalizing the analysis are examined, one using attribute-value matrices and one based on the theory of situation semantics. ©1992 N.I.S. Foundation (1992).

Social activities are an important part of the context of language use and provide many keys to understanding linguistic and communicative features. Such features can be well understood only if they are observed in their natural setting which to some extent is possible using a multimodal corpus as linguistic communication itself is multimodal. In order to study naturalistic multimodal communication using a corpus, the corpus should contain a combination of recordings, documentation, and transcription of multimodal communication from different social activities in naturalistic settings, preserving unedited conversation. This paper presents a brief account of the principles, methodology, current status, and further issues, based on an incrementally growing and multimodal activity based spoken language corpus of Lohorung.

Language is used for communication and communication facilitates social activities. If we want to capture this, linguistic investigation has to be carried out within a wider context. Examination of linguistic communication in a wider context shows that it is multimodal. In order to study naturalistic multimodal communication using a corpus, the corpus should contain a combination of recordings, documentation, and transcription of multimodal communication from different social activities in naturalistic settings, preserving unedited conversation. This paper presents a brief account of the principles, methodology, current status, and preliminary findings, based on an incrementally growing and multimodal activity based spoken language corpus of Nepali. ©2012 IEEE.

The text analyzes and compares the presence of the Anthropocene discourse in picture books from the northern hemisphere, both published in 2007, I skogen (In the wood) by Swedish author Eva Lindström and Winston of Churchill: One Bear’s Battle Against Global Warming by Canadian Jean Davis Okimoto. The books depict the tripartite relation between man-animal-nature as interdependent, but differently. While the Canadian book has an overt mission to enlighten the public about the effects of climate change for the artic region, in the Swedish book there is no overt message, but can be spotted and understood from an ecocritical perspective.

According to Anthropocene discourse nature is no longer a passive and static context for human actions (Crutzen 2000) and human control is an illusion (Carson 2002) [1962]. With Darwin man is defined as one species among many and after the rise of Ecology man is regarded as a species subsumed into an ecosystem. Ecologist Tormod Valaand Burkey advocates therefore for a new ethics where economy and man´s practices and values must adapt to a larger ecological context (2013).

The picture book analysis focuses on the combined pictorial and verbal narrative depiction of climate change and its threat to biodiversity. The focus is on how the representation of man as a species is depicted as well as its relation to other species of fauna and flora. The analysis will concentrate on attitudes, actions and ethical values expressed by protagonists when dealing with climate change in relation to an ecological ethics where human rights are closely knit with animal rights and biodiversity.  

Nesser’s most popular crime novel Kim Novak and its pendant Piccadilly, set in the 1960’s in Midsweden, share time, location, and the adolescence’s search for identity. In that quest the merging popular culture plays an important role. (Grossberg 1997) Nesser catches the characteristics of the time; Erik, 14 years, reads and writes comics; Mauritz, 17 years, listens to the latest pop music and constantly adds to his album collection. He also writes poetry and reads classics while listening to his rock music. The preferences of music, film and literature as well as the media practices by the protagonists convey authenticity to the setting but also serve as a narrative device to characterize the protagonists. The paper illustrates how the references to popular culture are used to depict the complexity and the dynamics of the main characters’ development.

Konstetablissemanget speglar en patriarkal värld i vilken olika spelregler gäller för kvinnor och män. Detta förhållande påkallar en undersökning för hur förutsättningarna ter sig för manligt och kvinnligt konstnärskap i bilderböcker i barnlitteraturen. Den västerländska bilderboken är ett lämpligt undersökningsobjekt eftersom den sedan modernismen har varit en konstform som uttrycker, speglar och experimenterar med bildkonst och konstnärskap. (Beckett 2012, Druker 2008). Beckett undersöker i sin översikt av crossover-bilderböcker en del av detta fenomen, nämligen bilderböcker som alluderar till bildkonst. I hennes redogörelse framkommer det att anmärkningsvärt få böcker handlar om kvinnliga konstnärer, liksom om konst skapad av kvinnor, Frida Kahlo undantagen. Om Becketts översikt är representativ bekräftar den att framställningar av kvinnligt konstnärskapande är försummat i bilderböcker. 

Syftet med mitt paper är sålunda att studera hur bildkonstnärer och konstnärlig aktivitet representeras på den svenska bilderboksmarknaden med hänsyn till genus. Till min hjälp har jag genusstudier utförda på barnlitteratur (Andrae 2001, Söderberg et al. 2013) och på bilderböcker (Österlund 2009). Min metod är att jämföra framställningar av kvinnliga och manliga konstnärliga aktiviteter ur ett genusperspektiv. Min analys kommer också att inkludera en inledande kvantitativ undersökning av bilderböcker som behandlar konstnärer och konstnärlig kreativitet på marknaden. Hur många är de? Hur många representerar kvinnors konstskapande? Min avsikt är att kvantifiera antalet böcker som behandlar kvinnliga konstnärer i förhållande till manliga, liksom att skissera typiska karakteristiska i dessa bilderböcker för konstnärskap och konstnärlighet med hänsyn till genusmönster.

Föredraget kommer att ge exempel på representationer av konstnärskap i vilken också paratexter (biografier och marknadsföring) har undersökts. Den preliminära studien är ur ett genusperspektiv betraktad en besvikelse (2014). Det finns inte en enda bilderbok som endast ägnar sig åt en svensk kvinnlig konstnär. I de fall de förekommer är de i egenskap av hustru, till exempel Karin Larsson i böcker om maken Carl.

Eftersom den kvinnliga konstnären är marginaliserad är nästa steg att finna ut om och hur kvinnligt konstnärskap kan definieras i andra termer än manligt? I så fall, hur ser villkoren ut? Eftersom materialet är så tunt med historiska karaktärer kommer jag att inkludera bilderböcker som porträtterar fiktiva karaktärers kreativa aktiviteter, till exempel Lundbergs Vita Streck, Wirséns Nallen och Höglunds Mina, vilka kan betecknas som konstnärliga, om än inte utifrån ett konventionellt synsätt. 

The aim of this paper is to investigate transmediations of the Anthropocene discourse into two picture books from the northern hemisphere, both published in 2007, I skogen (In the wood) by Eva Lindström and Winston of Churchill: One Bear’s Battle Against Global Warming by Jean Davis Okimoto.  The analysis is focused on how the combined pictorial and verbal narrative transmediate scientific media of climate change and its threat to biodiversity. The focus is on how the representation of man as a species is transmediated as well as its relation to other species of fauna and flora. In the Anthropocene discourse nature is no longer a passive and static context for human actions. (Crutzen 2002).  Rachel Carson was among the first to state that the human control of nature is an illusion born in an age “when it was supposed that nature exists for the convenience of man”. (2002)[1962]. Since Darwin man is defined as one species among many and since the rise of Ecology man is defined as a species subsumed into an ecosystem. Ecologist Tormod Valaand Burkey sketches an ethics where economy and man´s practices and values must adapt to a larger ecological context (2013). In this paper I will direct my attention to how man is depicted in relation to other species of fauna and flora from an ecological perspective. The analysis will concentrate on attitudes, actions and ethical values shown by protagonists when dealing with climate change in relation to an Anthropocene ethics where human rights are closely knit with animal rights and biodiversity. 

Since modernism picturebook typography and its visual display in cooperation with the image have been used to produce iconotext (Druker 2008; Beckett 2012). Typographical arrangement can for example create the illusion of movement, time and space and sonorous effects (Druker 2008). It can also imitate a still image as is the case in artists’ books (Beckett 2012). The use of picturebook typography has parallels to visual poetry (Druker 2008). The connection Druker detects between visual poetry and picturebook text has, however, major focus on the influences on the plot, character and setting, and less on the influences from the poetry-genre.

During the last decades picturebooks with traits that correspond to those defining the genre of poetry have emerged. (Rhedin 2004). The poetical picturebook is characterized by Rhedin as depicting rather than narrating, but her focus is mainly on the picturebook illustration, not on the poetical traits of the text.

The aim of this paper is therefore to explore the influence of poetry in the text of poetical picturebooks and contribute with knowledge about how the use of visual devices in cooperation with the picturebook image creates a poetic iconotext. What influences from poetry in the picturebook text, and particularly from visual poetry, can be found in the material?

This study will be carried out by combining findings by Druker and Beckett with Rhedin’s about the poetical traits in picturebooks, but also by adding theories/findings concerning visual aspects of poetry (Olsson 2007; Elleström 2011) and poetry combined with images (Almgren White 2011). Elleström develops a typology for visual iconicity of poetry and distinguishes between visual and auditive material signs, that also will be tested.

The expected result is to show examples of how the figurative language of poetry about instant moments, atmospheres, emotions and mental states contributes visually to create a poetic iconotext.

In our presentation we analyse how the chapter book Seacrow Island (1964 in Swedish), the original television series of the same name and the subsequent films have been reimagined as two new picturebooks illustrated by Maria Nilsson Thore (2019, 2020). We will discuss the artistic/didactic/considerations given to at once remaining respectful to the source material and to making the story an understandable and enjoyable experience for a new generation of readers.

Astrid Lindgren’s works belong to Sweden’s cultural heritage and many of her books have been translated into multiple languages and are read around the world. It is interesting to ponder which of Lindgren’s books will live on as classics and what adaptations are required in terms of their content, language, style and form for this to happen. Here, it is also appropriate to consider what Göte Klingberg called medium-choosing adaptations, in order to give due consideration to how a story can maintain the reader’s interest in a new millennium (Klingberg 1972: 95). Likewise, to observe the artistic deliberations involved in the illustrator’s visualisations (Nikolajeva & Scott 2001: 41-60). In the context of children’s literature, classics are often adapted works that are more or less reworked versions of the source material, whether originally intended for children or adults. Many of the works we now call classics would not have survived without this reworking (Ehriander 2015: 26-27). It is also striking that the story of Seacrow Island, the archipelago and the people who live there, is now being reworked for a younger readership in much the same way as many of Lindgren’s other works, in keeping with the changing times and changes in reading habits over the half century since the first generation of children encountered the fictional world of Seacrow Island (Almgren White & Ehriander 2020).

Selected Bibliography

Astrid Lindgrens bildvärldar (ed.) Helene Ehriander & Anette Almgren White, Göteborg: Makadam 2019.

“Ett litet djur åt Pelle” – en bilderboks relationer till Vi på Saltkråkan. Anette Almgren White & Helene Ehriander, HumaNetten, 2020, p. 231-255.

“Pictures of Alma in Katthult: Emil’s Mother the Writer in an Intermedial Light”, LP Publishing Contemporary Literary Criticism series: Astrid Lindgren, to be published 2021.

Tidsresor är vanligt förekommande i fantasy skriven för barn och ungdomar. Det är ett effektfullt litterärt grepp att låta berättelsens karaktärer resa i tiden för att kunna levandegöra såväl fiktiva som historiska händelser och gestalter. Genrerna fantasy och historisk roman kombineras ofta i barnlitteraturen ochdetta resulterar i en hybridgenre kallad historisk fantasy. Huvudpersonen som reser bakåt i tiden möter såväl fiktiva som historiska gestalter och blir involverad i händelser, löser uppgifter och bidrar på så sätt till den historiska utvecklingen och kan ibland också påverka det förflutna. Fantasy med tidsresor förekommer också i kombination med andra genrer, exempelvis hästböcker (Ehriander 2018: 59–122). Den här artikeln vill genom studiet av två romaner för unga läsare, Mäster Joachims hemlighet av Sigrid Heuck och Den förtrollade ryttarstatyn av Pamela Kavanagh, vidga kunskapen om tidsresor som litterärt grepp samt ekfraser, det vill säga ett skrivet verk som beskriver ett annat konstverk. Genom ekfraserna ser man nya saker i bilderna och när man beskriver en bild gör man samtidigt en tolkning då man väljer vad som beskrivs och hur detta görs. Ekfras används här inte som en litterär genre utan som ett särskilt litterärt modus som ”uttryckligen och implicit aktualiserar teoretiska aspekter på samspelet mellan text och bild” (Jansson 2016: 51). Därutöver lyfter vi fram hur bild- och formkonstverk i barn- och ungdomslitteraturen kan bidra till förflyttning i tid och rum genom levandegöring, något som är helt i enlighet med den antika ekfrasens uppgiftoch där tid och rum inte står i något motsatsförhållande utan snarast bildar en enhet (kronotop). Ekfrasens re-presentation av konstverkets ”representation aktualiserar aspekter på rum och tid, stasis och rörelse” (Jansson 2016: 53). Genom att undersöka de litterära greppen för att levandegöra fiktiva såväl som historiska gestalter och händelser där levandegöringen sker med hjälp av bild- och formkonstverk belyses ytterligare perspektiv på tidsresornas betydelse.

This study aims to investigate the role of dystopian literature in the Swedish EFL classroom. In particular, it intends to investigate and analyze the method that Swedish EFL teachers use to employ this genre into the classroom, as well as the aim for the usage. The study is qualitative and has been carried out through the conducting of semi-structured interviews consisting of open-ended questions. The findings of the study show that there are a number of common aims and methods among the respondents.  The aim for the using of this particular genre was commonly to increase the students’ willingness to read by working with literature that would hopefully be appealing to them. Common methods for  using this genre of literature include discussions in different group-constellations, as well as employing films and shorter video clips as a complement to the standard literature used during lectures. Further findings show that teachers are inclined to adapt their teaching depending on the individual student groups. In other words, there is a tendency among the respondents to be flexible in their teaching, in order to favor students’ development in the English language.

The aim of this essay is to highlight tendencies of postmodernism in Harry Martinson’s Aniara (1956), a work that has traditionally been placed in a modernist context. The analysis centers around two aspects in the text with the aim of finding traces of a postmodern world view.

First the “mima”, an enigmatic machine that consoles the passengers in the first six years of the journey, is reasoned to be a mass cultural phenomenon rather than an elitist poetic device, as pre­vious studies have suggested. The cultural production of the machine is then analyzed in the light of the theories of hyper reality and simulacrum, as conceived by Jean Baudrillard. The analysis renders two possible implications, one where the machine can be viewed as a precursor to a post­modern positive attitude of mass culture, and one more modernistic where the machine in its role as mass culture numbs the passengers and prevents them from acting on their situation in time.

The second part of the analysis focuses on the view of metanarratives, as expressed within the fiction and in the wok as a whole. Jean-François Lyotard and his explanation of postmodernism’s incredulity towards metanarratives is used as a theoretical standpoint. The analysis shows that metanarratives are considered impossible within the fiction of Aniara as during the course of the journey, they are replaced with more local methods of creating meaning. On the whole, the book could be seen to replace the metanarrative of human progress by one telling of the inadequacy and inert destructibility of humanity. However, the analysis shows that metanarratives are rejected all together. The construction of a new metanarrative is made impossible by (1) the fictitious accounts clearly being a local event, (2) the text openly stating the impossibility of deeper interpretation and finally (3) the work employing a narrator too unreliable to be able to convey the unarguable truths necessary to create a new metanarrative.

The aim of this essay is to explore the using of history in post-apocalyptic fiction. This is accom-plished by reading and analyzing Dimitrii Glukhovskii’s Metro 2033. The theoretical basis for the reading is the dialogicity of Espmark and Aronsson’s theory of using of history. It posits that the production of meaning through history is made from narratives of different lengths and shape, such as metaphors, metonymies and symbols.

The chronotope of Bakhtin is also applied, but with Aronssons focus on its spatial component. A suggestion is made to apply it in a way that shows how the fiction can refer to, or create, an ab-stract spatial location, rather than a physical, and thereby evoking the feelings and worldviews intimately associated with the location and its time. In the reading of the text this is shown by ar-guing that Glukhovskii recreates the cold war as an abstract chronotope to legitimize his nuclear apocalypse scenario.

The essay presents suggestions for definitions of the historical levels in the genre. These are la-beled accepted history of the present, fictive rewriting of the same, and lastly pre- or post-apoca-lyptic speculative history, depending on whether the temporal interest lies prior to or after the im-agined apocalypse. The essay exemplifies a number of ways in which the text uses history, one of which is to use the speculative history to comment on the accepted history of the present. The essay also shows that the intent of the text, the plea to humanity to stop the process of othering, is enhanced by the use of history since the historical perspective offers a retrospective continuity that strengthens the future vision.

Denna litteraturstudie handlar om hur nyanlända elever kan utveckla det svenska språket i samband med lärarens roll och framgångsfaktorer. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur nyanländas språkutveckling behandlas i forskning i svenskämnet i årskurs F-3, med fokus på undervisning och framgångsfaktorer som påverkar språkutvecklingen. Studien har sin utgångpunkt i den sociokulturella teorin. Materialet som analyserats är vetenskapliga texter av olika publikationstyper. Vi har använt oss av nationella och internationella undersökningar. Resultatet av materialanalysen visar att nyanländas språkutveckling gynnas av att använda språket i olika sammanhang och genom att använda det svenska språket i hemmet. Lärarens undervisning och inställning har en avgörande roll i hur nyanlända elever utvecklar det svenska språket. Genom att läraren använder sig av användbara metoder och arbetssätt samt bjuder in eleverna till samtal gynnas deras språkliga förmåga. Detta påverkar i sin tur hur nyanlända elever lär sig nya kunskaper och utvecklas. Utöver vikten av lärarens undervisning, spelar andra faktorer en stor roll i nyanländas språkutveckling. Det har visat sig att förkunskaper och erfarenheter elever bär med sig som familjens bakgrund och förhållandet till modersmålet är några faktorer som påverkar språkutvecklingen. För att nyanlända elever ska lära sig och utveckla det svenska språket är det av stor vikt att läraren ser över sin undervisning, vilka strategier och arbetssätt som läraren använder sig av. Dessutom är det viktigt med ett gott samarbete mellan hemmet och skolan så att elevernas nivå följs upp och utvecklas.  

This study focuses on social class in Swedish EFL coursebooks. The aim is to investigate what different social classes are represented and how much space they are given, as well as how they are portrayed in three Swedish EFL coursebooks aimed at English 5 for upper secondary school. The selected coursebooks Viewpoints 1, Blueprint A 3.0, and Pioneer 1 have been analyzed using qualitative content analysis, focusing on texts and images presented in the materials. The analysis emanates from Neo-Marxist theory in order to point to different social class conditions. The results show lower-, middle-, and upper-class representation to various degrees. Mostly the lower class and upper class are visible, while the middle class is underrepresented. The lower class, in most cases, is shown together with the upper class in exploitative circumstances. This is made apparent through the lower class, in most cases, lacking the ability to decide for themselves in relation to their upper-class counterparts. Further, this indicates that the upper class rules the world on behalf of the lower class. Meanwhile, when the middle class is shown, they are mainly depicted through overconsumption, and as victims of upper-class dominance. Despite previous research showing the importance of social class on a global, European and Swedish scale, the coursebooks somewhat disregard its importance in different texts and images.

The aim of this study has been to see the conventionalisation and use of the Swedish word jätte (giant) in newspapers and texts written by pupils in the Upper Secondary School, primarily when used as an intensifier in compound words. The question forming the basis of the study is: “How, by whom and to what extent is jätte used in newspapers and texts written by pupils?”To answer the question two corpora have been analysed. The results show that jätte is quite common compared to other Swedish intensifiers as “tok” and “super”. Usually it is used together with adjectives. When used in newspapers it is most commonly used in direct speech, but it is also used in more formal parts of the paper as the editorial. In the texts written by the pupils it is mostly used in sections with narrative elements.The people who use jätte in newspapers can be divided into two groups, journalists and interviewees. The word is widely spread among people and it is used by both women and men of different ages and with different socio-economical backgrounds. Among the pupils it is mostly used by girls. The word is used in different subject areas, although it is more common in sports and entertainment. The wide range of subjects and users indicate that the word is accepted to use in the written language, although it is more common in informal contexts.

This is a study on the literature selection that Swedish upper secondary school teachers use when teaching Swedish, and the underlying motives and factors contributing to the selection of certain literature. Two questions form the basis for the study:Is there an implicit canon in the teaching of Swedish in upper secondary school, and if so what literature does it consist of? Against what background and knowledge do teachers select the literature they use in their teaching? To answer the two questions, a qualitative questionnaire study answered by 14 upper secondary school teachers of Swedish has been performed. The results show that the selections of litera- ture teachers make have connections to a literary canon. The similarities are greater between the authors teachers use than between the works they use by these same authors. The literature that is taught in school can be said to reflect a male, white and western perspective.The most common reason why a certain work has been selected is that the work is part of the cultural history and heritage and also part of the basic general knowledge. When teachers make their selection they are affected by things in their near surroundings like colleagues, the book selection of the school, students, curricula and to a lesser extent their own interests. A literary canon, textbooks and education have had a great impact historically on the literature taught in school, but nowadays teachers believe themselves less influenced by these things.

Schools today are characterized by the use of digital tools and one of these is the tablet. Students write mostly digitally today, and pen and paper disappear more and more. The governing documents clearly state that students should be given the opportunity to use digital tools, but how much should it be used, is each school's choice. Through a phenomenographic method with qualitative interviews, this study aims to find out how teachers experience students' spelling, when they write with pen and paper as opposed to when they write digitally. The study includes a socio-cultural perspective, as the tablet is seen as a mediating tool and spelling programs can contribute to an appropriation among the students, that is, the students reflect on why a red mark arises and must correct the word immediately.

The results of the analysis show that the students have spelling shortcomings when they write by hand. Students today rely on auto-correction and when it does not exist, spelling errors occur. The study also shows that spelling errors can vary depending on where the school is located. Spelling mistakes made by students who go to a school in Småland differ from that of students who go to a school in, for example, Stockholm. Auto-correction can be used in different ways and depending on how it is used, students can benefit from it, or it can create obstacles for them. By varying the working methods and turning off the spelling checker on the tablet, the spelling should improve, according to the participants in the study.

Syftet   med denna studie är att beskriva vad som motiverar elever i årskurs 6 till   läsning av sköntlitteratur och facklitteratur samt vilka läsvanor eleverna   har. Studien baseras på följande frågeställningar:

•   Hur beskriver   eleverna sin motivation till läsning av skönlitteratur respektive facklitteratur?
•   Hur   beskriver eleverna sina läsvanor?
•   Vilka   anledningar beskriver eleverna till att de inte läser?
•   Vad   beskriver eleverna att skolan kan göra för att stimulera dem att läsa?

I   studien används en kvalitativ forskningsmetod i form av halvstrukturerade   intervjuer. Sammanlagt intervjuades 14 elever i årskurs 6. Då intervjuerna   genomförts transkriberades och analyserades de. Resultatet visar att en del   av de intervjuade eleverna tycker att läsning är roligt, medan en del tycker   det är tråkigt. Alla elever uppger att de läser i skolan, både skönlitteratur   och facklitteratur. På fritiden däremot är det inte alla elever som läser. I   vilken utsträckning eleverna läser varierar mycket från elev till elev. De   anledningar eleverna ger till att de inte läser är bland annat för att   intresset saknas och för att böckerna är för svåra eller för tråkiga. För att   eleverna ska läsa är det spännande och roliga böcker som efterfrågas. Enligt   resultatet tycker många av eleverna att skolan kan motivera dem till att läsa   mer. Förslag som har kommit upp i intervjuerna är bland annat att ge eleverna   mer tid till läsning och att köpa in nyare och roligare böcker.