Boendesegregation skapar antaganden om olika bostadsområden, antaganden som påverkar människors känsla av utanförskap och gemenskap. Två resursstarka och två resurssvaga områden i två olika städer jämförs för att undersöka respondenternas upplevelser kring utanförskap och gemenskap i respektive område. Studien bygger på två nationalekonomiska teorier, Mismatch hypotesen och Polariserings hypotesen, som förklarar uppkomsten av boendesegregation. Dessutom en kompletterande teori som diskuterar grannskapets effekter på känslan av utanförskap och gemenskap. 16 semi-strukturerade intervjuer ligger till grund för det empiriska materialet, varav 8 från resursstarka områden och 8 från resurssvaga områden. Studiens resultat visar på en starkare gemenskap mellan grannar i de resurssvaga områdena än i det resursstarka. Resultatet visar också att resurssvaga områden tillskrivs ett utanförskap, som individer boende i dessa områden inte själva upplever. 6 av 8 respondenter dementerar vid intervjuer påståenden om ett utanförskap. Avslutningsvis uppvisar studien på starkare gemenskap i samtliga områden, snarare än ett utanförskap.

The primary sector is of high importance to the economy and wellbeing of many countries. This is especially true for Ecuador, where 51 percent of the population living in rural areas earn their living through agriculture, livestock and fishing activities. Unfortunately, inequality has been growing between the rural and urban population, most noticeably in rural small-scale farmers that have less social capital and access to resources. Therefore, this study focuses on small-scale farmers, in a small town called Alluriquin, and how their way of farming can contribute to sustainable livelihoods. The empirical data has been collected through semi-structured interviews, where eleven different individuals have been interviewed. Previous research together with the theory of Amartya Sen will serve as the framework for this study.

In Alluriquin, the results show that crops such as sugarcane, yucca, cacao, plantain and bananas as well as the big interest in both cattle raising and dairy farming, helps the locals to maintain a sustainable livelihood. It can be learned from the results of this study and previous research that farmers are facing a lot of different challenges on a daily basis, and even though they had different methods of dealing with these issues, the challenges seem to be manageable. The outcome of this study shows how these eleven individuals are able to maintain a sustainable livelihood, and how this way of farming is influenced by both internal and external factors that might be harmful if they are not considered. This way of life does provide the local community with a blueprint to follow so that they can guarantee their immediate wellbeing and prepare themselves and their families for any unforeseen circumstances, achieving sustainable livelihoods inside rural communities.

This study explores the portrayal of the climate-conflict nexus in global and national communications on climate change response. It utilizes a qualitative inductive approach and the IPCC AR5 (2014) was chosen to represent global communication documents, while two Afghan communications, the Initial as well as Second National Communication, on climate change and response were used to represent the national level. Through a content analysis, several themes were discerned through which the climate-conflict nexus is portrayed. It can be concluded that there are several differences between the global versus Afghan communication documents, as well as between the Initial National Communication (2012) and the Second National Communication (2017). The Second National Communication overall attempts to mirror the communication used by the IPCC by using the same themes but in a more indirect way. The analysis finds that the climate-conflict nexus is often portrayed through indirect communication and that this leads to a lack of conflict-sensitivity in the Afghan national documents, concluding by making suggestions on how to improve conflict-sensitivity in these documents.

This thesis explores President Nayib Bukele’s discourse on El Salvador’s “war on gangs” through the lens of populist rhetoric, analyzing the ways in which Bukele may construct a narrative that legitimizes rigorous policies. Building on two intersecting concepts, populism and authoritarianism, this theoretical framework is applied to facilitate a deeper understanding of when these two merge and challenge democratic norms. Through a focused case study, using a mixed-method approach of qualitative content analysis and discourse analysis, this study examines official speeches made by President Bukele to uncover the way populist rhetoric might be reflected in his communication. The findings reveal that in order to justify authoritarian practices, Bukele indeed employs language and rhetorical techniques typical of populism. Bukele effectively narrates “the war on gangs” building on common populist attributes such as the “us vs them” dichotomy, anti-establishment sentiments, crisis narratives and nationalism. By portraying the campaign against gang violence as both urgent and necessary, Bukele’s rhetoric seeks to mobilize public sentiment, thereby facilitating the legitimization of more authoritarian policies. This research contributes to the understanding of the implications of populist leadership for democratic governance, illustrating how populism might support authoritarian practices under the pretext of national security and development. 

The COVID-19 pandemic poses a global threat to health, economic well-being and political sta- bility. According to researchers, COVID-19 vaccines are a key to ending the pandemic and return- ing to a certain type of normality. The issue is that the COVID-19 vaccines have been unevenly distributed between high- and low-income countries. This study is based on qualitative semi-struc- tured interviews exploring how experts view the distribution of the COVID-19 vaccines between high- and low-income countries. More specifically, what factors that they consider to affect the distribution and what measures are needed to make the distribution more equitable. The study connects to the theoretical framework of global justice which is used to clarify why humans have obligations to help each other. The result of the study indicates that the majority of experts con- clude that the distribution of the COVID-19 vaccines has been very uneven because high-income countries have obtained more vaccines than low-income countries. According to experts, an une- ven distribution of the vaccines can lead to several consequences such as the development of mu- tants which the vaccine does not work against, and thus to the pandemic continuing. The main factor pointed out by the experts is that countries have acted nationalistic and that there has been a lot of pressure on political leaders to procure vaccines for their populations. The experts agree that the Covax initiative was a good measure for the vaccines to be distributed more fairly, alt- hough they also highlighted challenges with Covax. This study therefore contributes to the under- standing that there are many factors that affect the global distribution of vaccines against COVID- 19, but also that there are several measures to make the distribution more equitable.

Somali-born immigrants are often described as the most difficult group to integrate into Swedish society with an extensive underrepresentation on the Swedish labour market as well as traditional values and gender roles that often dictate the division of labour and functions in the family. This study aims to examine the effects of a job on Somali family roles from a migration perspective. By comparing wage-earning and unemployed Somali-born women's experiences, the study also aspires to elucidate the importance of a job in their everyday life. The essay is based on previous research on the historical, social and transnational dimensions of Somali family life and culture, as well as theoretical concepts such as role conflict, role change and role negotiation. A qualitative comparative case study has been conducted, based on data from semi-structured interviews. Eight respondents participated in the survey – four employed and four unemployed women born in Somalia. The results were then analyzed in the light of previous research and the theoretical concepts. The result shows that there are some interesting differences between the two groups. The Somali families in which the women are unemployed have a distinct division of the household work, where the woman assumes the majority of the workload. Here it is also clear that traditional Somali family roles are still of importance. However, in the families where the Somali-born women have employment, traditional family roles have changed and led to a more even distribution of household work, where the men, women and children share the responsibility. Furthermore, it appears that the unemployed Somali-born women are very keen to have a job, as independence from the state and government is a main driving force. For the wage-earners on the other hand, there is a clearer focus on being independent from the man and being able to be a decision-maker in family matters. The result also illustrates how society's expectations on women influence their driving forces to work and the way they think about their role in the family.

This study is carried out during the spring of 2015 and six semi-structured interviews are conducted to form the basis of a case study. Its aim is to map and analyze the integration work performed in the municipality of Nässjö.

The purpose of this study is to survey the work being performed in the municipality of Nässjö regarding integration of immigrants, and to identify crucial factors related to a potential collaboration between actors from the public sector and the civil society.

- How are the chosen participants working with integration in the municipality of Nässjö?

- In what way are the chosen participants currently cooperating with the public sector and the civil society in the municipality of Nässjö regarding integration?

- How do the chosen participants find the idea of a joint collaboration regarding integration, between the public sector and the civil society in the municipality of Nässjö?

With the use of an analyze model called “the constant comparative method”, the study compares and interprets the collected data. All of the informants are representatives of their respective establishment which either belonged to the civil society or to the public sector in the municipality of Nässjö. To assess whether the integration actors are susceptible to the idea of working collaboratively, their responses are compared to a theoretical framework called “collaborative governance”. The collected data is also set in relation to previous research regarding the situation of integration policies in Sweden.

The result chapter displays the work performed by the interviewed establishments and the extent of their cooperation to improve the integration process of immigrants in the municipality. It also lists the various challenges the actors face and the possibility for one of them to have a leading role in a comprehensive and joint collaboration.

The case study illuminates a reality where no common goal regarding integration exists amongst the selected actors. Complicated bureaucracy and regulations constitute discouraging factors that adversely affect the will of civil society actors to engage in collaboration with the public sector. The level of communication within the municipality is highly fragmented, it is found to be more developed within the civil society and to a lesser extent within the public sector. Finally, the case study suggests that there is no history of antagonism among the actors within the civil society.

After the attacks by Hamas on Israel on October 7th and the offensive on Palestine that followed, a group of young Palestinians have taken the role of sharing witness of the ongoing genocide through social media. This thesis investigates how these citizen journalists are bearing witness to the ongoing genocide and how social media audiences are reacting to these images. By analyzing the discourses present in their posts through a Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis (MCDA) and systematically observing the comments under said posts through a thematic analysis, this thesis demonstrates that there is a relation between shared discourses and audience reactions. The study argues that vulnerability is being used as an act of resistance, and that discourses involving vulnerability and eye-witnessing are common in these posts and inspire emotional reactions and sentiments of resistance in the audiences, and further demonstrates how the analyzed citizen journalists seem to share similar discourses and feelings while using several modes of address in variating ways from post to post. All these findings show that the current Palestinian conflict may be contributing to changes in the ways war and conflicts are mediatized due to their use of social media to create a more connective citizen journalism where audiences become closer with the distant suffering. 

The purpose of this study is to analyze if and how cultural values and expectations in society influence the experiences and perceptions of happiness and well-being. Applying a quantitative research methods approach, a survey based on previous research was conducted to compare and analyze experiences and perceptions between two contrasting cultures, China and Sweden, using Hofstede’s national culture dimensions as an analytical tool. The sample consisted of students from China and Sweden.

The findings from the study show that both groups ranked family as being the domain of life most important for their well-being, followed by health for the Chinese group, and friends for the Swedish group. There were statistically significant differences in the mean responses in some questions that may be attributed to cultural differences. For example, finishing long-term difficult tasks was ranked more important for the well- being by the Chinese group. As for the Swedish group, they felt to a higher degree that they had the freedom to choose what they would like work with. The majority of the responses, however, were similar between the two groups. The paper discusses how globalization may contribute to converging values in the current generation of students. Furthermore, other factors such as internal abilities and societal and cultural structures have an influence on the possibilities to pursue goals in life. Happiness is achieved by finding a balance in life between what you can achieve and accepting what you cannot.

The themes and concepts used in the study are inspired by Jongbloed and Andres’ concepts of happiness as balance and gears of well-being. The study contributes to the research fields of human-centered development, and happiness studies on how subjective indicators as a complement to objective indicators can be used to better measure growth from a cultural perspective.

After the financial crisis of 2007–2008, agricultural land became an attractive investment opportunity, which meant that many foreign companies, states, or private investors acquired large-scale land areas. This phenomenon, called land grabbing, is particularly prevalent in developing countries and the global south. Despite claims that such investment can contribute to development and opportunity in poorer countries, research shows it has the opposite effect. The purpose of this work is to conduct a literature study to investigate the consequences of land grabbing in Ethiopia. A qualitative research strategy consisting of a literature study has been used. The data was analyzed by using aspects of the livelihood approach such as natural capital, physical capital, human capital, financial capital, and social capital as well as a thematic analysis. The results show that large-scale land grabbing in Ethiopia has a direct impact on the livelihood of the local population, which is undermined through losses of land and access to land and important natural resources. The study also shows that the foreign land investments' management and production of, among other things, coffee, biofuel, and mining also harm the environment, biological diversity, and the local ecosystem. This has resulted in food insecurity and socioeconomic vulnerability among the population. Furthermore, the study also shows that local people are not included in decision-making concerning their land and they often do not receive sufficient compensation for the loss of land or other assets, which indicates violations of human rights.

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether human rights, more specifically equality, inclusion, and non-discrimination, are implemented by Swedish authorities at the local level. The essay is a case study that examines how Jönköping municipality works with issues of human rights in the local government authorities in Sweden in practice to give a picture of the work and cooperation between the government and the authority. We have used qualitative methods and had interviews with four representatives from state and municipal authorities in Jönköping where we have met individuals who work with these parts. In our results, we have drawn attention to the basic work the authorities carry out in the area of human rights and the pervasive effect of this work, which is evident in all the authorities in our study. We have been able to conclude that there is rights-based work in the authorities we have worked with, which is in line with the principles, laws, and regulations that the Swedish state has worked on together with the authorities. 

The purpose of this qualitative study was to highlight the Swedish treatment of the so-called ‘honour culture’. It does so by examining Swedish authorities and Swedish non-profit organisa­tions, with a distinct focus on the woman and on forced marriage as part of said honour culture. Previous research has shown that Swedish culture and honour culture are opposites. It has also shown that the complexity of existing within the honour culture, especially in Sweden, and how it can affect the individual woman in different ways. It has however not shown the distinct way Sweden deals with the problematic honour culture itself. To investigate how authorities and non-profit organisations deal with honour culture the following research questions were asked; how does Swedish authorities and non-profit organisations view the Swedish woman, affected by honour culture, in regards of forced marriage? What are the women’s standing within honour culture and what is their standing within the Swedish culture? How does Swedish authorities and non-profit organisations deal with honour culture? To answer the research questions six semi structured interviews were performed based on a strategic selection process. Using ‘the multicultural triad’ and ‘individual and group-centred mindset’ as theoretical framework it is shown that the individual woman in this case is a part of two collectives; the honour culture and the Swedish culture which can result in conflict. It is further shown that though Sweden is an individualistic country its governmental treatment is sometimes group centred. The results show that the treatment of honour culture differ from organisation to organisation, but also between organisations and authorities and concludes that a holistic and systematic treatment is needed.

This paper uses a quantitative content analysis informed by a critical realist framework to study the patterns of international political economy discourse prevalence within research articles concerning free trade. Once categorized, there are observable differences in the extent to which articles in the different categories address other discourses. Analyzing these patterns using concepts from discourse theory, we suggest that the liberal discourse constitutes a regime of truth to which the other discourses must relate. It is also found that articles published in higher ranking journals are less likely to address other discourses. We argue that this could be explained as being an effect of the larger readership of those journals.

The environmental threat is a stressing concern which must be addressed immediately. The urbanization has been growing in a rapid pace the past years. Today, more than 50 percent of the world’s population lives in cities, and the forecast tells us that it will increase to 70 percent in 2050. This puts pressure on actors like states, organizations, companies, and municipalities who must work to meet the urbanization immediately. The UN, the EU and WWF amongst others advocates that international cooperation between these actors is the best way to go, and that cities must be prepared for the problem that occurs today and the challenges for tomorrow. In spite of this, there is no substantial research on this topic, on what international environmental cooperation between cities could mean to a city or what the results could be. Växjö is one of few Swedish cities who work internationally with local as well as global ecological sustainable development. This study intends to discover the international cooperations in the topic of environmental sustainable development in the city in Växjö. The purpose is to see what impact the international cooperations have in the environmental work of Växjö, and to see whether environmental sustainable development is being urged on by international collaborations. By using a positive–sum game as a theoretical starting point, a case–study has been conducted, where interviews were made with representatives from Växjö municipal. The result of the study shows that the effects Växjö has obtained through these cooperations, do promote environmental sustainable development. If the collaborations take the form of a positive–sum game, all actors benefit from it and the environment as well. Since the international cooperations bring exchange of knowledge and sometimes external financial means to put into different projects, the city’s environmental sustainable development improves.

The authors realized the importance of being flexible in cultural values in the current environment of today’s economy. This environment is called ‘globalization’ that has become an interesting topic in the academic world. Beyond the different challenges, the most important challenge regarding to the thesis topic is the cultural challenge. The authors have combined these elements and  wanted to investigate how these factors influence marketing advertising in the Middle East.

Hence, the purpose of this thesis is to reach an understanding about how cultural differences in global marketing advertising can be handled by global companies in the Middle East. 

The findings of the thesis reflect upon the question of "how global companies can better address cultural differences in marketing advertising in the Middle East" by first understanding and respecting the culture and religion of the region, following the regulations and guidelines for advertising in every specific country, cooperating with local agencies and adapting the marketing advertising strategy with a glocal ‘think global, act local’ approach.

The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols aim to protect those people who are not “participating in the hostilities” of war, such as “civilians, health workers and aid workers” and are the pillar of humanitarian law (International Committee of the Red Cross, 2010). The humanitarian principles including humanity, neutrality, independence and impartiality, are based on the international humanitarian law and committed to by all member states of the European Union (European Commission, 2019). Although these principles exist to guide the humanitarian organizations in their assistance and allocation of humanitarian aid, they are sometimes overlooked in terms of, for instance, self-interest, strategic motives and media attention. This results in ethical dilemmas for humanitarian organizations.

The aim of this thesis is to examine how Swedish aid donors, both a governmental and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), reason ethically in relation to the allocation of humanitarian aid towards conflict-affected areas. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted with four Non-Governmental Organizations and one governmental organization in order to examine and compare their ethical reasoning. The theories of consequentialism, utilitarianism, deontological ethics, socialization and rational choice have been applied to investigate the research questions further.

The results broadly indicate that all participating organizations reason similar in terms of ethics in contrast to the findings in the previous research. For instance, they all follow the humanitarian principles and use additional ethical frameworks in the allocation of humanitarian aid. Many similarities were found among the NGOs and the governmental organization as well as a few differences.

During the refugee crisis in 2015, thousands of migrants rushed to Europe. Most were from Eritrea, Afghanistan, and Somalia, but most were from war-ravaged Syria. Sweden was one of the countries that hosted the most refugees. In 2015, the country's migration services set the main goal of receiving, accommodating, and registering new arrivals. Many of the refugees then received permanent residence permits. What to do with so many new members of society has been actively discussed in recent years among politicians and the media, as their integration is an important part of the sustainability of Swedish society. The analysis to identify factors, which affect integration negatively, and correct the integration plan is an important task today, according to world researchers.

This study is a bachelor's thesis within the program International Work - Focus Global Studies at Jönköping University of Learning and Communication. The purpose of this study is to investigate what challenges refugees face during the integration process, and how these challenges differ for men and women.

The qualitative method was used to collect the material. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 relevant respondents. The collected material was processed, coded, and analyzed using discourse analysis. Discourse analysis and gender theory were the most important theoretical foundations for analysis. The obtained research results were compared with previous studies. The method discussion was performed also, and factors that could influence this study were identified, such as the chosen method, selection, and the researcher's personality. This study showed that there are several challenges that refugees face during the integration process in the areas of cultural, social, and structural integration. In addition to women encountering more challenges than men, which reduces their chances of successful integration.

Gender equality is something that is frequently discussed in political debates. It’s getting better all over the world, but women are still not seen to have as much influence over decision-making processes as men. The positions of power are still dominated by men and Sweden is one of the countries that has not yet had a female prime minister. This study is based on a qualitative research method through semi-structured interviews conducted with women in the Swedish Parliament. The study identifies what experiences women in the Swedish Parliament have regarding expectations of women, treatment towards women and their opportunities to reach high positions in politics. It also focuses on how the women themselves perceive their position of power as well as how the power is gendered. The study is examined with The Sustainable Development Goals, more specifically sub-goal 5.5, as the basis. Previous research shows how women have a much harder time than men in terms of both entering and stay in politics and achieving leadership roles. An intersectional perspective is to a high degree absent in previous research, so this study has a specific focus on it. An analysis based on the theoretical principles of homo- and heterosociality, glass ceiling, intersectionality, the inequality system and the gender system identifies problems regarding the resistance women in politics encounter and the prevailing gender power system. The results show, among other things, that women in the Swedish Parliament are largely limited in politics, but that they are nevertheless the most powerful women in Sweden. The study contributes to an increased understanding of different power relations in Swedish politics and gives an insight into why Sweden has not yet had a female prime minister.

Given the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic has had on the world and researchers prospecting more events like this to happen in the future it is important to shed light on the impact which it have had on those especially vulnerable to these sorts of risks and disasters. Furthermore, the tourism industry is known for its vulnerability and volatility in the eye of global events. Thus, this paper aims to give a voice to those working on a grassroot level – with focus on Phuket, Thailand, also known as the Andaman pearl, in the tourism industry, and also look at how they have managed the effects of the pandemic. The study is qualitative and uses semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis. Relevant theoretical frameworks have been applied to understand the results of the interviews. It will also look at the prospects the respondents see for themselves and the tourism industry in Phuket in relation to the aftermath of the pandemic, and the war between Ukraine and Russia as a possible threat to the return of tourists to Phuket. 

Environmental justice has its origin in the US and comes from the African-American Civil Rights Movement. Today the environmental justice rhetoric can be found among researchers and politicians as well as grassroots movements. However, it does not exist in Sweden to a great extent. This study focuses on the debate around the establishment of a mine in Kallak, Sweden, and what kind of rhetoric different actors uses. The content analysis of newspaper articles show that there are both similarities and differences in this debate compared with the global rhetoric of environmental justice.

The Sami in Sweden have lived on and managed their lands since time immemorial. The strong connection to the environment and nature has given them centuries of knowledge that is still applicable to this day. With the help of their ancestral knowledge the Sami have preserved their Indigenous land. With constant work towards sustainability and extractive projects of natural resources for renewable energy that takes place in Sápmi, the question is raised of who is included in the transition towards sustainable development and who the transition is for. The purpose of this study is to investigate and get a deeper understanding of Sami perspectives on sustainability and the connection to their rights. Applied methodology for this qualitative study is semi-structured interviews with nine Sami, followed by a thematic analysis of the collected empirical data. This was done to understand and analyse perceptions of sustainable development and how it relates to Sami inclusion and Sami rights, using frameworks of colonial governmentality and green colonialism. The findings suggest that a differentiation can be made concerning how the Sami perceive actions for sustainable development and the concept of sustainable development. Further, the Sami view their inclusion in policy-making and implementation in regards to questions of sustainable development in Sweden as being somewhat low or not applied at all. In relation to environmental sustainability this study shows that the implementation of Sami rights varies depending on the context, but that it is generally experienced as insufficient, and that rights are often applied to the economic units of the samebys, and not all Sami, creating a division within the Sami community. The results also show a perception of lack of political will and a neglectance to include and implement Sami rights, as state interests are prioritised. The societal and institutional conditions for the Sami to claim their rights and require inclusion within sustainable development prove that the theories of colonial governmentality and green colonialism are applicable to the current situation in Sápmi.

This is a qualitative interview study which have used structured interviews with some addition of semi-structure. Interviews have been conducted with seven respondents at three different care-take homes in Jönköping municipality with one section chief, three full time employees and three part time employees. 

The purpose of this study is to get an understanding regarding how the employees view the current situation about the care of unaccompanied children and about current the work situation for the employees. Questions that have been answered is “What it the current state of care-taking of unaccompanied children at care-take homes in Jönköping municipality?”, “What is the current work situation for employees at care-take homes with focus on the meeting with unaccompanied children?” and “What is the central problems and challenges about care of unaccompanied children at care-take homes in Jönköping municipality?”

The current research shows that the cooperation between employees at care-take home is insufficient and that the children does not receive the care they need despite their exposed situation. The results of this study confirm some of the previous research and brings up further problems regarding the issue that there are too many children under the same roof and that the care-take homes fail to live up to the current laws that say that every child has the right to their own room. The problems lies essentially that there is not enough facilities, and that the employees does not have time to prioritize the children before other tasks which bring frustration for both the children and the employees. 

The purpose of this study is to explore tools for preventing sex trafficking during the Ukraine- Russia war and to identify the challenges and opportunities in using these tools based on expert insights. The study aims to enhance the understanding of effective methods to combat this exploitation. 

Qualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted via video calls and email to gather experts' views on the connection between the war and sex trafficking. This approach allowed experts to reflect on their perceptions and provided opportunities for follow-up questions. A purposive sample of human trafficking experts ensured relevant and in-depth data. Ethical considerations included protecting anonymity and obtaining informed consent. 

Experts highlighted important tools and insights to counteract the war's impact on human trafficking. Some noted that the war's focus diverts attention from social issues like trafficking, worsening these problems. Others emphasized the historical and cultural factors shaping trafficking dynamics and the need to understand long-term structural and postcolonial factors. Effective strategies require balancing immediate actions and long-term solutions. 

Media's role emerged as a major tool with its potential to raise awareness. Ethical principles and journalist training are crucial, as is transparency and information verification. Reporting conflicts, resource constraints, and technical challenges need managing. Media coverage often misses women's perspectives and experiences. 

Challenges like unreliable data and technical obstacles affect information credibility, highlighting the need for a multidimensional strategy that includes both immediate measures and long-term structural changes. 

Keywords: Human trafficking, Ukraine-war, sexual exploitation, preventive work, war, victims of human trafficking, counteract, women, children, conflict, feminist perspective. 

Sverigedemokraterna har på kort tid lyckats etablera sig i Sveriges riksdag och är därför i högsta grad delaktig i den samtida politikens utformning. Precis som Sverigedemokraterna har likasinnade partier fått ökat stöd i större delen av Europa och har numera större möjligheter att kunna påverka EU:s utformning. Mot bakgrund av den ökade framgången för nationalistiska och främlingsfientliga partier syftar denna studie till att undersöka Sverigedemokraternas framställning av EU mellan Europaparlamentsvalet 2014 och Europaparlamentsvalet 2019.

Studien har utförts genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av texter som Sverigedemokraterna och dess företrädare har publicerat. Genom studien kan det konstateras att Sverigedemokraternas framställning av EU utgörs av i stort sett samma kritik genom det aktuella tidsspannet, men att det har skett en förändring i form av att partiet inte längre kräver en folkomröstning för Sveriges medlemskap i EU utan numera anser att det finns en möjlighet att reformera EU inifrån tillsammans med likasinnade partier i Europa.Studien knyter an till en teoretisk referensram som tar avstamp i Margaret Canovans samt Paulina Ochoa Espejo teoretiska redogörelser om populism. Genom dessa presenteras populism som oundvikligt i en demokrati vilket gör det viktigt att förstå hur dessa rörelser uppstår.

The rising number of disasters, both natural and man-made, has created a greater need for humanitarian interventions. Simultaneously, it has also created larger room for disaster capitalism, a phenomenon where certain actors use disasters to push economic interests. NGO:s are one of the main actors in post-disaster settings, which happens to be the very same sphere as the one where disaster capitalism occurs. Thus, this study will examine how NGO:s can work to counteract disaster capitalism. This is done by looking at how Swedish NGO:s implement their work and whether this is compatible with Loretta Pyles’ decolonising disaster social work framework (2017), which is deemed to contain measures which can hamper disaster capitalism. Furthermore, it also delves into NGO perception of privatisation of the humanitarian sector, which consociates with disaster capitalism, which is done by looking at how Swedish NGO:s experience the expansion of privatisations into the humanitarian sphere.

The methodology is based on semi-structured interviews with representatives from a number of Swedish NGO:s active in the humanitarian sector, from which data has been qualitatively analysed.

The results show, among other things, that disaster capitalism as a concept is fairly unknown among most of the NGO:s, however central aspects are recognised by many. It also shows that Swedish NGO:s are generally in line with Pyles’ framework. The dilemmas of the localisation agenda are examined, where the ambitions are high but institutional barriers hamper movement in its direction. Similarly, the pros and cons of international standards are discussed and whether these are a barrier to localisation. Resilience and the humanitarian-development nexus are highly contemporary matters and are also debated.

The position towards private actors and privatisations of the humanitarian sector is contradictive, as there is a general opinion that being private and for-profit is not a problem, but also a general opinion that actors have to work on a principle-basis and not to make profit. It became clear that some scepticism is levelled at private actors from an NGO perspective. Finally, critical aspects of the humanitarian system and potential future risks are discussed, with the main concern regarding a phasing out of Western NGO:s in favour for less principle-based actors from other parts of the world.

A growing number of studies acknowledge the effect that sport events have on its surrounding environment as well as the effect the surroundings have on sport events. This has led to a larger focus on environmental sustainability within event organisations, something that however is motivated in very diverse ways and from different perspectives.

This thesis, therefore, explores motivations behind the incorporation of environmentally sustainable actions within Swedish recreational sport events, and aim to provide an overview of how it is implemented within their operations. This has been done by a qualitative multiple case study with comparative elements. An outline of earlier research of motivational factors towards sustainable actions does together with an elaboration of central concepts, provide a theoretical background for the case study. The theoretical background has been further used to create an analytical framework with three main themes of motivation ‘strategic’, ‘pressure’ and ‘moral/ethical’. The cases, Vasaloppet and Vätternrundan, has been explored through face to face interviews with specific employees of the event organisations and later analysed through the analytical framework of the thesis. In addition to the interviews, documents regarding their sustainability work have together with the information that could be found on the web pages of the two events been analysed through the themes of the analytical framework.

The results show a close similarity when it comes to the main challenges they are facing. Both Vasaloppet and Vätternrundan have transport as their main source of environmental impact, and the trash generated along the arena is another main challenge in order to reduce littering. Out of the three main themes of motivation, the moral and ethical motivation proved to be the main one, whereas the strategic and pressuring motivations came second and were in many cases closely entwined and related to each other. A difference in motivational background is further expressed by the respondents and policy documents of the event organisations, as Vasaloppet displayed a more proactive attitude while Vätternrundan were more reactive. 

The purpose of this thesis was to investigate if, and how, national authorities integrate a gender perspective into climate change adaptation in Sweden. The study was completed by using qualitative text analysis and content analysis of documents and reports, of two chosen national authorities currently active in the Swedish society. Particularly Yvonne Hirdmans gender system were used as a theoretical framework.

The result of the study reveals that national authorities mention gender as an important aspect to climate change, and an important factor of vulnerability in any outcome of a climate disaster. It is also revealed that a gender perspective on climate change adaptation could enlighten the differences between how men and women are affected by climate change, as well as providing solutions to prevent women’s vulnerability in future extreme weather events. A conclusion of the study is that the authorities analysed do integrate a gender perspective in their climate change adaptation work. However, the overall lack of material of a gender perspective on climate change makes it clear that a gender perspective is not fully integrated among national authorities currently active in Sweden.  

Many international conventions concern child labour and child work and this practice tend to often be viewed as a violation of child rights. However, the discourse has changed and a tension among universalistic and relativistic scholars risen. The former tends to condemn child work under the age of 14 and the latter claims that culture needs to be taken into account arguing that child work, is not necessarily a violation of rights. 

This study analyses narratives from former child workers in Cochabamba, Bolivia. It aims to increase the understanding of experiences from child workers and how it relates to Child Rights from a universalistic and relativistic perspective and to identify reasons for child work. 

The findings demonstrate that the experiences vary a lot and that there is a complexity in the practice of child work. The respondents have experienced violation of rights at their work, but on the other hand, has the income enabled them to fulfil other rights. The relativistic and universalistic perspective both serve to gain a deeper understanding of child work and its complex relationship of Child Rights. This argue for that one should strive to use both perspectives rather than embrace one and condemn the other. Economic need was identified as the main reason to why children were working. 

This paper focused on people's perceptions of changed consumption and transport habits to ex-amine whether short-term changes in everyday habits during Covid-19, can also affect and change individuals´ lifestyle habits in the long-term. The purpose of the study was to investigate what everyday adaptations people make during the Covid-19 crisis and see if it leads to more sustainable behaviors that people think they will continue with even after the crisis. The study was based on a survey and a total of 106 respondents participated. To analyze the study data, the scale effect and the composition effect were used. In the analysis, the study related to two strategies, one weak and one strong, to discuss sustainable consumption. The result shows that (1) the majority of respondents worked fewer hours during Covid-19 compared to before, (2) the majority favored digital meetings, (3) meals purchased at or from a restaurant decreased in conjunction with the reduced working hours, (4) larger consumption volumes generally de-clined in the various income groups, but the largest decrease was seen in the groups with higher monthly income. The respondents with the least amount of working hours in April had increased their amount of consumption and number of people during Covid-19, (5) respondents with the lowest monthly income drove less car compared to those with a higher income. Finally, (6) a clear majority spent under an hour on public transport during Covid-19 where a group of respondents motivated a fear of being infected and of working at home. The study could possibly argue that everyday adjustments made during Covid-19, such as digital meetings, and working fewer hours, could promote more sustainable behavior regarding consumption and transport habits. This is motivated by the respondents own perceptions of fewer spontaneous purchases during Covid-19 as fewer visits to shops and shopping centers occurred, fewer car trips to and from destinations occurred, and the need for buying or ordering lunch and dinner from restaurants was reduced.

The Rights of Nature is a relatively new approach to sustainable development, promoting that current environmental legislation is insufficient to protect Nature from human harm. The Rights of Nature movements emphases the importance of recognizing other living entities in our legal system. Ecuador was the first country in the world to incorporate the Rights of Nature into its Constitution in 2008. Based on semi-structured interviews, this study aims to investigate the awareness of the Rights of Nature among the inhabitants of the Equatorian small-town of Esperie and how they perceive and relate to the Rights of Nature in practice and whether the implementation has brought about any changes in their lives and community. The central findings of the study demonstrate that the majority of the respondents are aware of the Rights of Nature, also led to changes in society but also in respondents' lives and environment. The results also revealed various challenges that have arisen in the implementation of the Rights of Nature in practice and Due to stricter environmental laws and pressure from the people, the authorities have started to take measures to protect and respect Nature.

In the fall of 2017, the #metoo movement began on social media to encourage victims of sexual harassment to speak up and show the magnitude of the problem, especially violence committed by men against women. The message of #metoo went viral and developed into a significant topic on gender equality. It became a global trend in countries such as Sweden, France and various other countries, which caused a storm of users to share their stories with the help of the hashtag metoo on their social media platforms. The motivation behind the chosen area of study is to comprehend opinions on the movement. In order to get a different perspective on the women’s movement the focus throughout lie on young men. The aim of this study is to examine how heterosexual male students at a university in Sweden view the movement both as a Swedish and a global phenomenon. Furthermore, the study examined if the students believe their attitudes toward sexual harassment have been affected or changed by the movement. This bachelor thesis attempted to answer the research questions and present the results by conducting focus group interviews. The presented results of the focus group interviews showed an overall positive attitude towards the purpose of the movement. However, a majority agreed that the movement had developed into something beyond its purpose and discussed the negative effects it brought with it. The participants expressed concern for the usage of the hashtag for minor incidents which eventually overshadowed the initial positive purpose of the movement. Through the study, it was furthermore revealed that the participants did not believe that a change in attitudes had occurred within themselves, even though they believed it may have brought change to other men in society.

In the light of the urgence of cooperation in the world, for handling global issues, this study offers a discussion on bilateral cooperation, more specifically on municipal partnerships. While previous research has examined some specific cases on possibilities and challengeswith this kind of cooperation, the view of proven efficiency in relation to the symbolic value has fallen short. The organization Swedish International Centre for Local Democracy offers a Network for Human Rights and aims to promote the exchange of knowledge and experiences between local authorities. This study, which is based on ten in-depth qualitative interviews, ought to explore what challenges and learnings can be found in ongoing municipal partnerships, in this Network. The study further aims to explore how those findings relate to a North and South perspective and the municipalities’ values and goals, by collecting experiences from South Africa, Zambia, Botswana and Sweden. Through a thematic analysis process of the empirical data and the use of a theoretical framework in the field of organizational learning, developed by Chris Argyris and Donald A. Schön, this study has been able to identify several findings. Challenges involve implementation, cultural obstacles and lack of resources, which prove to be divergent between North and South. Values and goals of the partnerships are hence hard to perform in practice. The outcomes circle practical activities, however, the most evident outcome is to learn from one another, which puts the learning experiences in focus of the study. 

Sverige är rankat som ett av världens mest sekulariserade länder och frågan om religionens plats i det svenska samhället är ofta aktuell i samhällsdebatten. Samtidigt är flera av Sveriges mest etablerade biståndsorganisationer och Sidas ramorganisationer verksamheter med kristen bakgrund. 

Detta är en teoriutvecklande studie som undersöker hur representanter från sådana organisationer upplever att bedriva biståndsarbete på kristen grund ifrån ett av världens mest sekulariserade länder. Hur påverkar i sin tur de upplevelserna hur de formulerar sin verksamhet? 

Metoden som har använts är en kvalitativ fenomenologisk analys av semistrukturerade intervjuer med representanter från sju organisationer. Resultaten framhäver bland annat att representanter från organisationerna ofta får anpassa språket i kontakt med representanter från den svenska staten och den sekulära svenska allmänheten. Undersökningen visar också att representanter från organisationerna upplever att ett sekulärt synsätt ses som en värdeneutral utgångspunkt i Sverige och att förhållningssättet från svenskt håll försvårar samarbetet med deras betydligt mer religiösa partnerorganisationer och mottagare. Detta gör att representanter från organisationerna tycker att handläggare på Sida och andra representanter behöver mer religionskompetens och förståelse för deras sammanhang. Studiens resultat kan vara till hjälp för aktörer inom svenskt bistånd och möjliggöra en fördjupad förståelse för organisationer med kristen prägel.

Academics within the field of education have produced extensive research. The purpose of previous studies has often been to explain the underlying causes, with a generalizing result, to how education operate within a nation. To contribute with an urban perspective, this studies aim is to research how parents from different socio-economic backgrounds in Mexico City are reasoning about their children’s schooling and education. What individual choices they have made and how the social context has impacted on these choices. The respondents were selected through a snowball selection using interviews with semistructured questions for data collection. The material was coded into two themes, individual level and societal level. The respondents with wealthier and poorer socioeconomic background were analysed separately and then compared and summarised. The theoretical framework is a combination of the human capability approach together with the findings in previous research. A finding in the research is that education is perceived differently depending on the socio-economic background. The respondents with wealthier socio-economic background are referring to the future work career and economic security as benefits for their children. The respondents with poorer socio-economic background are mentioning the opportunity to change their lives and “to not become like them”. Despite the different benefits mentioned, all respondents’ value education as the most important investment in life for their children. The conclusion drawn from the study is, that no matter what their socio-economic background is education a high priority.

The sustainable development goals, published in 2015, were created as a global effort to increase sustainable social, economic and environmental development. In documents published in 2018 from the UN, relevant actors are encouraged to incorporate more voluntary work on different levels of society, in order to establish a local anchoring for the 17 goals with its’ 169 sub-targets. One kind of non-profit work that has gained popularity in the last 20 years are the so-called volunteer travels, where tourists, often young Westerners, travel in order to help out in developing countries, in combination with leisure activities.

In this study, descriptions of projects that are offered by Swedish volunteer- travel agencies have been examined as to how they relate to the Sustainable Development Goals, along with how different publications from the UN on how volunteerism and sustainable tourism can be understood in regard to commercial volunteer tourism. Here, four Swedish volunteer tourist agencies have been examined and compared to the sub-targets for the Sustainable Development Goals, also known as Agenda 2030. The method used is a qualitative content analysis of the project descriptions found on the web pages of the volunteer tourist agencies. The Human Rights Based Approach has been used to analyse the data in order to investigate in what way the project descriptions can be seen as rights based. The result shows that volunteer tourism primarily is related to development goals concerning education and biological diversity, through English classes and care of animals and nature. The established projects that are available often cannot guarantee the quality of the efforts being made and do not seem to incorporate an awareness of the Sustainable Development Goals. The activity can therefore be seen as addressing the effects of structural problems, rather than a solution of the underlying causes of the problems. A possible improvement that is suggested for volunteer tourism to contribute more to a road to development, is to more emphasize the connection between projects in volunteer tourism and the Sustainable Development Goals, mainly through knowledge sharing.

The Donbas war in Ukraine has resulted in over 380,000 veterans who now have to reintegrate into civilian life again. What to do with former combatants has been on the agenda for many years since their reintegration plays a critical role in the transition from war to peace. Researchers have emphasized the relevancy of conducting more studies about how the veterans themselves experience the transition to civilian life. Therefore, this study which is based on ten qualitative in-depth interviews explores how Ukrainian war veterans experienced the reintegration process following the war in Donbas and how they adjusted their identities in the transition from military to civilian life.Through a thematic analytical approach and by using a theoretical framework related to identity adjustment processes their experiences were analysed. The results of this study show that although the extent to which the veterans are in need of assistance after deployment varies, all veterans did experience difficulties when returning to a civilian setting. The bureaucratic processes and media coverage of veterans were expressed to have the biggest negative impact. Female veterans had experiences that differed from their male counterparts both before deployment and during the transition phase. Moreover, all veterans to some extent experienced identity disruptions during the reintegration process. Ultimately, the ongoing war in Donbas is impacting the possibility for these veterans to fully move on and take on their civilian responsibilities. They continue to wait for the prospects of peace, both for their country and for themselves.

There are several studies regarding immigrants in Sweden with focus on integration and their situation in the labour market. However, few studies have focused on people with immigrant background and their view on identity, and even fewer have focused on women. In this paper, the aim is to highlight how young women with immigrant background in Sweden choose to identify, explained through an intersectional perspective. The research is conducted through qualitative semi-structured interviews, containing a small group of eight women. The results were presented through four different themes: identify factors, society’s impact on identity, “Swedishness” and experiences and challenges. The results were analysed by using previous research and using intersectionality as the theoretical framework. The results showed that aspects such as family, culture and social environment were some of the factors that affected their identity. Furthermore, the majority of the respondents felt that society had a large impact on them and that society’s view of “Swedishness” plays a big role in their identity perception. Lastly, the respondents shared experiences and challenges that they encounter in the Swedish society, such as exotification and racism. Concluding this, it was found that societal structures contribute to the women’s experiences of discrimination and the challenges they face because of their multiple identities.

Based on the previous studies, the hypothesis of this research is that the higher the level of gender equality in a state, the higher level of its peacefulness. It is a quantitative study using linear regression analysis with three variables, namely Global Peace Index (GPI) as a dependent variable, Gender Inequality Index (GII) as an independent variable and Human Development Index (HDI) as a control variable. The data of 139 states from year 2013 were submitted into Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The result shows a significant and positive linear relationship between gender inequality and a high level of conflict, which confirms the hypothesis. However, HDI shows to be less reliable as a control variable due to issues with multicollinearity (heavily related independent variables). Further studies should replace the HDI with another control variable.

Tax havens have long been a subject of concern and were nutritiously used mostly by the rich elite and gangsters. In the wake of the financial crisis in 2008 more light was shed on tax havens and it has become an unanticipated central part of the global economy. This study investigates if globalization has a significant effect on the use of tax havens. The question is analyzed through the lens of fiscal policies and the political economy as well as some further interesting dichotomies and dilemmas. The debate of globalizations and its various effects in the world is still ongoing. While the world economy becomes more mobilized the lack of transparency in countries with higher secrecy becomes more apparent. We measure tax haven activity with foreign direct investment and look at both trade-and financial globalization as well as include a set of key control variables. Using a panel data analysis, we find that globalization has a significant positive effect on tax haven activity. However, in our results we also observe a continuing downward trend in FDI since 2015 which could be indicative of a potential upcoming paradigm shift. Findings in this paper facilitate the understanding of both benefits and concerns with tax havens, it shows how tax havens have been affected by globalization but also an estimation for the uncertain future of tax havens. 

Entrepreneurial activity can promote economic development on a national level. Women are the most underdeveloped workforce globally. The amount of entrepreneurs is higher in developing countries, where lack of equality, education and resources most detain them from engaging economically. It is crucial to understand what motivates these entrepreneurs, more specifically women entrepreneurs, since they are so important for the development. Few studies have been done about women entrepreneurs’ motivation compared to those done about men and even more scarce are the studies done in developing countries.This study is conducted through interviews and a survey among women entrepreneurs within the PFME. The PFME is a program within the private organisation CCIT that aims to strengthen women entrepreneurs in Honduras through support and education.Push-factors are those motivation factors that come out of necessity and pull-factors are those that come out of opportunity. This study shows that the push-factors are more common among these Honduran women than among women in studies from other countries. Economic reasons and independence are among the highest ranked motivations. Further research need to be done in order to understand what affects these motivation factors on a country level and why there are differences between the motivation of women entrepreneurs in developed countries and developing countries.

Sverige är ett av de länder i Europa som anses vara mest öppet för invandrare, dock är skillnaden i sysselsättning mellan inrikes- och utrikes födda på arbetsmarknaden stor. Tidigare forskning visar att utrikes födda oftare tenderar att vara utan sysselsättning och därmed oftare hamna i utanförskap än inrikes födda.

I studien undersöks invandrares egen syn på integration och vilka svårigheter de intervjuade invandrarna i studien upplevt på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Genom att fokusera på individers historia kommer följande undersökning försöka gå bortom det föregivet tagna och peka på sprickorna i den ofta förenklade bilden av invandrare och integrationen på arbetsmarknaden.

En kvalitativ fallstudie har utförts, där resultatet är baserat på semistrukturerade intervjuer. I studien deltog tio respondenter, fem kvinnor och fem män med utländsk bakgrund. Resultatet analyserades med hjälp av tidigare forskning och teorier som behandlat just ämnet integration. Genom detta tillvägagångssätt framkom både samband och olikheter sett till resultatet från studien och tidigare forskning. Resultatet av studien visar att majoriteten av respondenterna anser att det finns brister och problem inom integrationen på arbetsmarknaden. Resultatet visar även att invandrares framgång på arbetsmarknaden kan kopplas till tiden de spenderat i Sverige men framför allt viljan att delta i det nya samhället.

Twenty years has passed since the adopted of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325, which aims to strengthen the gender perspective in conflict settings as well as address inequalities related to sexually gender-based violence. Still, the concrete impact it has had on sexual violence in armed conflict, is questioned. Additionally, it is questioned if it reaches the grassroot level in armed conflict settings. Thus, this study has examined what factors that may have hindered a successful implementation on a grassroot level in the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda. Furthermore, it has examined the concrete impact on the efforts against sexual violence in these areas. This was done by firstly, conducting a policy analysis using the “What’s the Problem Represented to be?” approach to identify underlying problematics within the resolution. Additionally, semi-structed interviews were conducted with respondents having experience in working with the resolution and/or sexual violence in armed conflict.

The results showed, among other things, that the complex construction of the resolution have been a hindering factor for a successful implementation. Additionally, the concrete change for the efforts against sexual violence in conflict settings is lacking. However, the empowerment that the resolution has provided to those working with these issues, is still an important impact.

As the global demand for natural resources grows, conflicts and instability surrounding minerals and resources continue to mark the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The United Nations (UN) peacekeeping operation MONUSCO has been deployed in the DRC since 2010, and that same year, the United States (US) established the Dodd-Frank Act with its Section 1502 concerning conflict minerals originating from the DRC. These actors play a crucial partin the effects foreign aid and support has on the Government of the DRC’s efforts to act autonomously in order to mitigate conflicts and create peace, yet research on the matter mainly focuses on the impact the Dodd-Frank Act has on American companies and the Congolese population, as well as the challenges of MONUSCO. This study therefore aims at investigating how the involvement of these actors have affected the Government of the DRC’s ability to act autonomously in peacekeeping, through a qualitative content analysis based on 22 UN Security Council Resolutions on the extension of MONUSCO and Section 1502 of the Dodd-Frank Act. These documents have been analysed through the theoretical framework of neo-colonialism, dependency theory and aid dependency. The results of this thesis show that the involvement of MONUSCO and the establishment of the Dodd-Frank Act has increased the DRC’s dependence on their support, as previous research points out how violence has increased after the Dodd-Frank Act’s entry into force. The results further show that the conditions created by these actors have left the Government of the DRC in a state of dependence instead of strengthening their sovereignty and ability to act autonomously in creating peace. 

Small Island Developing States are known to be extra sensitive to environmental changes due to their geographical location and characteristics, and many are known as luxurious tourist destinations. This study explores how Mauritius and the Seychelles are affected by and deal with climate change and the negative impacts of tourism. The study connects to globalisation and sustainable tourism frameworks while analysing vulnerability and resilience in both countries, as well as how the countries work towards the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The method used is a mixed qualitative method with interviews and a text analysis of websites and official documents. The result indicates that both Mauritius and the Seychelles are highly vulnerable to climate change, especially in their coastal zones, which is further increased by tourism practices and development of tourism facilities. The study also highlights that both countries lack resilience to environmental changes. Both Mauritius and the Seychelles strive to work towards the 2030 Agenda, through policymaking on state level and through non-governmental organisations aligning their projects to the Sustainable Development Goals. The result also shows that there is a need to create a more sustainable tourism sector in each country to protect both the environment and the countries’ economies. This study aims to be a contribution to the research field of Small Island Developing States and to increase the understanding of Mauritius and the Seychelles’ particular characteristics and vulnerabilities.

The State of Israel’s control of the West Bank and their creation of settlements has led to feelings of frustration amongst the Palestinian population. The significance of the next generation in a conflict that has been ongoing for generations becomes crucial when aiming for peace, as the youth of today will be the adults of tomorrow. Therefore, this study researches how Palestinian university students perceives the Israeli settlements as well as examining whether if the Relative Deprivation Theory can explain these potential perceptions and the possible willingness amongst Palestinian students to participate in social movements. The methodology is based on qualitative semi-structured interviews with ten Palestinian students from Bethlehem University, which then has been analysed.

The results of this study indicate that the respondents feel deprived of seven different themes, namely (1) Demolition, (2) Economy, (3) Freedom of Movement, (4) Freedom of Speech, (5) Permits, (6) Resources and (7) Services. Furthermore, the result shows that nine out of ten respondents are, or have been, participating in activities to achieve social change. In addition to feeling deprived of the seven different themes, all the respondents also felt frustration and/or negative feelings towards the existence of Israeli settlements.

The analysis focuses on how the respondents partake in social movements as well as what their opinions about the resistance activities are. It became clear that all the respondents feel, or have felt, a willingness to participate in activities to achieve social change. However, the respondents use different forms of activities, such as protesting in the streets, demonstrating, and/or raising awareness, but there is an overarching social movement which focuses on “the Palestinian cause”. Finally, this study supports the idea of Relative Deprivation Theory, as the willingness to partake in social movements seems to be high amongst the respondents due to them being deprived of essential services and resources.