Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to explore optimization of the demand planning process with focus on the judgmentally adjusted forecasting approach. The exploration of the system operator perspectives was focused upon for potential optimization actualization. As demand planning is an essential supply chain management process, this thesis contributes to the supply chain management literature and practice by supporting improved sustainable balancing of supply and demand plans. This retains sustainability implications, thus also contributing to the domain of sustainable supply chain management.

Method: A case study research design was applied involving a large Swedish manufacturer that utilizes the forecasting approach in question. Data collectiontechniques involving participant observations, several types of interviews, anddocument analysis were utilized. Analysis methods included reiterative thematic analysis and Design of Experiment. Software based coding through mixed inductive and deductive approach was conducted for deriving themes and variables which werefurther analyzed by full factorial simulation experiments.

Findings: Several themes were identified in the data in which challenges, benefits, and improvement potentials were identified and encapsulated in a framework based on system operator perspectives. Through statistical experimental analysis, it appeared that taking these system operator perspectives into consideration for demand planning process optimization can constitute promising potentials. These include correctidentification of relevant refinement variables for enhancing the system forecast adjustments quality.

Implications: Identifying challenges leads to mitigation. Understanding benefits allows for enhancement. Exploring improvement potentials leads to actualization. Hence, the demand planning process, in regard to this approach, would be optimized. With optimization, it would be easier to maintain the right levels of inventory, order numbers and quantities, and transportation miles, while increasing service levels by minimized backorders. Therefore, sustainability is to be supported by minimized costs and elevated service levels (economic sustainability), enhanced operational and logistics planning (environmental sustainability), and taking workers’ perspectives into consideration to improve their work task and serve customer needs better (social sustainability).

Limitations: As is the case with research involving interviews, participant perspective involves perception filters that can dim the objectivity of the findings. This, however, was mitigated by applying quantitative data gathering and analysis. The forecasting approach explored is especially suitable for planning demand of components like spare parts. Similarly, other types of assortments and forecasting approaches can be explored for demand planning process optimization.

The aim of this research is to examine how lean has been implemented in the geriatric care sector in a municipality in Sweden. The research focuses on implementation experiences and challenges encountered. The research method used is a case study using interviews and observations for data collection. The findings indicate that there are many advantages of lean in the geriatric care sector, such as better communication, organisation and workflow. The lean implementation worked as an eye-opener and created a situation, where the employees realised a great deal of waste in the daily operations. In addition, lean tools helped to reduce the waste. The findings also indicate that there are some challenges of lean in the geriatric care sector, such as the difficulty to create long-lasting lean commitment. A lack of follow-ups, decreasing interest from senior management and lack of a holistic view were the main issues in the case organisation.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to identify patterns in the absence due to illness at a distribution center with higher absence due to illness compared to other companies in the same industry, and to investigate how managers work with routines for absence due to illness. To achieve the purpose, it has been divided into two research questions:

1. Which patterns in absence due to illness can be found at a distribution center with higher sick leave compared to other companies in the same industry?

2. How do managers work with routines regarding the absence due to illness at a distribution center with higher sick leave compared to other companies in the same industry?

Method – Theories about sick leave, work environment, psychosocial health, motivation, organization and leadership were collected to fulfil the purpose of the study. A case study was carried out to collect empirical data on the basis of interviews and document studies which then were compared with the theory for further analysis.

Findings – The study identifies patterns that were found after mapping the statistics of the absence due to illness on the case company. The result shows that women have higher absence due to illness than men, mostly younger women and older men. Permanent and temporary employees have more absence due to illness than workers on deputy posts and that employees who have worked one to three years have more absence due to illness than other groups. The mapping also shows that employees have the highest sick leave in the fall, on Mondays and only one day is most prevalent. There are clear routines regarding sick leave and rehabilitation at the case company. Improvements can be made with the documentation in the web-portal for sick leave, how the first day reporting sick should be done, and that a comprehensive action plan could be designed for managers to use. The study shows that the managers who are committed and have a higher focus on creating a good group dynamic through activities generally have lower absence due to illness. By creating a satisfying work environment where employees have the opportunity to participate, influence, take responsibility, develop and be seen and heard can therefore improve productivity, motivation and workplace health.

Implications – A mapping of absence due to illness can improve the same work on other companies and create a greater understanding of why some groups have higher absence due to illness in the workplace than others. This case study also shows that the work environment, motivation and leadership are essential to encourage health in the workplace which can be applied on companies in several sectors.

Limitations – Deviation may have occurred as a large amount of data during the study was processed. To do a mapping is considered generalizable but the result may differ between companies, therefore is the study not applicable in all contexts. The authors consider however that the study could be applied in general to other businesses as work environment and absence due to illness is an issue in all industries. 

Syfte - För att undvika en manuell interaktion som krävs för att aktivera ettöverfallslarm i dagens lösningar är syftet med detta examensarbete att undersöka hurbra det går att upptäcka ett fysiskt överfall med hjälp av en mobilenhets GPS.

Metod - En experimentell studie där studiens experimentet utformades först efter att ettteoretiskt ramverk skapats där tidigare studier kring GPS-lokalisering redogjorts för.Experimentet testas sedan med hjälp av tre olika användningsfall för när ett larm skautlösas eller inte.

Resultat - Examensarbetets resultat indikerar att GPS-funktionalitet för att upptäckafysiska överfall fungerar i varierande grad. För att upptäcka om en användare avvikerutanför en bestämd radie på en sträcka så har bästa möjliga utfall ett 80% positivtprediktivt värde. När det gäller att upptäcka om användaren inte förflyttas på sträckanvisar resultatet att samtliga tester har ett godkänt resultat med en Sensitivitet på 100%.

Slutsats - Studiens slutsats visar att det anses möjligt att använda GPS:en för attupptäcka de scenarier där användaren drabbats av en “immobiliseringsreaktion” vid ettöverfall för att undvika den manuella interaktion som dagens lösningar kräver. Däremotär det positiva prediktiva värdet för lågt för att anses uppfylla kravet för att upptäckaöverfall i de scenarier användaren avviker från sträckan

Demanding markets and complex products are only some of the reasons that make changes and variations inevitable through different stages of product realization. From early phases of product development to downstream production phase, these changes or variations cause failure either directly or by propagating to other phases, triggering more fluctuations like the well-known butterfly effect. In this paper, first, the definition of changes in product realization will be reviewed and then different papers and their classification on change related system properties (illites) will be discussed and compared. It was argued that considering a system-level view, one could trace these propagations in the systems as a result of not being robust, flexible, or adaptable, etc. Some of the ambiguity in this semantic field demonstrated and most repeated definitions are identified as the unanimous and agreed-upon definitions in the literature. In the end, a historical comparison of the three identified properties presented. The results of this study help us to understand the multidisciplinary nature of these propagations and identify their stemming turbulent environment. This will be used as a foundation for forthcoming research either to prevent these propagations or utilize their attributes in the product realization.

It is increasingly important for cities to attract visitors, potential new residents and businesses. Jönköping is one of the cities working with place marketing, a strategy that intends to mediate a positive image of the city, in order to accomplish just that.

People often have a need to preserve the memory of a trip into something tangible. Anyone visiting Jönköping encounters a souvenir choice, much like the one in many other cities. Linked to the idea of positive place marketing, our work aims to investigate how we as product developers can create a product that en¬hances the image of Jönköping based on the thought that all residents are con¬sig¬nors. Accordingly, we develop three different products from the residents' own image of the city.

Our research questions are:

Based on the photographs, what image of Jönköping do the ambassadors mediate of their own city?

As designers, what in Jönköping's history versus the image of Jönköping today, can we seize in order to give products for visitors a sense of authenticity?

As designers, how can we use knowledge of place branding in the development of souvenirs?

We performed interviews within three different aspects: history, souvenirs and place branding, all focused on the city of Jönköping. The interviews and a work-shop formed the basis for the further design process.

This work has resulted in three products: the matchbox Det nya Jönköping i en historisk förpackning, highlights an important part in the city's history and becomes a conversation piece. Lek dig genom Jönköping want to show visitors what the city offers, and distinguish it from others, from the on-site. Detaljerna gör staden is an every¬day object and function can get residents to begin to discover the details of their own city.

Through the use of knowledge and theories of place branding and souvenirs, we would argue that we have found a way to actually catch the residents' image of the city in a number of products. We also believe that it would be able to apply this type of project in other locations to create more authentic and at the same time innovative souvenirs.

The usage of artificial intelligence in banking is an important theme within entrepreneurial research. The purpose of the study was to analyse the motivations, challenges and opportunities for Swedish banking institutes to implement artificial intelligence based solutions into their customer service process. The research is based on a case study of the Swedish banking institute Swedbank AB, who introduced an AI based virtual assistant (Nina) to deal with customer requests. For the qualitative study, interviews with Swedish banking customer and experts were conducted. Further, to understand the managerial motivations of Swedbank, a theory of Moore (2008) regarding innovation management was applied. The findings display that Nina improved the service spectrum of Swedbank with the potential of decreasing costs, while maintaining customer satisfaction. Further, the results displayed a high acceptance of new technologies from the customer perspective. This provides the foundation for Swedbank to introduce further artificial intelligence based services. Banking institutes and other service oriented organisations with high customer interaction can use the implications of the thesis when considering to more effectively handle customer requests.

Det finns fortfarande för många hushåll i Sverige som använder mest glödljus för belysning, i form av glödlampor eller halogenlampor. Detta orsakar en väsentlig del av det onödiga överskott av koldioxidutsläpp som är en av orsakerna till den globala uppvärmningen. Därför avser detta examensarbete att försöka skapa en grönare miljö genom att studera och uppmärksamma faktorer som påverkar val av ljuskällor i belysningssammanhang.

Syftet med examensarbetet är att få en ökad förståelse för hur LED-ljuset upplevs i hemmiljö. Arbetet ska visa hur LED-ljuskällans nuvarande kvalité bedöms utifrån individuella rumsupplevelser samt om ytterligare kvalitetsförbättringar behövs. Detta görs för att kunna vända allmänhetens inställning i en mer positiv riktning gentemot LED, vilket kan bidra till en mer ekologiskt hållbar miljö.

För att undersöka hur LED fungerar i hemmiljö genomfördes en experimentell studie med syfte att besvara följande frågor: hur upplevs LED-ljusets kvalité jämfört med halogenljusets, hur tror man att det egna välmåendet påverkas av halogenljus respektive LED-ljus, hur påverkas rumsupplevelsen och rumskaraktären om halogenljus ersätts med LED-ljus och finns det några skillnader mellan ljusdesigners och icke ljusdesigners upplevelse av halogenljus och LED-ljus i hemmiljö?

Det byggdes upp två likadana försöksrum som hade samma förutsättningar både storleksmässigt, inredningsmässigt och belysningsmässigt. Den enda skillnaden var de installerade ljuskällorna, då det användes halogenlampor i det ena rummet och LED-lampor i det andra rummet. En enkätundersökning genomfördes, resultatet analyserades och en utförlig rumsanalys gjordes.

Resultatet visade att ljuset, oavsett ljuskälla, påverkade deltagarnas välmående och rumsupplevelse på olika sätt, beroende på vilken yrkesgrupp de tillhörde. Det visade sig också att skillnaden i ljuskvalitén mellan halogenljus och LED-ljus inte längre är omfattande. Dagens LED-lampor utvecklas alltså positivt och är redan en värdig ersättare till glöd- och halogenlampor.

This thesis investigates additive manufacturing as an alternative method for producing casting patterns in sand casting processes. Traditionally, casting patterns are manufactured using CNC milling, which entails long lead times, high manufacturing costs, and negative environmental impacts. Surface finish plays a significant role in casting pattern production and is one of several critical factors in assessing a method's suitability. By examining additive manufacturing, its potential and suitability for casting pattern production can be evaluated.

A key aspect of the study is the examination conducted to assess the surface finish of radius and draft angles on casting patterns fabricated through FDM and SLS printing. Surface finish was evaluated by measuring the Sa value using a digital microscope. Achieving high-quality surfaces on casting patterns is crucial for ensuring smooth and uniform sand mold patterns. The investigation resulted in moderately rough surfaces on the radius and draft angles of the casting patterns, with the Sa value varying depending on the casting pattern's layer thickness, angle, and radius.

The conclusion of this study is that FDM technology holds potential for casting pattern production but may require optimization to overcome existing challenges. Introducing 3D printing into foundries could lead to a more efficient and sustainable production process while reducing manufacturing costs for casting patterns.

Background: Organizations are continuously challenged to create differentiated customer value and experience to increase profitability and gain competitive advantage. At the same time, the fast-paced advancement of technologies provides the opportunity to the organizations to create a differentiated customer value by offering innovative products and services. Internet of things (IoTs) is one such emerging technology that brings within itself opportunities and challenges to be addressed. However, so far research has not sufficiently followed how the utilization of IoTs can enhance customer value and experience.

Purpose: The purpose of conducting this study is to explore how the utilization of IoTs enhance customer value and experience in an equipment manufacturers context and what are the associated opportunities and challenges. The study also aims to contribute to gap identified in the literature about how organizations can utilize IoTs to enhance customer value and experience.

Method: The qualitative study utilized a single instrumental case study to explore the research questions. The data is collected by conducting semi-structured in-depth interviews.

Conclusion: The study reveals that the utilization of IoTs can significantly improve customer value and experience in many ways. This may involve enabling user to monitor, control and optimally use the equipment, sharing useful information, allowing value co-creation and synergistic values and finally by providing autonomous equipment’s or solutions. However, the study also reveals that the utilization of IoTs also pose certain challenges along with the opportunities which must be carefully evaluated.

Syfte – Syftet för denna studie är att utforska hur automatisering av administrativa processer påverkar anställdas arbetsupplevelser och vilka faktorer som begränsar dessa effekter.

Syftet har brutits ner till studiens två följande frågeställningar:

1. Vilka möjliga förändringar har automatisering av administrativa uppgifter på individers arbetsuppleverser?

2. Vilka faktorer förhindrar automatisering av administrativa processer från att orsaka dessa upplevelser?

Metod – Studiens design är en enfallsstudie med ett producerande fallföretag i fokus. Triangulering har använts vid datainsamling och datainsamlingsmetoderna som använts är intervjuer, frågeformulär och dokumentstudie. Studien består av kvalitativa data, analys har genomförts med transkribering och kodning av data.

Resultat – Studien visar att automatisering av administrativa processer kan förändra och förbättra individers arbetsupplevelse och effektivitet. Däremot hindras dessa fördelar av faktorer såsom brist på kunskap, resurserbegränsningar och motstånd bland medarbetare. Att åtgärda dessa faktorer genom utbildning och att främja en samarbetskultur kan förbättra den framgångsrika implementeringen av automatisering och uppnå fulla potential.

Implikationer – Denna studie fyller ett gap i tidigare forskning genom att bidra med insikter om hur automatisering av administrativa processer i tillverkningsindustrin kan påverka arbetsupplevelsen samt identifierar hinder som begränsar automatiseringens fulla potential. Resultatet är användbart för företag som önskar förstå vilka hinder som kan påverka utfallet av automatisering i administrativa processer.

Begränsningar – Studien är begränsad till ett tillverkningsföretag och dess specifika sammanhang, detta kan påverka möjligheten att generalisera studiens resultat. Ytterligare forskning i olika organisatoriska och geografiska sammanhang rekommenderas för att validera och utöka resultaten.

Resultatet av en ökad befolkningsmängd är bland annat att trafiken ökar. Detta kan leda till att hjälp från blåljuspersonal kan ta längre tid att få eftersom risken för olyckor eller hinder på vägen till olycksplatsen även ökar. 

Målet med rapporten är att studera två olika belysningslösningar som samverkar med blåljuspersonal och hur det fungerar i praktiken. Det ena avser att kunna förse blåljuspersonal med mer ljus på vägarna under utryckning med hjälp av en gps- funktion, uppkopplade armaturer och belysningsstyrning. Det andra avser att polisen vid behov ska kunna förse offentliga platser med mer ljus. För att beröra så stor del av utryckningar som möjligt så undersöks möjligheten att förse utryckningspersonal med funktionen att öka ljusnivån vid utryckning på både utvalda vägar och offentliga platser, så som torg. Rapporten kommer även undersöka styrkor och svagheter med de olika funktionerna. De metoder som använts för att besvara frågeställningarna är intervju och dokumentinsamling. 

Genom en uppkopplad stad bidrar belysningen till en samverkan med blåljuspersonal, armaturer kan bli informationsbärare och styrning av dessa kan på så sätt ske både direkt ifrån utryckningsfordon likväl som på distans eller automatiskt. Rapporten nämner ett specifikt trafiksystem och så kallad kaosbelysning. Funktionerna används både när olyckan inträffar och i förebyggande syfte. Det primära syftet med funktionerna är att minimera olyckor och brottslighet. 

Systemen har likheter och skillnader. Grundprincipen av båda funktionerna är densamma, de förhöjer utvalda platser med mer ljus för att underlätta för blåljuspersonal och minska olyckor samt andra oroligheter. 

Då konkurrensen på marknaden ökar måste företag se över sina kostnader för att kunna bli effektivare och attraktivare för kunden. En effektiv lagerstyrning har en betydelsefull inverkan på verksamheters lönsamhet och kombinationen av effektivitetsvariablerna kapitalbindning, kundservice och kostnader kan orsaka målkonflikter samt komplex lagerstyrning.

Syftet med denna rapport är att utreda och föreslå förslag på materialanskaffningsprinciper som kan effektivisera företagets nuvarande lagerstyrning med hänsyn till säkerhetspolicy, genomsnittlig kapitalbindning samt lagerhållningskostnad per år.

För att uppnå syftet har litteraturundersökningar gjorts parallellt med empiriska utredningar på det aktuella företaget. Datainsamlingen har skett utifrån intervjuer, observationer samt datainsamling ut företagets affärssystem. De metoder som därefter har används för att frambringa ett resultat är grundade på beprövade teorier.

Ur företagets artikelsortiment har 1716 artiklar analyserats och klassificerats utifrån en ABC-analys med flera kriterier, volymvärde samt antal uttag från lager år 2011. Ur klassificeringen har nio olika delgrupper fastställts och artikelgrupperna har därefter analyserats vidare i syfte att få fram en lämplig materialstyrningsprincip för respektive grupp. Tjugo representativa artiklar har valts ut för djupare analys med avsikt att jämföra de föreslagna styrningsprinciperna med företagets nuvarande i avseende på genomsnittlig kapitalbindning i färdigvarulagret samt lagerhållningskostnad per år.

Rapportens slutsats är att om företaget ändrar sin nuvarande lagerstyrning och tillämpar de föreslagna styrningsprinciperna för respektive artikelgrupp skulle besparingar göras på de analyserade artiklarna. Den genomsnittliga kapitalbindningen skulle därmed sänkas med 85 % och lagerhållningskostnaden skulle reduceras med 82 %

To be able to retain the manufacturing industry durably, in Europe in general and in Sweden in specific, manufacturing companies have to be competitive also on the global market. One way for companies to realize this ambition is to interact with suppliers and customers in different kinds of supply chains. In the dyadic relation between two companies, three different levels of interaction have been identified. To be able to enhance the competitiveness instead of requiring excess workload, the level of interaction has to be adequate for the specific company and their market conditions.

The aim of this thesis is to clarify the characteristics of supply chain interaction, both in terms of different levels of interaction and concerning the factors affecting the appropriate level of interaction. A basic prerequisite to enable companies to select an appropriate level of interaction within their supply chain is also to clarify the present use of terminology.

This research is conducted through theoretical studies. The theoretical findings are synthesized in order to fulfill the research objective.

Characteristics of supply chain interaction in terms of affecting categories and factors are identified. The factors are sorted according to the category they support. An interaction framework that can be used to gain an overview over the categories and factors affecting the level of interaction in a specific situation is developed.

The resulting interaction framework is aiming at industry applicability but is based only on theoretical studies (which in turn are based on empirical data).

The aim is to support the interaction level decision for, primarily, small and medium sized manufacturing companies in order to increase their competitiveness.

Despite the amount of research within the supply chain area, the question how companies should select the way to interact within their supply chain has so far been left unanswered. In this thesis, a number of categories and factors that affects the appropriate level of interaction are identified and listed.

Purpose – The purpose of this report is to find out which frameworks and methods are most popular and most widely used, as well as web developers' views on the hamburgermenu.

Method – In order to answer the questions in our report we used the methods quantitative statistical processing, quantitative analysis of data collected via survey and qualitative interviews with web developers. The study was conducted to find out which frameworks and methods are most popular and used most, as well as how web developers look at the hamburgermenu. This was done by analyzing the popularity and usage of different frameworks as well as interviewing web developers who work with it daily.

Findings – The results of the report are based on the data collected through the processing of the statistics, the analysis of the survey, and the interviews performed. The result shows which frameworks are most popular and those that are most used. The following list shows the ranking:

Most popular:

1. Bootstrap
2. Semantic UI
3. Materialize
4. Material Design Lite
5. Foundation

Most used:

1. Bootstrap
2. Foundation
3. Materialize
4. Material Design Lite
5. Semantic UI

The results of the interviews showed that most of the web developers interviewed used a framework when they created a website, either an existing or one of their own. It was also a practice to use the same framework in the company, although the way it was used was different from developer to developer. All developers had a mobile-first thought in mind, although it was not always a priority.

It was also found in the study that everyone had a basic idea behind the choice of framework, but only one who had performed a study on which one would suit them best.

All web developers interviewed thought that the hamburger menu was boring and bad from a user experience perspective. But everyone also agreed that because it is so widely used and has been for a couple of years, users have learned what it means and therefore fulfills its purpose.

Implications – The use of the results is primarily linked to individuals or companies that work with web development, but can also be used by private individuals. For the report's primary target group, the results will give an increased understanding of the most used framework and an increased understanding of why these are used. Private individuals can use the result in the same way.

Limitations – The limitations we receive in this study are that we cannot make any conclusions about companies and web developers in other parts of the country using the same framework or methods as the local ones we interviewed. Nor can we make any conclusions about why Bootstrap is the most popular and most widely used framework. We can only speculate why with the empirical we gathered through the interviews.

A major limitation is also the lack of interviews when we only got answers from 6 of the 10 companies we contacted, of whom 4 would like to participate in the interview. More general conclusions could have been drawn if more companies had been interviewed.

Keywords – Framework, Web Development, Responsive Web Design, Interaction Design, User Experience, Bootstrap, Foundation, Materialize, Material Design Lite, Semantic UI

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to investigate how organizations successfully can implement sustainability strategies. To fulfill the purpose, three research questions were established:

1. What factors are important to consider when implementing environmental sustainability strategies?
2. How do these factors affect the implementation of an environmental sustainability strategy?
3. How can these factors enable a successful implementation of sustainability strategies?

Method – To achieve the purpose of this study, a case study has been conducted at an organization where empirical data has been collected through interviews, observations, and document analyses. Further, a literature review was carried out to establish a theoretical framework. The empirical data and theoretical framework have been compared and analyzed in order to answer the research questions and fulfill the purpose.

Findings – The findings provided six important factors in the implementation of environmental sustainability strategies: organizational structure, organizational culture, internal communication, management control, leadership, and employee motivation. The factors affect the implementation by hindering and facilitating alignment, common understanding, efficient communication, employee involvement and motivation. Further, the factors can enable a successful implementation by creating a mutual understanding of the strategy's vision and goals and establishing an organizational alignment in relation to the strategy. Last, the research indicates that a holistic consideration of these factors is needed.

Implications – The research did not contribute to new theories, however, it provided increased knowledge on various factors that affect and enable environmental sustainability strategy implementation. Further, the research suggests that the factors should be considered holistically and simultaneously to achieve organizational alignment and mutual understanding.

Limitations – The study is a single case study where one organization has been explored and a limited number of interviews have been conducted. The credibility of the study is believed to have increased further if multiple organizations had been studied with more interviews.

Sustainable development has for a long time been a much spoken topic worldwide and so in Sweden. Sustainable development is about creating a social economic and cultural development and to ensure human well-being in balance with the earth´s ecological system. Nowadays sustainable consumption is also a much spoken topic. Sustainable consumption is about how humans consume, what humans consume and in what way. This means that we carefully need to choose what products to buy and use them as long as they are still alive. Because of human’s unsustainable way of using the resources from earth, we now need to stop using the linear economy and start using the circular economy. This will lower the environmental effect.

This study aimed to investigate how AB Småland, a company in Malmö, can get customers to hand in furniture to the store for reusing. The company wants to expand their business by collecting second-hand furniture from costumers. In turn, they will sell these furniture at the company’s own auctions. The students' work was to help AB Småland to see what is required of them to get this process working, to get a flow with recycled furniture. The study included an investigation of the Miljönär-Vänlig labels’ options to facilitate consumers to make better choices for a more sustainable consumption in the future. To do research on how consumers think and act was relevant to understand why these behaviors occur in order to understand the value of marketing sustainability. The study also included previous research in the area.

The study’s two issues:

[1] How can AB Småland get customers to hand in furniture to the store for recycling? [2] Can a label like Miljönär-Vänlig help consumers to understand the concept for stores that work with sustainability?

To answer the first issue of the study the students gathered data through interviews with companies that work with the durability to take note of how they solved it. To be able to answer the second issue of the study the students carried out a web survey in which the purpose was to gather information about consumers' attitudes to sustainability and their consequences of consuming. In order to underpin both issues, literatures were used and were carefully chosen to answer the purpose of the study.

The report presents the results for the study’s two issues that both have all three data collection methods proving them.

The result from the study’s’ first issue shows that AB Småland should focus a lot on the preparatory work and strategies that will be required to get their new part of the business to be profitable. They have got help with some parts through the proposal of a business model, SWOT analysis, competitive analysis, how to design the "Re-Mill tab" on the website, which the students produced.

The result from the study’s’ second issue shows that Miljönär-Vänlig is a label that is not suitable for AB Småland in the current situation because it is for those operations where the main part of the business is about "fix, borrow and reuse" in order to minimize waste. It can be a good tool for stores, which work with environmental issues, in order to help the consumer make better choices. But AB Småland can create an own label that shows customers how the company works with sustainable products.

To get AB Smålands new part of the business profitable, they should consider that it requires thorough preparation. Time is of essence and other resources are needed and the work should not be rushed. Before they start this process, AB Småland should establish and clearly review policies and their business model so everyone in the company can be initiated.

The students have come to the conclusion that AB Småland has to work with their marketing in order to reach consumers and help them understand the company’s values and concepts.

The project  is related to the design of a new type of Public Toilets from the company Danfo for the year 2014.

The proper project follows asequential order to show how to create solution to the existing problems of these Service  and re-design the product itself to create a new look and new core values to the existing service , creating   a new product line for this kind of service in the market in this particular case the re-design  of a new type of Public Toilets for the year 2014.

Following the sequential order of a  design process it is proposed a new concept of Public Toilets  which will give service to users in City’s and Landscape areas. Developing a new  style and realistic concept of Publict Toilets.  Creating  sustainable buildings  which generate the 60 % of the own used energy,  using renewable energy sources from sun and wind, reusing the rainwater and with purifying water systems, for minimum water consumption, moreover a building  design to avoid vandalism and which give different services on the exterior creating information  reunion point, for the interior is looked at  the essence of  Public Toilets and why they where designed,  creating a new concept of  a multifunctional Hygiene cabin, and resolving the existing detected problems to create a  design concept that satisfied all the stakeholders involved in  the proper artifact and combined with the innovation of the design to open new markets.

A new type of Public Toilets with  new core values and which gives new services based on the conclusion and reflections of the  done research.

It is proposed a Re-design of the Exterior and Interior  of the existing building and the design  of two  new artifacts  for the interior which resolves and gives service, creating new goals for the company  and a new style. Combined with the existing technology and production methods  and materials thinking in the future development and trends.

Master thesis carried out in collaboration with Thule Group during spring 2020 as part of the Industrial Design Master at Jönköping University. The work aims to develop a new concept idea related to "Active with kids" and focused on the Southern Europe market (Spain). The goal of the project is to improve the parental active experience in metropolitan areas concerning strollers or their accessories. The product proposal will fit and express Thule vision and brand language. This project is written in the field of industrial design; therefore, we will go over the usual design process: empathize, define, ideate and prototype. The project will be done individually, however, the beginning of it (empathize and define), will be carried out in pairs between Nerea Cuello and Berta Cester, to achieve broad research and obtaining two different products within a similar market. The project starts with a design brief formulated by the company and continues into understanding the problem by investigating the brand, the user, the market, and other interesting factors. Continuing with an ideation phase that explores different problems and ideas. The process will end with a final concept presented as a physical prototype. The final result is a new concept solution for easier travelling with babies in urban cities, improving parents' lifestyles when they cannot use or find it difficult to use a stroller

Purpose: Sustainability and sustainable manufacturing has grown in importance in recent years, and more legislation and demands are put on organizations to show how their operations affect the environment. Life cycle assessment is a proactive and efficient sustainability tool to report a company’s effects on the environment. Nevertheless, life cycle assessments of products and organizations are complex and require significant resources. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate what potential barriers can occur within the initial acceptance phase when implementing life cycle assessment in the manufacturing industry.

Method: This research project is a single case study of a Swedish manufacturing company. The theory was deduced from literature where eight internal factors influencing the implementation of tools and systems created a foundation for data collection and analysis. Five semi-structured interviews and unstructured observations have been conducted to collect empirical data.

Findings: Nine second-order themes of factors influencing the project as barriers have been identified that construct the three aggregate dimensions ̈Lack of management support ̈, ̈Lack of resources ̈, and ̈Lack of interdepartmental coordination ̈. From the empirical findings, it is also suggested that the three aggregate dimensions are interrelated. The interrelationships are later used to find three change suggestions to mitigate the barriers by using the relationships between the dimensions and targeting as many barriers as possible. Namely, ̈educate top management ̈, ̈enhance the education of project participants ̈, and ̈spend more time on project planning ̈.

Implications: This study provides a deeper and more detailed understanding of different barriers within the initial acceptance phase of a project. It also gives further insights into various interrelationships between barriers and how one dimension can influence the other in both positive and negative ways. Furthermore, this study's findings can guide managers and practitioners in preparing for a project aiming to implement a tool or a system.

Limitations: As in all interpretative research, the interpretations of the empirical data are based on subjective thoughts influenced by the researcher’s positionality, the relationships with the participants, and preconceived perceptions. Furthermore, this research project is a single case study, and the results apply to this case. The findings cannot be statistically generalizable, meaning that the theories and themes created in this report should not be seen as absolute truths but instead as suggestive theories within the field.

Virtual influencer is a new phenomenon operating on social networks. Since this is new, there is not a lot of research about that field. Therefor the purpose of this study is to get a better understanding about virtual influencers and how they operate on instagram. Which will be done by identifying which key factors that needs to be considered in the process of creation and management of a virtual influencer.

Experiment has been used as a method. A virtual character has been created as well as its account on instagram. During 2 months, data has been collected and has revealed that there are different factors that can impact the creation and management of a virtual influencers account. The key factors that have been identified are the realism of the character, the changing algorithm of instagram as well as the accounts content itself. Firstly, the character should be realistic but the fictional part of it should be at least noticeable in order to generate curiosity. Secondly, the instagram algorithm makes a difference if it is managed right. The last key factor is the content of the account itself; it needs to be adapted to the audience and the content in the posts as well as the overall aesthetic of the feed need to be visually appealing in order to raise interest.

Sustainable entrepreneurs are a relatively new breed of entrepreneurs who use innovations to tackle environmental and societal challenges. Because their ventures focus on sustainable value creation rather than financial performance, crowdfunding is a novel method of fundraising that helps these sustainability-oriented ventures get the capital they need through campaigns conducted on online reward-based crowdfunding platforms such as Kickstarter and Indiegogo. There is adequate research about their funding, but little investigation exists about how they commercialize their ventures post-campaign. We believe that the social capital theory provides a promising lens to deeply understand this period. In particular, this paper argues that social capital arising from outside of the crowdfunding platforms (i.e. external social capital) has a strong influence on the overall post-campaign commercialization activities, which include the broad categories of continued production, logistics and marketing. A qualitative abductive case study research with five crowdfunded ventures offering sustainability-oriented products is conducted in order to derive a deeper understanding about this niche. Findings are compared with current literature in order to reveal that two particular dimensions of social capital play the most crucial role in post-campaign commercialization- External Relational and External Cognitive. These dimensions involve different relational and cognitive facets that come into play between the sustainable entrepreneurs and the external social capital, facilitating the post-campaign commercialization process.

Fashion history is an integral subfield of history as a whole. Fashion plates provide important evidence of what fashion once looked like and as such are a valuable window into the lives of the people in ages past. The rise of digitization opens new avenues for aiding historians in the dating of fashion plates; following on from this, digitization also brings a greater need for artworks to be digitized and AI can be utilized in order to keep up with the demand. This provides unique challenges such as gathering data and working with a relatively limited database. Due to the lack of prior research into the subject of dating fashion plates using Artificial Intelligence (AI), said application of AI in the dating process could help future historians automate the task. Transfer learning can help streamline the dating process of fashion plates. I used several approaches with three different models (ResNet101, NasNetMobile, and InceptionV3) and achieved the best mean absolute error of 2.8 years in a range of 60 years using NasNetMobile with a simple output layer and no fine-tuning.

Transportation of heavy objects can lead to back injury. High Performance batteries must be handled with care. Therefore, the focus on the product development process is on ergonomics and safety.The present report presents the product development process of a mobile battery systemfor Globe Technologies. It presents the literature review of load carriage systems and ergonomics. The project followed a double diamond design approach to come up with a proposed concept design, presented to the company with a CAD model and physical prototype.The design process started with the finding of a product opportunity. The need to transport the batteries used to power Globe Technology’s battery-powered power tools. The weightof the batteries posed a challenge, ranging from 2.2 to 3.5 kg each.The product concept was developed in 7 cycles of alternating ideation and workshopscarried out at Globe Technology’s offices in Jönköping. The proposed solution is a 3-part system of two battery cases that can hold 3 batteries each, a backplate to which the cases are mounted, and a harness that consists of padded straps and a hip belt. The final concept was considered satisfactory and the product design process valuable. However, further detailing and testing would be necessary before having a viable product for manufacturing.

This paper explores how industrial organisations understand their competencies in relation to AI transformation. It does so by using data from a collaborative research project with five industrial partners. The paper complements current research on AI transformation by explicating how industrial organisations understand technical and managerial competencies related to AI. The paper proposes a new two-dimensional conceptual framework that attempts to capture the complexity industrial organisations face when trying to relate their managerial efforts to their technical ones in the AI transformation process.

Syfte –Studiens syfte är att utforska Supply Chain Integration (SCI) och undersöka hur leverantörer och företagskunder ser på det. För att uppnå syftet har tre frågeställningar formulerats vilka är:

• Vilka principer är viktiga för SCI och hur ser leverantörer och företagskunder på dessa?
• Vilka utmaningar upplever leverantörer och företagskunder vid integration?
• Hur vill leverantörer och företagskunder arbeta med integration?

Metod –  För att besvara syftet och frågeställningarna användes en kvalitativ inriktad ansats med ett induktivt tillvägagångsätt som utgår från att analysera en stor mängd teoretiskt och empiriskt utfall om SCI:s principer och utmaningar. Analysen generar sedan resultatet.

Resultat – Studien visar att konceptet SCI måste fastställas och urskilja de viktiga principerna inom ämnet för att kunna verkställa konceptet praktiskt i en verksamhet. Det mest centrala som framgår av resultatet är att kravställandet har en stor påverkan på samarbetet och att företag därför måste ta det i beaktning.

Implikationer – Konceptet SCI är väldigt vagt där många forskare använder sig av äldre källor som än idag är aktuella vilket tyder på att det är ett svårt koncept att fastställa och där ny forskning kommer fram till det som redan fastställts av äldre källor. Den teoretiska implikationen med studien har varit att identifiera de viktiga principerna för SCI som kan sedan förvaltas vidare i senare forskning. Studien bidrar till ökad förståelse för hur en framgångsrik SCI kan uppnås och hur den kan vidareutvecklas till att skapa ett mer verklighetsförankrat koncept. Den empiriska implikationen av studien är att företag bör skapa en mer ökad förståelse för konceptet SCI kring ett ömsesidigt beroendeförhållande.

Begränsningar – Studien har genererat ett resultat som är mer generellt. Anledningen är för att studien riktat sig in på tre fallföretag oberoende bransch och deras perspektiv på SCI och då har  mycket generell information samlats in som leder till det generella resultatet.

Nyckelord – Supply chain integration, Samsyn, Långsiktig relation, Informationsdelning, Makt, Krav.

Syfte – För att företag ska förbli konkurrenskraftiga på marknaden krävs ständiga förbättringar och ett alternativ är att investera i bland annat ny produktionsutrustning. Vid dessa investeringsbedömningar är det av stor vikt att även materialflödets påverkan utreds, eftersom ett felaktigt beslut kan få ödeläggande konsekvenser. Därav är studiens syfte att utveckla en process som befintliga tillverkande SME kan använda för att utreda materialflödets påverkan vid investering i alternativ produktionsutrustning.Utifrån syftet har tre frågeställningar formulerats: 

1. Vilka faktorer påverkar materialflödet vid investering av alternativ produktionsutrustning i befintliga tillverkande SME?
2. Hur påverkar faktorerna materialflödet vid investering av alternativ produktionsutrustning i befintliga tillverkande SME?
3. Vilka steg ska en process för utredning av materialflödet vid investering av alternativ produktionsutrustning innehålla?

Metod – För att besvara studiens syfte användes två metoder där en fallstudie genomfördes för att besvara frågeställning 1 och 2, och analytisk konceptuell forskning användes för att besvara frågeställning 3. Empiri har samlats in genom de tre datainsamlingsteknikerna intervju, observation samt dokumentstudie. Utöver detta har det även genomförts en litteraturstudie som var grunden för det teoretiska ramverket. För att besvara studiens frågeställningar och uppnå syftet har det teoretiska ramverket och den empiriska datainsamlingen analyserats och jämförts med varandra med hjälp av mönsterpassning. 

Resultat – Studien resulterade i den process, så kallade PUMPI-processen, som utredermaterialflödets påverkan vid investering i alternativ produktionsutrustning. Därutöveridentifierades 7 huvudfaktorer samt 17 delfaktorer som ska utvärderas enligt den skapade processen tillsammans med en värdeflödesanalys. Utifrån studiens analysidentifierades processen innehålla fem steg som utreder materialflödet och resulterar i ett beslutsunderlag kring investeringen. Beslutsunderlaget bör kompletteras med övriga perspektiv, såsom investeringskalkyler, för att beslutet som tas ska vara välgrundat. 

Implikationer – Studien tillförde både praktiska och teoretiska implikationer. Genom utvecklandet av processen, som uppfyller studiens syfte, adderades en process till de befintliga inom området som dessutom överbygger det gap som finns inom området materialflöde-investering-process. Vidare innebar även studien ett praktiskt bidrag där SMEs kan nyttja PUMPI för att utreda materialflödets påverkan vid investering i alternativ produktionsutrustning.

Begränsningar – Studien undersökte endast ett fallföretag där ett begränsat antal intervjuer och observationer genomfördes, vilket kan ha påverkat trovärdigheten. Vidare avgränsades studien till att undersöka materialflödet, där informationsflödet och det finansiella flödet exkluderades.

Syfte – Studiens syfte är att utifrån en värdeflödesanalys kartlägga ett råmaterialflöde samt identifiera icke-värdeskapande aktiviteter och föreslå förbättringsförslag. För att besvara syftet har det brutits ned i tre följande frågeställningar: Vilka icke-värdeskapande aktiviteter kan identifieras i flödet? Vad finns det för argument till att åtgärda de upptäckta icke- värdeskapande aktiviteterna Hur kan de upptäckta icke-värdeskapande aktiviteterna åtgärdas för att höja effektiviteten?

Metod - Den genomförda studien är en fallstudie vilken bygger på en induktiv ansats med kvantitativa inslag. Den använda metoden är av kvalitativ karaktär då studien grundar sig på intervjuer och tolkning utifrån observationer av den grundläggande datainsamlingen. Datainsamlingen har genomförts utifrån litteraturstudier, intervjuer, observationer och dokumentstudier. För att nå en hög trovärdighet har det vid utformning av intervjufrågor varit viktigt att dessa kunnat kopplats till uppfyllnad av syftet. Detta arbete gjordes för att minimera risken för systematiska fel.

Resultat – Studiens resultat bygger på en kartläggning av ett flöde där en nulägesanalys genomfördes för att sedan genomföra en värdeflödesanalys. Utifrån värdeflödesanalysen framgick det att en brist i flödet var höga nivåer av slöserier. Det största identifierade slöseriet var bristande kvalité, främst orsakat av produktion av defekta produkter. Denna brist påverkar vidare stora delar av flödet. De åtgärdsförslag vilka läggs fram i studien är att via en förändring av kulturen på företaget, genomföra standarder och vidare jobba med ständiga förbättringar.

Implikationer – Resultatet visar vikten av att arbeta med effektivisering av slöserier vilket i studiens fall leder till bristande kvalitet främst i form av produktion av defekta produkter. Studien har ett praktiskt bidrag till tillverkande företag, genom att ta till sig de presenterade åtgärdsförslagen kan det generera en bättre samsyn på kvalitet i verksamheten. Även ett teoretiskt bidrag ges i form av att ämnet ständigt är under utveckling och behöver ny uppdaterad data. Vidare forskning skulle kunna se över hur man rent tekniskt och psykologiskt implementerar en förändring likt denna.

Begränsningar – Resultatet kan vara svårt att generalisera eftersom detta är en studie genomförd som en enfallsdesign. Vidare är det även komplext att undersöka och utveckla en studie vilken visar på hur kvalitet är kopplat till företagskultur.

En balans mellan hållbar utveckling, klassisk design och unikitet kan bidra till att minska dagens konsumtion. Begreppet ekodesign innefattar en produkts miljöpåverkan genom dess livscykel utan att äventyra med andra komponenter som kvalité, kostnad och formgivning. Att skapa en innovativ ekodesignad produkt utan att kompromissa skapar en hög attraktionsnivå och gör det enklare för kund att välja rätt, vilket medför ett högt kundvärde där produkten får leva genom generationer.

Syftet med studien var att ta fram ett unikt ekodesignat produktförslag för uppdragsgivaren Ekdahls möbler som skall kunna brukas och uppskattas genom flera generationer där följande frågeställningar besvarats;

[1] Vilka gemensamma framgångsfaktorer utgör en klassiskt designad sittmöbel?

[2] Hur kan man utveckla en unik ekodesignad sittmöbel?

För att besvara studiens första frågeställning genomfördes en dokumentundersökning som följts av en sambandsmatris för att konstatera de gemensamma framgångsfaktorerna hos klassiskt designade stolar. En intervju genomfördes för att analysera och stärka framgångsfaktorerna. Arbetet resulterade i att följande framgångsfaktorer var avgörande för en klassisk designad sittmöbel; unik, komfortabel, kvalitativ, estetisk, kreativ och användarvänlig vilka utgjorde formspråket på det slutliga produktförslaget. För att besvara studiens andra frågeställning tillämpades en designprocess där integrering av verktyg för ekodesign i form av statusanalys, kravspecifikation, funktion- och livscykelanalys samt ekostrategihjulet skapade ett miljöarbete samt en skräddarsydd och mer anpassad process för framtagningen av studiens produktförslag.

Genom att följa designprocessens alla steg grundligt med komplettering av integrerade verktyg för ekodesign skapades inte bara en unik utvecklingsprocess utan även ett unikt projekt mot en ekodesignad produkt. Unikiteten är den framgångsfaktorn som värderades högst. Genom att leva upp till den samt de andra framgångsfaktorerna i det slutliga produktförslaget skapades en möjlighet att bli eftersträvansvärd på marknaden och på så sätt även öka livslängden för produkten.Produkten utstrålar klassisk och säregen design där kärleken för naturmaterial och kvalité står i centrum. Genom dess optimering i synpunkt på miljöpåverkan och dess unika formspråk är det en produkt att stolt leva med genom flera generationer.

Automotive industries are constantly working to streamline their warehousing operations, as disruptions and wastes can have negative effects on parameters such as lead time, warehouse space and utility of warehouse resources. Performance and efficiency in material flow have therefor had a negative impact on the total cost of products handled in the warehouse area. The purpose of this case study is thus to analyze the material flow from goods reception to picking location and identify any disruptions and wastes to suggest improvements. The case study has been conducted on an automotive industry’s warehouse operation.

The approach adopted in the case study is deductive with methods of data collection via observations, semi-structured interviews and company documentations. This enabled the authors to be able to process both qualitative and quantitative data in the study to present a relevant analysis and discussion. This case study demonstrates that fixing disruptions and wastes in a material flow is a constant process, laying down also the importance of identifying the root cause that can be the cause of several disruptions and wastes, not only in one area but in several different sections of the material flow. Furthermore, it is presented how the material flow can be handled based on the influencing factors of disruptions and wastes as identified in the study, to aid in shorter lead times and reduced cost. One of the findings in the case study is the possible elimination of unnecessary transport that occurs due to lack of information among employees regarding the utilization of storage space in the storage area. By eliminating this waste, it contributes to cost savings, shortened lead times and less environmental impact. The case study also identifies that a root cause may be the basis for several deviations in a material flow, so when handling a root cause several disturbances and wastes can be eliminated.

During the case study, the authors' observations in the case company were limited because of the prevailing pandemic that caused a visitor ban in the case company during planned observation occasions, thus less observations than planed have occurred.

Due to the rise of available online music, a lot of music consumption is moving from traditional offline media to online sources. Online music sources offer almost an unlimited music collection to its users. Hence, how music is consumed by users (e.g., experts) may differ from traditional offline sources. In this work we explored how musically sophisticated users (i.e. experts) consume online music in terms of diversity. To analyze this, we gathered data from two different sources: Last.fm and Spotify. As expertise is defined by the ubiquitousness of experiences, we calculated different diversity measurements to explore how ubiquitous (in terms of diversity) the listening behaviors of users are. We found that different musical sophistication levels correspond to applying diversity related to specific kind of musical characteristics (i.e., artist or genre). Our results can provide knowledge on how systems should be designed to provide better support to expert users.

The purpose of this study is to survey and evaluate if the individual contrast sensitivity and preferences for horizontal and vertical lighting level correspond to the values that standard SS-EN 12464-1 recommends for the workplace- and surrounding light levels.

This study examines if lighting should be adapted after the individuals’ need or if a general value can be found that will cover every individuals’ need for a workplace and surrounding light level. This study also examines if parameters like sex, age and/or glasses/lenses have an effect on the amount of lighting that the test subjects need. Lastly we compared the values concerning the relationship between workplace- and surrounding light levels with standard SS-EN 12464-1’s recommendations.

The study is carried out with an experimental design that surveys 220 test subjects who were chosen by a selection of convenience. The test subjects did perform a test where they estimated their individual need for lighting in office environments regarding lighting for workplace and its surroundings. Every test subject carried out the test where they repeated the same attempt three times, to establish if the individual lighting need oscillated or if it was constant, whereupon the results were analyzed, compiled and compared to standard SS-EN 12464-1.

The results show that the minim- and maxim value for the test subjects is between 70 – 4300 lux. The result varies with different parameters such as sex, age and glasses/lenses. We could also state that the relationship between workplace- and surrounding light levels is slightly higher than what standard SS-EN 12464-1 recommends, which should be taken into consideration when planning future lighting constructions.

Based on the results in this study, our conclusion is that standard SS-EN 12464-1 does not cover the needs on the comfort levels that the test subjects indicated. The values that the test subjects indicated differ from the values that standard SS-EN 12464-1 recommends.

Since there is a huge spread of the experienced need for lighting between individuals and age groups, we draw the conclusion that general values of measure can’t be applied as a standard on neither workplace- nor surrounding light levels. To fulfill the needs that users have, the lighting construction should be adapted for the individual and give a lighting flood that will fill the individual needs for workplace lighting.

This study examines the effectiveness of two software testing frameworks, Patrol andAppium, for automating software testing in cross-platform mobile app development, witha focus on Flutter applications. The study assesses their capabilities in handling thecomplexities of mobile app testing, particularly in scenarios involving localization, crossplatform compatibility, integration with hardware components and Bluetoothcommunication. By understanding the features and challenges associated with Patrol andAppium, the study aims to provide valuable insights for software teams seeking tooptimize their software testing processes. The research highlights the practicalimplications of choosing the proper testing framework and offers actionablerecommendations for improving testing efficiency and reliability in Flutter developmentprojects. Overall, this study contributes to the broader discourse on software engineeringmethodologies, offering practical guidance for developers, project managers, andorganizations navigating the challenges of cross-platform mobile app development.

Stress has become an increasing issue in modern society, affecting the mental and physical health of individuals across all age groups and demographics. Therefore, innovative solutions that extend beyond traditional methods are required to reduce stress. Our study investigates the effects of immersive virtual reality (VR) environments on stress reduction by comparing them to non-immersive environments while integrating creative arts therapy and breathing exercises. The study uses a quasi-experimental design to observe two participant groups: one experiencing a VR-based intervention and the other a non-immersive control environment (Desktop). Each group data collection included pre- and post-exposure surveys and heartbeat variability measurements to assess stress levels subjectively and objectively.

The results suggest that both environments can mitigate stress. However, the non-immersive environment has more statistically significant results in reducing stress compared to the immersive environments. This may be attributed to the overstimulation of immersive environments, users' readiness for the immersive technology, and the user experience offered by the VR headset employed in the study. Overall, this research highlights the potential of both immersive and non-immersive environments as modern tools for enhancing stress reduction. Future research could explore long-term effects and a more diverse demographic to better understand immersive environments' impact on stress reduction and management.

Denna studie är ett examensarbete som har utförts som en del av utbildningen inom Produktutveckling med inriktning Ljusdesign på Tekniska Högskolan i Jönköping vårterminen 2018. Varje utomhusmiljö är unik och förändras efter dygnet och årstiderna vilket i sin tur gör den komplex. Dygnet runt används det offentliga stadsrummet frekvent av dess invånare och besökare. För att vilja och våga vistas i stadsrummet även under kvällstid utgör belysningen en viktig roll. Genom att framhäva olika platsers rumslighet och atmosfär utefter rummet och människan kan mer trivsamma och trygga platser skapas för att både mötas och vistas på. Syftet med denna studie har varit att få en djupare förståelse av hur människan upplever rumslighet och atmosfär med varierad ljusfördelning i ett offentligt exteriört stadsrum. Genom att utföra en experimentell situation i fullskala på ett gångstråk/en allé i de centrala delarna av Jönköping kunde fyra ljusscener i ett och samma rum studeras, detta möjliggjorde att trovärdig och jämförbar data kunde inhämtas för att sedan analyseras. Av studiens resultat framgår att människans upplevelse är individuell och att dess rörelsemönster i ett rum varierar beroende på hur ljuset är uppställt. Beroende på faktorer som könsfördelning, tidigare erfarenheter och platsens utformning bidrar också detta till hur ett rum upplevs mellan individen. Oavsett om upplevelsen av ett rum betraktas utifrån eller inifrån upplever människor det vara lika. Hur ett rums dimensioner framhävs i form av dess höjd, bredd och djup kan upplevelsen av rummets form påverkas. En jämn kontrastvariation mellan ljus och mörker skapar ett mer inbjudande intryck vilket kan bidra till en ökad upplevelse av trygghet samt underlätta orienterbarheten.

Background: Industry 4.0 brings new technologies said to improve organizations’ supply chain performance. Additive manufacturing (AM) and information and communication technologies have received much attention in recent years. A combination of the two has recently surfaced in literature and captured the interest of large manufacturing organizations such as Siemens Energy. Namely, AM-enabled Digital Inventory (DI).

Problem: AM is considered a new manufacturing method and is still under development, thus, industries have yet to realize AM’s full potential. DI has been presented as a suggested tool to maximize AM’s potential. However, existing research on DI is scarce. For manufacturers to properly evaluate DI and decide on implementation more information is needed.

Purpose: To aid decision-makers in the navigation of DI implementation, we have conceptually explored practitioners' perceptions of the DI concept and related benefits and challenges. To ultimately allow organizations to obtain the full potential of AM, and thereby increase supply chain performance and remain competitive in the transition to Industry 4.0.

Method: Ontology – Relativism, Epistemology – Constructivism, Qualitative, Inductive, Exploratory, Single-case study, 8 semi-structured interviews, 10 semi-structured group interviews, Snowball sampling, Purposive sampling, Thematic analysis.

Conclusion: With this research, we were able to establish that the DI concept should function as a system that allows for easier sharing and access of information. Benefits found: Process optimization, reduced risk, and cost, further development, and increased competitiveness. Challenges found: rules and regulations, change management, operations issues, strategy, profitability, system issues, and post-processing. Ultimately, to obtain the benefits, trade-offs in lead time, capacity cost, and inventory costs need to be considered. Before calculations can commence components suitable to include in a DI needs to be established.

This paper shows how instructions for the inspections of the lifting tools at Abetong were made. The most important is how the company can ensure that every lifting tool is inspected. The work was carried out at three of Abetongs factories. Abetong makes precast concrete elements, which makes them use liftingtools as a part of their daily work; most of the lifting tools are custom made for the concrete industry.

A numeric system for the lifting tools was formed and partially implemented. A small investigation to find companies which could do the annual inspections was made. A specification for this was also written. An instruction for the daily inspection of the lifting tools was made. A signing list will be put up at each working area to ensure that the daily inspections are being done. The lifting yokes which lacks label will be risk analysed, this creates some questions about whether this is aloud.