Introduction – This thesis in Building Engineering at Jönköping University, in collaboration with Tyréns Sweden AB, examines the issues surrounding 3D models as construction documents from a legal perspective and investigates how digitization affects stakeholders in the construction industry. The goal of the study is to explore a relevant and interesting research area in order to contribute to knowledge development and the advancement of new theories or methods in the field.

Method – The study will employ qualitative research, including primary data collection through interviews, to address the research questions posed in the report. The authors have chosen this method to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the respondents' perspectives and identify important themes and patterns. The interviews were conducted with participants from various sectors of the construction industry to obtain a broader picture of the subject.

Results – The study revealed that there are certain legal barriers to the use of 3D models as drawing documentation. These barriers are related to a lack of knowledge and uncertainty in handling the models. This includes issues of copyright, liability, and evidential value. There is a need to update current regulations to facilitate the management of digital models.

Analysis – The analysis of the results clarifies that industry standards and clearer guidelines would prevent uncertainties and address knowledge gaps in the use of BIM and 3D models. An industry standard could have facilitated a smoother transition to a more digitized construction industry. There is also a need for education in the field for professionals and decision-making stakeholders.

Discussion – The discussion focuses on possible solutions to the identified problems, such as the development of standards and guidelines, education, and regulatory updates. There is also a need to raise awareness about the legal aspects of using 3D models in the construction industry, as the uncertainty regarding their legal status is high. Legally, it is possible to use 3D models as contractual documents, but the study shows that concerns about the legal aspects are a reason for the weak implementation.

Keywords – 3D model, 3D design, BIM, Building Information Modeling, construction documents, contractual law, and copyright.

Purpose: The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to improve the usage of BIM in facility projects.

Method: The methods used for this bachelor thesis are qualitative interviews and literature studies.

Findings: Free programs will be available for usage where models can be opened, viewed, examined and studied. The small and medium-sized facility companies will not be forced to use resources to cope with the requirements of Trafikverket.

Implications: Consequences are that the small and medium-sized civil engineering companies understand and follow the requirements.

• Using more 3D models to gain more experience and skills in the subject.

• Attend the Trafikverkets industry days when opportunities arise, the authors believe that it was very instructive.

• Engage in more BIM projects.

• Older projects where the drawings are in 2D is converted into 3D.

Limitations: How BIM is used during the management process will not be covered.

Keywords: Productivity, resource, competence, experience, BIM.

Lighting research is diversified and includes theory and methodology from disciplines as different as technology, medicine and social sciences. There is also an expectation on research results to be directly applicable in real environments. The introduction of LED has furthermore made previous research on incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps and other light sources, outdated.    New knowledge – and new research – is needed.

An inventory of current LED-research was made during 2013. The result of this inventory is the basis of the research review here presented. The presentation includes more than 400 articles, reported under the headings: The biological clock; Flicker and dimming of LED: Energy efficiency: daylight and lighting control; Colour rendering; Glare, and finally; Perceived lighting qualities.

Underlying theoretical considerations as well as actual knowledge are presented in the text of the different sections, and references are given to relevant research publications. All publications have been provided with two or more keywords in Swedish, describing the content of the publication. After the text given under each heading the references supporting this text are presented. In the final section all LED-publications are given in alphabetical order according to author and with keywords. 

We need more research about what gives man good conditions for quality of life in a home environment. Social sustainability is a topic that is cherished more than ever in the world of architectures. The goal is to develop a knowledge base based on the experiences of users, architects and clients that can be used for the design of residential areas with apartment buildings.

To achieve the goal there are questions to be answered as: "How is socially sustainable housing valued, according to architects and clients, when residential areas with apartment buildings are designed?" and "How are the values of social sustainability perceived, in residential areas with newly constructed apartment buildings, of the residents?" The questions are answered by means of an survey and several of interviews which together constitute a qualitative research.

The results show that social sustainability can be seen from different angles. It is common to observe social sustainability from a community perspective and from an urban perspective according to scientific references. As an overall summary it is the beautiful shape and appearance of a building and its functionality weighed in with a reasonable cost that creates a socially sustainable housing according to interviews with architects and clients. It is about balance between beauty, functionality and economy, which together create a housing that lasts over time and confirms the human social dignity. According to those living in the area of Nysäter in Mölnlycke as the studied phenomenon, socially sustainable housing stands for comfort, security, privacy and community. Access to nature and outdoor activities, fresh air and good neighbourship are other factors that are highly valued. Socially sustainable housing has therefore connections to both physical parameters as well as non-physical qualities that needs to be linked with each other.

The summarized results highlight the essential aspects that should be included in the planning of a new residential complex for it to be socially sustainable for residents. The knowledge base has a logical order from analyzing an unspoilt area with its qualities to analyze how the private residence must meet human needs for well-being.

The Report is wide in its choice of subject tough it is limited to man's relationship to the dwelling and residential area in social contexts, how individuals perceive their environment both in and outside their home. With additional constraints had a deeper research been able to implement on a specific theme.

Purpose: Today we can see a steady increase in population, which calls on the municipalities to plan new residential areas and develop the old ones. This in turn leads to pressure on public transport with a focus on environmental issues and a desire for a different way of transport than by car becomes more and more relevant. The purpose is to give an overview and to understand the planning of public transportation today for six municipalities in Jönköping County.

Method: The report has been conducted using qualitative studies in the form of interviews and literature studies. Document studies have also been used and have been downloaded from the municipalities' websites. Findings: When planning new residential areas, the municipalities try to bring public transport into account. In some municipalities, public transport has a more significant part in planning. If the municipality fail to achieve the aims of public transport planning, it will mainly result in negative environmental impacts. For the municipality to develop and make sure that the number of inhabitants increases, public transport should be an important part of the planning. When it comes to the cooperation between Jönköpings Länstrafik and the municipalities, they focus on public transport and that It will cover the need for travel in the municipalities. It is important that you already in the early stages of planning make sure that there is room for the public transport that is required.

Implications: Public transport must continue to be a major part of planning and focus should be on realizing what is planned for public transport. Although the municipalities are planning public transport, there are residential areas that could have a significantly better access to public transport.

Limitations: As time was not enough for a study covering all 13 municipalities in Jönköping County, it was decided to focus only on six municipalities with different circumstances and varying sizes.

Purpose: In a world with an increased awareness of the harm caused by traffic to the environment and health, it is preferable that more people choose cycling instead of driving. The purpose of this work is to create an attractive city environment for cyclists which will give a greater sense of security and leading to more people considering the use of bicycles. Method: The methods chosen to make the analysis is to check the demands and recommendations from Trafikverket, moreover make observations according to Mini Cycleability Index in order to see if the West Center of Jönköping is attractive to cyclists. Geographical Information systems has been used as a method for data collection and analysis. At last an interview was held with Jönköping municipality to discover what future plans they have regarding the studied area and how relevant the plans are with the findings of this research. Further purpose of the interview with the municipality was to see how they perform a road-network analysis and obtain an opinion on the analysis performed in this paper. Findings: The results show that the road system in Jönköping West Center has roads of shifting qualities. The grades have been split into three; great, good and poor. Great being the highest grade and poor the lowest. The three qualities of roads do exist within the area, however the poor roads appear to be more frequent than the others. The evaluation system is built upon how well the roads perform in the categories: space, safety and continuity. Implications: The conclusion of this work is that there are several roads as graded poor within the area that need to be considered for reconstruction to create an attractive area for cyclists. In the area the results showed that the roads graded as great mostly runs from north to south and few exists from east to west. Due to this it is difficult to bike within the area as the connectivity between the great graded roads are lacking. Limitations: The investigation is limited to the choice of the area (Jönköping West Center) and the aspects analyzed which are safety, space and continuity. Due to the time aspect further limitations on data collection has come, where a measurement of cyclists and a survey could have been useful to do. In order to suit the Cycleability index with the choice of area and the methods available to use, there has been a reduction of the amount categories evaluated

The urbanization is increasing while there is a comprehensive climate change in the world. The cities stands for 70 percent of the global carbon emissions and two-thirds of the world's energy use. Half the world's population live in cities. Because of this, it is necessary that cities are sustainable. Therefore, there are various classification systems for neighborhoods that facilitates the creation of a sustainable city. However, there is no Swedish system but Breeam Communities is adapted to Swedish conditions.

The objective of the report is to contribute to the development of methods that support sustainable urban development. By first identifying the classification systems, these could be compared with each other to see which criteria’s recurred. Parallels could be drawn as to which was more important, as the majority made use of these criteria. A sketching was made to find out what criteria should be included in the Swedish system and the regular criteria of the investigated classification systems were also very helpful.

The systems that have been investigated are Breeam Communities, Casbee for Cities, One Planet Communities, Green Star Communities and Leed for Neighborhood Development. The systems measure sustainability usually infactors/criteria of social, economic and ecological aspects. Classification systems have different requirements or goals of what needs to be achieved within each factor. The systems are very different designed which complicated the comparison process.

The regular criteria in all systems are carbon, water consumption, water pollution, food, wildlife and nature, floods, waste management, developed land, physicalactivity, accessibility, health and welfare, culture and heritage, transport, greenspaces, community involvement, light pollution, local economy and employment.

Since Sweden has its own climate and its own standards, a foreign system is not adapted so easily to Swedish conditions. The criteria that should be part of a Swedish system is partly based on the global and national goals for Sweden as wellas those returned in the analyzed systems. In addition to the criteria that reappeared in the systems (some of the criteria has been renamed) it should also contain noise, nature, traffic, mixed development, security, maintenance and education.T

There are many factors within the three perspectives to be analyzed and utilized to achieve a well-organized and good classification system of neighborhoods. There are many benefits of a classification system. For example, it facilitates informed choice, collaboration and communication between actors, but most of all a better society to live in.

Det är sedan tidigare tydligt att det funnits problem och delade åsikter kring arbetet med markanvisningar innan lag 2014:899 trädde i kraft. Arbetets syfte var att undersöka om arbetet har förändrats efter att lag 2014:899 trädde i kraft. Målet med arbetet är att utreda de valda kommunernas markanvisningspolicyer och deras erfarenheter av arbetet med dessa. Förbättringsåtgärder föreslås efter att ha belyst svagheter i de markanvisningspolicyer som undersöktes, med utgångspunkt i lag 2014:899 samt punkter specificerade av Caesar et al. (2013). 

Ett dokument med förslag till vad en markanvisningspolicy bör innehålla har tagits fram. Dokumentet kan underlätta kommuners arbete med markanvisningspolicyer i fortsättningen.

Till följd av ökad exploatering och byggnation har uppkomsten av byggnads- och rivningsavfall ökat. Avfall från byggnation utgörs volymmässigt till stor del av schaktmassor, och endast gruvsektorn producerar i dagsläget mer avfall. När byggnadssektorn till 2020 förväntas återanvända 70 viktprocent av icke-farligt byggnads- och rivningsavfall är det rimligt att ställa sig frågan hur en mindre kommun ska arbeta för att uppnå detta. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka hinder och möjligheter som finns för att uppnå mer hållbar hantering av schaktmassor i mindre kommuner. För att undersöka detta har intervjuer genomförts med tre kommuner, dokument i form av respektive kommuns avfallsplan granskats samt en litteraturstudie genomförts för att samla in data.

Det finns möjlighet att utveckla en mer hållbar schaktmassehantering i mindre kommuner. Tekniska lösningar finns tillgängliga och kan anses rimliga för en mindre kommun. Det finns möjligheter att styra både interna och externa aktörer mot en mer hållbar hantering. Några av de hinder som påträffats är; mängden schaktmassor som uppkommer kan vara för liten, kommunens budget ger inte utrymme för att lägga resurser på hållbar hantering samt krav på byggnadsmaterial kan vara för högt ställda för att möjliggöra återvinning av förädlade material.

I dagsläget sker redan arbete mot en mer hållbar hantering, dock skulle flera aspekter av detta kunna utvecklas och utökas. Mindre kommuner bör ta ett helhetsperspektiv kring schaktmassor i kommuner, utöka befintlig förädlingsverksamhet och etablera ny sådan. Krav på byggnadsmaterial bör ses över samt hur avfallsplanen kan användas för att styra mot en mer hållbar hantering.

Då studien genomförts inom ett begränsat geografiskt område kan detta ha påverkat studiens resultat. Studien omfattas inte av förorenade schaktmassor eller så kallade fall A massor, det vill säga massor som återanvänds inom respektive projekt.

Purpose: A slow development of living walls in Sweden is partly due to lack of experience and knowledge in the construction industry. Former studies point at challenges of adapting the technique in a Swedish climate and the importance of planning, knowledge and cooperation for the maintenance. The objective of the study is to analyse a sustainable maintenance by technique and maintenance planning of the system living walls in order to answer these challenges.  

Method: The study is based on a qualitative approach where the methods are document analysis, interview and observation. Document analysis gives a status report of the implemented living walls in Sweden and introduces strategies for maintenance planning. Interview with relevant participants contributes with experiences concerning technique, maintenance and maintenance planning. Observation confirms the information about the technique.

Findings: The study shows that none of the observed solutions can be considered completely sustainable, though they do have some sustainable qualities. Living walls have strong social and ecological benefits, where the vegetation contributes to increase ecosystem services in urban environment. A less use of resources is necessary for a sustainable technique where the use of stormwater, local resistant plants, lasting construction and recycled components promotes a sustainable environment and economy. The felt system is simpler in its design while the modular system is more flexible. A common objective among the observed projects is to create a maintenance-free solution as possible. Acceptance for resting plants during winter can lower the demands of the maintenance. Technical monitoring facilitates the maintenance but the manual handling of living walls is crucial. The frequency of the maintenance varies from each project where the client’s choice, placement of the wall, type of solution, size, plant choice and season affect. Therefore, it is important with planning and constantly evaluating a walls needs. The majority of the observed projects do not have a maintenance plan but the study shows success by a common objective, site analysis, goal-oriented maintenance plan and experience feedback.

Implications: The conclusion of the study is that the technique of living walls needs to be evolved to leave a smaller footprint on the environment and the economy. The development is towards a maintenance-free solution but the manual handling can not be replaced by advanced technique. Every projects individual conditions demands thorough planning and continuous evaluation of the wall.

Limitations: The study discuss living walls in the Swedish urban climate, where the result is based on experiences from projects developed in the southern part of Sweden. Other geographical placement causes different conditions for technique and maintenance. General assumptions can be made concerning the maintenance planning. More interviews with maintenance staff can contribute with other aspects to the analysis.

The length and complexity of the supply chain tend to increase, rather than diminish, thereby making the supply chain riskier and less predictable and, hence, more vulnerable. At the same time, customers are becoming increasingly demanding. The challenge to businesses today is to create a resilient supply chain in order to manage and mitigate risk and vulnerability. The purpose of this paper is to describe the use methods and tolls from quality and logistics can improve supply chain resilience. There are five principles that characterise supply chain resilience: risk management culture, agility, design-and innovation-led organisations, collaboration and spreading and anchoring of the vision, goal, values and methods. Using a combined quality management philosophy, the speed of process could be increased, and the responsiveness and flexibility could be improved, which means quicker response to changes. It has also been indicated that a combined quality management philosophy improves the companies’ resilience, due to their increased agility and strengthened ability to handle variability and risk management. Quality management tools can be very effective in the companies’ efforts to control supply chain risk and to identify risk sources of variation, even outside the focal company.

This beachelor’s thesis in construction technology constitutes an in-depth researchstudy of sustainable urban development in Smedbyn, Jönköping. The aim is to completean analysis and present a planning proposal that integrates social, economic, culturaland environmental aspects. Various parties are engaged and involved in the region tostimulate interest and support the advancement of Smedbyn. Furthermore, the study'sobjective is to generate improvement proposals encompassing design elements such asbuildings, green spaces, road infrastructure, and commercial activities. The planningproposal and policy recommendations shall promote social interaction, safety andsustainability to create a lively and inclusive neighborhood with a strong communityand environmental responsibility.The method used in this study involves a case study approach aimed at achieving acomprehensive understanding of the subject matter that is being researched. In thisstudy, data collection techniques such as interviews, observations, and a literaturereview are used as triangulation, allowing compensation for each technique. Theinterviews were semi-structured to get well-thought-out reasoning about the researchobject from the respondents. The participants in the interviews were relevantrespondents in the form of municipal workers, visitors, residents and other actors in thearea.The results show that there are gaps in security for those who stay in the area in theevenings and nights. In addition, a strength of the area is its nature and culturalhistorical value. However, many of the respondents believe that the big problem for thearea is to get more visitors there.Through collected data, areas for improvement could be identified with Gehl's 12quality criteria, indicating that safety, recreational opportunities, and communalgathering spaces within the area pose significant challenges. It also shows that there aregood opportunities to spend time in nature. The aspects of sustainability that can beapplied in the area are cultural, social, economic and ecological/environmental aspects.In addition, sustainability solutions are presented through a planning proposal andpolicy recommendations for actors operating in the area.The research that have been developed during the study is supported and can becompared with the previous research available. The study shows that nature and thecultural-historical value found in the area are of great importance to the residents andvisitors who are in the area. Moreover, there are problems in the area in terms ofoperations and activities, resulting in fewer people visiting the area. Research showsthat more operations and activities are beneficial for a sustainable city.

This study investigates the implementation of Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) version 4.3 in the infrastructure sector, focusing on its potential benefits, challenges, and the industry's preparedness for adoption. The research aims to evaluate how IFC 4.3 can enhance data exchange and project management for infrastructure projects while identifying knowledge gaps within the industry. Key research questions include: What are the specific advantages of IFC 4.3 for the construction sector? How prepared are companies and organizations to implement this standard? What areas require further knowledge and training? A qualitative methodology involving interviews with key stakeholders in the infrastructure sector, including representatives from various companies and experts with direct experience in BIM and IFC file management, was employed. Their perspectives and insights were analyzed to provide a multifaceted understanding of the industry's current state and the challenges that must be addressed to achieve effective implementation of IFC 4.3. The findings indicate that IFC 4.3 provides significant advantages for the construction industry by establishing a unified data structure and a standardized format for handling complex geometric data. This standardization facilitates smoother data exchange across different software and stakeholders, reducing the risk of data loss and errors. Additionally, the standard allows for the inclusion of more detailed infrastructure data, such as staked lines and water supply objects, which were challenging to manage using previous formats. Despite these technical advantages, the study reveals several challenges related to the adoption of IFC 4.3. A considerable portion of the industry lacks sufficient understanding and technical expertise to fully utilize the standard's potential, partly due to insufficient training and software support. Furthermore, companies exhibit reluctance to invest the resources required to adapt their workflows, further hindering the transition. A general lack of awareness about IFC and its advantages has also delayed the adoption process. These findings emphasize the necessity of comprehensive training programs and guidelines to bridge the knowledge gap. Clients and organizations such as the Swedish Transport Administration, Trafikverket, could play a crucial role by standardizing the use of IFC 4.3 as a delivery format. A national certification program and courses at technical institutes could also improve understanding and competence in this area. Active efforts to integrate IFC 4.3 as a standard would enhance efficiency, data management, and collaboration in future infrastructure projects. 

More than half a million people in Sweden are affected by some sort of disability. During recreational activities in nature areas, these people might encounter difficulties such as inadequate accessibility. The Swedish society requires that all citizens should have the same possibilities. The purpose of this thesis is to improve the accessibility for people with disabilities. The aim is to examine occurring flaws in accessible nature reserves and suggest possible improvements.The questions that will be answered are as follows:• What flaws do accessible nature reserves have, and how do they affect the visitors?• What improvements can be made in nature reserves to increase accessibility?To answer the questions, a case study was done, where five different nature areas were visited. During the case study, various flaws in the accessibility were observed and analysed. Prior to the case study, requirements and scientific research regarding accessibility was studied. Using this, suggestions for improving the accessibility were made. . Most of the improvements that could be made in the studied nature reserves were presumed to be applicable in other nature reserves in Sweden.With the case study in mind, the accessibility was considered in need of various improvements. The accessibility was studied from three out of four of the Swedish disability association’s categories; physical, communicative, and informative accessibility. The flaws that were encountered in the studied areas were due to incorrect design, or insufficient maintenance. Most of the flaws could be corrected in simple ways, but the flaws that were due to incorrect design or planning would require more work. After the case study it was discovered that supposedly “accessible” trails, according to different websites, had varying levels of accessibility. An accessible recreational area will benefit all types of visitors, not only people with disabilities. It will be more convenient and enables visits with strollers. An area cannot be made accessible for all types of visitors, but can be made accessible for as many visitors as possible.

In the city of Jönköping problems with the irregular flow, erosions and transport of sediment materials are recurring in the brook Strömsbergsbäcken. The problems is somewhat caused by an increased flow of storm water in the brook, which leads to high flow peaks in some parts of the brook since the original furrow is not dimensioned for the increased amount of water. The purpose of this project work is to make ecological drainage management in urban environments with a high amount of storm water discharge more efficient. The objective with the report is to create valuable material of how to accomplish ecological drainage management in urban areas and that the report will be useful for future similar connections. To fulfill the objective, the following three questions have been designed as a significant part of the final project report:

• How can the load on the general drainage system be reduced?

• How can the pollution effects of storm water runoff in urban areas be reduced?

• Which treatments are appropriate to enhance the ecological storm water management in Strömsbergsbäcken ?

The methods that have been used to solve these questions are document- and literature studies, and also a case study.The thesis results shows that the storm water flows from four of the nine areas that has its outlets in Strömsbergsbäcken, need to be treated through some kind of a solution or method that delays the water flow. The treatment could be performed in the area, before the storm water reaches the storm water network, which leads to Strömsbergsbäcken. The storm water flows can also be reduced by treatments adjacent to the outlets in the brook, where the largest flow peaks occurs. For example an essential solution to decrease the flows in Strömsbergsbäcken is to reconstruct the old dam located near one of the outlets into a basin, which will delay the stormwater flows.

Society is facing major changes. With ideas from the human mind as one of the driving factors for the economy, the school should be of such character that prepare students for the society they are facing. To learn their own creative thinking, the learning environment should be flexible and encourage students to be active during lessons. This report is in collaboration with Liljewall Architects. The study further develops a pilot study with the title Tools for designing future learning environments created by architects from Liljewall. They developed tools to improve learning environments and this report further develops the aspect light.

The study aims to create guidelines for designing learning environments based on the factor of light and thereby improving the lighting and providing the right light for the right type of learning. In the form of a single case study design with several levels of analysis, daylight, artificial light, and design are studied in learning environments. This study has been carried out through literature review, document study and observations. The object for this study is a primary school in southwest Sweden. The study has been carried out using three research questions; “Which types of activities in a learning environment should light be adapted to?”, “What impact does light have on learning environments based on occurring activities?”, and “In what ways can light be used to promote different activities and improve the design of learning environments?”.

The results indicate that there are connections between the simulated daylight supply and the perceived environment. It also shows connections between theories about the learning environment from the literature study and the perceived learning environment through observations and document study. However, the results show that there are shortcomings in functional and flexible lighting during lessons.

Guidelines for how lighting environment and design should be carried out to create a good learning environment have been developed based on the most common activities as well as light’s effect on the learning environment. With the guidelines, three design proposals have been created for adapted lighting environments according to the requirements for the activity carried out in the classroom.

The purpose of this study is to identify if there is reason to change the requirementsand recommendations for illumination in reception desks areas. This studyexamines how lighting in reception desks areas actually is and how the staff perceivesthe lighting.

Hotels today usually have subdued environments that vary according to the typeof experience intended for their guests. Our interest has been to explore the receptiondesks area as an important and separate element within the hotel. We havecompared “Ljus och Rum” recommendations (Swedish Standards Institute [SIS],2011) with actual measured light levels for four reception desks areas and examinedhow the staff perceives how the lighting affects their performance of dailytasks.

The methods we have used are light measurement, evenness calculations, visualanalysis and surveys. Lighting measurements were performed at four differenthotels in Gothenburg. The questionnaire was directed to the hotel staff in order toascertain their perception of the lighting in and around the reception’s desks area.In order to get an impression of and gain an overall understanding for the lighting,a visual analysis was done at each hotel.

The majority of the staff considers the lighting sufficient to perform their duties.It is clear that the lighting is perceived differently in each of the four hotels, dependingon how each hotel is formed and how the lighting is designed.

The fitting room is an important part of a clothing store, it's often where the customer decides if they want to buy the garment or not. Therefore it is important that the customer can feel safe and comfortable when they are trying the clothing. A typical fitting room in Sweden today has only one bright spotlight that emits light either towards the face or from the ceiling above. This study explores possible lighting solutions that take into account the customer's experience in the fitting room.

The study aim to increase understanding of the importance of a good light in fitting rooms, so that customers gets a nice experience and that clothes, body shape and facial features are shown in a natural way. The issue therefore included how lighting can affect the customer's perception of the clothing and how the perception of body shape, facial features and the clothes change in different lighting solutions.

To answer these questions, observations were made in various clothing stores, followed by an experimental study divided into two parts. The first part was a practical part where trying different lighting directions were tested on a mannequin, which resulted in three selected lighting solutions. The second part was a full-scale study. 15 people evaluated a fitting room with three different lighting solutions.

The result demonstrates the importance of natural shadows and contrasts on the face and body and that it is important to consider how light falls and avoid glare. This is done by well-placed or shielded fixtures and by using several different lighting directions. The lighting in fitting rooms should be adapted to the type of clothes and customer group.

Purpose: Recurring errors and problems in construction projects are common. Experience feedback is something that companies can benefit greatly from, as work in the subject can reduce unnecessary costs and increase a company's competitiveness in the market. The study will investigate a consulting company’s approach towards experience feedback and on completed work draw a conclusion about difficulties and opportunities for improvement on the subject.

Method: The chosen research strategy is in the form of a case study towards the consulting company. Interviews are conducted with the help of the company's officials in the design and architecture department. In addition, a document analysis is drawn up at the case company and a literature study on the topic of experience reversal.

Results: The study shows that the company has tools for a way of working towards experience feedback. However, with unclear requirements from management to continuously work with experience feedback has resulted in this not happening to a great extent. The study shows that a lack of time and a lack of responsibility has resulted in experience feedback not being a high priority. Much of the knowledge sharing that takes place today takes place during spontaneous occasions during coffee breaks and so on.

Analysis: The analysis shows that experience feedback is an important part of a company's development. By taking advantage of previous knowledge, both time and money can be saved by not reinventing the wheel. It can also increase the quality of the product. The obstacles that stand in the way of effective use of experience feedback include the lack of incentives for employees, mainly the time to carry out experience feedback. The study has shown that the interest is there, but through ambiguity, experience reversal has fallen through the cracks. By distributing responsibility, implementing experience feedback as a given part of the work process and setting clear requirements for what is expected of employees, knowledge sharing can become a success factor for a company.

Discussion: The report has shown that the work with experience feedback can be very varied depending on who is the project leader for the project. It is often up to the person itself to what extent experience feedback should take place, which can lead to it working very differently from group to group but also from office to office. Another question is how much the pandemic has affected experience feedback. Today, several people work from home, which has meant that the work structure has changed and may not have had time to adapt to the new routines.

The human being has developed during the daylight's dynamic variation of color temperature, direction and intensity. The variation positively affects our emotions and performance. The problem today is that we stay about 90% of the day indoors and the indoor lighting often lacks variation. With dynamic colored light, a changeable and stimulating environment can be created to improve future lighting environments. This study has examined how the user's motivation, well-being and concentration are affected by dynamic colored vertical lighting. An environment that quickly would become dull and understimulating, can instead get an interesting variation that makes it usable for a longer time with this lighting solution, without the motivation or well-being decreasing. The lighting solution is intended to be used during time periods as a boost.

The experiment was divided into two treatments, one with static office lighting designed according to Swedish lighting standard and one where the dynamic colored vertical lighting was added to the regular office lighting. The treatments were performed in a simulated office environment at Jönköpings Tekniska Högskola. The treatment with dynamic colored vertical lighting slowly shifted in light colors through out the whole visible color spectrum on the room's vertical surfaces, to create a variation in the room. During the experiment, the subjects were required to answer questionnaires and performance tests to measure the influence of the dynamic colored light on the subjects well-being and cognitive performance.

The results showed that the dynamic colored vertical light had a positive effect on motivation and well-being, but did not affect the concentration of the subjects. The positive effect that occurred was when the order of the treatments started with the dynamic colored vertical light and then ended with the regular working light. The conclusion is that dynamic colored vertical lighting can increase the motivation and well-being if it is applied correctly, without adversely affecting the concentration.

The simulated office environment lacked windows, when scaling up any further research, a real office environment with windows would be preferable. Investigating further whether it is the actual variation of the colored light or the individual colors of the light that creates the effect on the users is also relevant, as this study did not specifically process that.

Abstract

Purpose: This work presents Internet of Things or IoT in facility management; operation and maintenance. One of the many functions of IoT is making “smart” building components, which can communicate when they break and can be controlled from a distance. Today there are many articles on how you can use IoT in buildings but not as many on how you can use it in operation and maintenance of real estates. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to investigate the possibilities of IoT in facility management; operation and maintenance work. This is investigated by the questions: (1) How can IoT be used in the facility management; operation andmaintenance work? (2) What are the savings in terms of workhours that can be made by using IoT in facility management; operation and maintenance work? (3) What is the attitude to IoT in the facility management industry?

Method: The main strategy for this thesis is a case study in the facility section of the municipality in Jönköping. Approaches include interviews with IoT-consultants and employers at the facility section, document analysis of the workhours for different tasks of a operation technician and a literature study.

Findings: The first question is answered by that IoT can be used for almost everything because of the huge amount of sensor types and that new ones are constantly in the making. You can also make unique IoT systems which contributes to the flexibility.The limits today are costs and finding value in the collected data.

The second question is answered by that saving possibilities exists. Calculations are made based on attitudes from respondents and what they think are possible savings.This results in savings of about 13 000 workhours/year out of 30 000 workhours/year which equals 40 %.

The third question is answered by that both employers at the facility section and IoT-consultants find IoT in facility management interesting. Of the different work-categories, it is interesting to mention that the most positive are the real estate managers and the maintenance engineers and the least positive are the operation technicians.

Implications: Conclusions made are that the possibilities of IoT in facility management; operation and maintenance are many. In the future, a lot of savings of workhours can be made by using IoT. Since interest in IoT exists at the facility-section future studies should explore the costs of different IoT-systems. If the municipality of Jönköping chooses to implement IoT in their facilities they can become a role model for other facility managers.

Limitations: The limitations in this work are the different costs of IoT-products and how the IoT-systems are built. The work tasks investigated include only supervision-tasks.

Purpose: In Sweden, there are area that are polluted and in need of remediation. However, soil remediation processes have a negative secondary impact on the climate. There are various soil remediation methods to apply, of which dig and dump are the most frequently used. The method involves although high emissions of carbon dioxide. By increased use of alternative soil remediation methods, such as biological soil remediation methods, can lead to reduced impact on the climate. When choosing a remediation method, sustainability is increasingly integrated, but most decisions are still based on other factors. Psychological, social and institutional barriers are considered to have counteracted the assumption of a sustainable behaviour. Therefore, further research on stakeholder attitudes may promote the implementation of such behaviour. The aim of the work is to present suggestions for improvement on how the climate impact can be reduced in soil remediation projects.

Method: The study was performed as a qualitative survey. Empirical data was obtained in verbal form through the methods literature review, document analysis and interview. From an available group, six respondents were selected who represent significant stakeholders in soil remediation projects. Stakeholders were private and public clients, contractors, consultants and regulators. Analysed documents were reports from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency that is about the post-treatment of contaminated areas in Sweden.

Findings: The study indicates that biological soil remediation methods have a lower impact on the climate than dig and dump. Furthermore, it appeared that the main factors in choosing a soil remediation method was type of contamination, time for remediation and when contamination is detected in projects. According to this background, biological methods are less applied than dig and dump. However, the study presents suggestions for improvements of how biological alternatives can be encouraged, for instance are more reference objects needed where biological soil remediation methods have been applied.

Implications: One conclusion from the study is that existing regulations should be changed to make landfill more difficult and to facilitate re-use of polluted masses, and the fees for landfill should be increased. In addition, more reference objects need to be generated in Sweden that validate that biological soil remediation methods achieve acceptable levels of pollution. Furthermore, stakeholders in soil remediation projects should cooperate more, even across national borders, and together venture to try biological soil remediation methods.

Limitations: The result is only valid for biological soil remediation methods and dig and dump for organic pollutants in soil. The study includes few respondents from av geographic limited available group, which means that the result cannot be generalized with certainty. Therefore, the study should be regarded as exploratory and the results thereafter.

Machine strength grading of sawn timber is a sawmill process in which density, modulus of elasticity (MOE) and bending or tensile strength are predicted such that the timber can be assigned to strength classes. The predictions of these properties are performed using one or several so-called indicating properties (IPs), which represent a board property, or combination of board properties, measured non-destructively. A limitation of today’s strength grading is that the IPs applied in the industry for prediction of strength, in general, are based on rather weak statistical relationships between IPs and strength properties, which in turn results in poor material utilisation. It is well known that the strength of sawn timber is associated with the presence of knots and their surrounding fibre disorientations. Local fibre direction at surfaces of softwood can be determined by means of the light scattering that occur when a wood surface is illuminated by a dot-laser, i.e. by application of the so-called tracheid effect. Lately, IPs based on such measurements have been developed, and some of the suggested IPs have a strong statistical relationship to bending strength. The purposes of the research presented in this thesis are to contribute with knowledge of possibilities and limitations of the tracheid effect and of data of fibre directions in the vicinity of knots, to evaluate if information of fibre directions at surfaces of Norway spruce sawn timber can be used to achieve a better material utilisation of glulam lamellae and finger-jointed timber, and to provide insight regarding the grading regulations in Europe. Results presented herein show that knots and fibre direction within the interior of boards can be modelled on the basis of data obtained by means of the tracheid effect, but also that a previously proposed method to determine out-of-plane fibre angles gives poor accuracy. As regards grading of glulam lamellae, an IP based on fibre directions and dynamic MOE is proposed for prediction of tensile strength. The latter is used when grading glulam lamellae. Application of the proposed IP resulted in substantially increased yield in strength classes. It is also shown that this IP is applicable for boards with sawn as well as with planed surface finish. Regarding current regulations for machine strength grading in Europe, results indicate that grading based on global board properties give higher yield than what is appropriate.

This paper addresses laser scanning and utilization of the tracheid effect for determination of local fibre orientation, which is decisive for strength and stiffness of timber. A newly developed laboratory laser scanner that can be used for high resolution and high precision scanning of wood surfaces is used for in-depth assessment of a single Norway spruce specimen that contains a knot. It is assumed that the specimen has a plane of symmetry, through the knot, and by splitting the specimen in two parts it is possible to determine fibre orientation on orthogonal planes. Hence, by relying on the assumption of symmetry, the fibre orientation in 3D space can also be determined. The results are used to evaluate the possibility of utilizing the tracheid effect for determination of the out-of-plane fibre angle of an investigated surface. Furthermore, the results are used for verification of a theoretical fibre orientation model that has often been used by researchers.

Ongoing research concerns the possibility of determining the 3D orientation of wood fibres within the entire volume of a wooden board using surface information from laser scanning. Previous research, Olsson and Oscarsson [1], has shown that the fibre orientation of side boards can be determined on the basis of such information. The present research is extended to also comprise boards cut from the centre of the log and a first step in this work is to establish 3D models of knots in boards on the basis of information from dot laser scanning of surfaces.

In comparison with other approaches aiming at 3D models of knots and wood fibre orientation, e.g. Guindos and Guaita[2] and Hackspiel et al. [3], the present model relies to a larger extent on the actual fibre orientation measured on each individual board, rather than on general assumption and mathematical models of typical fibre orientation alone.  

The fact that all data needed for the model can be sampled in sawmill production speed means that developed models could be used as a basis for advanced strength grading methods, for grading with respect to shape stability and for other purposes of industrial interest.

The presence of wood irregularities such as knots are decisive for the mechanical properties of sawn timber, and efficient utilisation of timber requires methods by which grade determining properties can be predicted with high accuracy. In the glulam and sawmilling industries today, there is a potential and a need for more accurate prediction methods. This paper concerns the performance of a set of indicating properties calculated by means of data from surface laser scanning, dynamic excitation and X-ray scanning, the latter used to obtain boards’ average density. A total number of 967 boards of Norway spruce originating from Finland, Norway and Sweden were used to determine statistical relationships between the indicating properties and the grade determining properties used to grade sawn timber into T-classes. Results show that the indicating properties give coefficients of determination to tensile strength as high as 0.70. Furthermore, results also show that laser scanning of boards with sawn surface finish give basis for almost as accurate grading as what scanning of planed boards do. The results imply that more accurate grading of timber into T-classes is possible by application of a new set of indicating properties. This paper is part one of a series of two papers. In the second paper, two models to derive settings and calculate yield in different strength classes using the indicating properties presented herein are compared and discussed.

In Europe, strength classes for structural timber and glulam lamellae are defined by minimum requirements of characteristic values of the grade determining properties (GDPs). To fulfill these minimum requirements of characteristic values in the daily production at sawmills, indicating properties (IPs) to GDPs are calculated for each board and based on predetermined limits of the IPs (settings) boards are assigned to the graded class, or rejected. The aims of this paper is to address and discuss two different grading procedures/models that can be applied when settings for IPs that reflects a local board property are derived and to show how the yield in different T-classes depend on the model applied. It is not always that a board’s weakest cross-section is evaluated in a destructive test. An IP representing a local board property can therefore be determined either as the lowest property of the tested part of the board or as the lowest property along the whole board when applied to derive settings. Results presented in this paper show that too low settings and too large yields are obtained when the latter IP is employed. Similarly, IPs reflecting a global board property, like axial dynamic MOE, also give too low settings and too high yield in strength classes. This paper is the second and closing part of a series of two paper on prediction of GDPs and procedures for grading sawn timber into T-classes.

Most machine strength grading methods of today result in limited grading accuracy and poor yield in higher strength classes. A new and more accurate grading method utilizing laser scanning technique to determine the in-plane fibre directions on board surfaces was recently approved for the European market. In this, however, no consideration is taken to the out-of-plane direction of the fibres. A first step towards scanning-based 3D models of the fibre orientation is the establishment of 3D knot models. In this investigation laser scanning was used to identify knot surfaces on longitudinal board surfaces. By means of developed algorithms knot surfaces that belonged to the same physical knot visible on different sides of the board were identified. All knots with surface areas larger than 100 mm² were correctly identified and modeled in 3D. This is a promising starting point for further development of the new grading method based on laser scanning.

Through the different stages of life people have different requirements for their homes. The requirements changes depending on people’s life situation, lifestyleand age. Depending on where people are in life they live in different place, often in areas with other people who are in the same stage of life. In Sweden, this separation has always been noticeable, sometimes more than other. To minimizethis separation it’s required to take measures that make people from different stages of life come together. By offering people a home that suits them in an area with a high degree of differentiation, people from different stages are brought together. This refers to differentiation regarding apartments, houses, shops, workplaces and social service functions. Collecting apartments that suits different consumer groups in one single block leads to a higher degree of understanding among neighbors and make people from different generations come together. When the block is supplied with workplaces, shops, coffee shops and restaurants along with other social service functions a city life is created which resembles Sweden during the 1950’s. A society where once work, stores and social functions were important to have in your surrounding area. This is reflected in a richer urban life and a higher degree of movement in the neighborhood.

Thermal comfort is one of the most important ergonomic aspects of building occupancy. In this research, laboratory experiments are performed in a climatic chamber and described in detail. Experiments are carried out under two scenarios: with two different college students cohorts and with five different but comparable experimental conditions in each cohort. Three hundred twenty‐two individual assessments under specific controlled thermal environment conditions are collected. The actual thermal sensation assessments obtained in the experiments are compared to the results obtained by a predicted mean vote (PMV) model. The correlation analysis shows that statistically significant differences are meaningful between the spring‐summer and the autumn‐winter experiments but not between genders. This paper discusses the plausible factors contributing to the different correlations experienced in the autumn‐winter and spring‐summer experiments. A correction factor between PMV according to Fanger's comfort equation and the actual thermal sensation values reported by the participants is also sought with a focus on the seasonal effects. The predicted results are in good agreement with the experimental results. This allows for further considerations about the influence of the season on the initial thermal sensations experienced by young adults.

This thesis was created with collaboration from Riksbyggen where the accuracy of energy calculations in Miljöbyggnad were studied. Calculations for the upcoming energy use was compared with measurements of the energy of the building when in use. We asked ourselves whether the grades in Miljöbyggnad were affected by a deviating energy use.The purpose of this thesis was to provide a wider knowledge of the actual and expected energy use of buildings with an environmental certificate. This was achieved by identifying and statistically ensuring differences between calculated and measured energy of heating, hot water and real estate use. The method used was a survey of secondary data from the documentation of the process of certification of 116 buildings. The impact of a deviating indicator rating on the field and building rating in Miljöbyggnad was investigated.The study showed that it is difficult to calculate – half of the buildings had a difference of more than 10% and the annual energy use increased by an average of 3,7 kWh/m2.The most significant deviation was the energy used for heating with 9,7 kWh/m2, with decreasing indicator ratings as a result. A quarter of these had a precariously small margin to the limit of the rating level.38% of the residential buildings had a changed rating of the indicator of energy use, whereof 4% got a higher rating and 34% got a lower rating. A third of the ones with lower ratings also got decreased ratings in the field of “Energi”, but nevertheless retained their overall building rating in Miljöbyggnad.Legislative requirements for reduced energy use partly had the desired effect, though at the same time, the differences between calculations and measurements increased. Revisions of indicator ratings suggests that installation systems of ventilation and heating were not properly tuned and needs to be adjusted. To which extent they intentionally or unintentionally abandoned the original plan during the construction process is left to more thorough studies to look into.

Purpose: At the beginning of the 20th century there was a large housing deficiency in Sweden. Over time the housing deficiency developed into a political issue and resulted in the million-program. One million homes would be built during 1965-1974. The million-program constitutes a large part of Sweden’s total housing stock. Many of these areas quickly became segregated and socio-economically weak. Municipalities are now faced with the decision to either phase out or develop the areas. The purpose is to investigate which measures can contribute to a better social sustainability and attractiveness in million-program areas. The aim of the study is to investigate which measures are effective in improving a sustainable housing environment in a millionprogram area. Method: The study has been conducted as a qualitative study in the form of interviews. Document analysis has been implemented where the information has contributed as a support but also as an eye-opener to find different solutions that are relevant in the case study. Observation in the area has been made to give the author a perception of the area. A literature study has been done to support the investigation and to receive information to create a foundation for the study. Findings: The main result of the analysis is that a key factor in achieving a sustainable housing environment is a major focus on social sustainability. The work with the social sustainability should be focused and deliberately with long-term perspectives. There are many ways of working with social sustainability, but a big part is to promote integration into socio-economically weak residential areas. The social issues form a basis for achieving a result and answering the questions set for the study. In order for the residents to have as pleasant living environment as possible, they should be given influence in various decisions made for the area. Implications: Proposed measures must be adapted to the specific conditions of each area. In order to contribute to an increased social sustainability it is important that the environments of the areas are well managed and completely clean. Social sustainability can also be improved through active work on social issues, which also contributes to increased attractiveness. The concept of social sustainability also includes urban design. A city that is well designed, safe and pleasant and has a good and functioning living environment is something desired. Limitations: The study is limited to only one million-program area since there is neither time nor resources available to map the problem on a larger scale. Own proposals are not presented, neither from an economic nor an architectural perspective, which could affect how the questions set for the study are answered. The focus is on whether planned measures are effective and whether these measures are sufficient to make an area attractive again.

Purpose: This is a report about urban planning and specifically on passages with lost spaces. The report aims to analyze and evaluate a walking-/cycling-/exercise-path in the middle of Jönköping from an attractiveness perspective. The area should be able to provide inspiration and guidance in the renovation and development of other similar routes around Sweden. The aim of the report is to create a proposal on how the existing path in Jönköping can be improved, by adding a new attractive function to it and.

Method: The methods chosen for this study is a combination of interviews, observations, literature studies and document analysis. Interviews have been conducted together with the public to get a picture of how the path is being used today, but also with experts within the subject to gain a broader knowledge on how a path should be formed. The observations were made by counting the numbers of people using the path to support the document analysis. The literature study was the most basic of the report and resulted in a broad knowledge of the important parts of the path and what to consider when designing a walking-/cycling-/exercise-path.

Findings: The study resulted in creating a detail in the form of a wooden deck to improve and increase the social function of the path. As the path is close to Jönköping University and has a fantastic view over the lake, more seating areas were created and a more protected environment against the busy road that runs along the entire route. A clear separation and division between different speeds has been considered and applied in the results. To make the place more appealing a variation of vegetation and lightning were also implemented to the path.

Implications: Through careful analysis from interviews, observations, literature study and document analysis, the report concludes with the preparation of a proposal on how the path can be designed for future use. The most basic conclusions of the study were:

• A clear and a good separation contributes to a more safe and secure environment. 

• Lighting is one of the most important aspects to think of when planning for a more safety place. 

• Having more functions can have an impact and create a more appealing and vibrant place.

Limitations: The report will not consider all the factors on how a path can be more attractive, but the work will focus on an attractive environment from three different perspectives, which is safety and security, aesthetics and functionality.The report's main research strategy will be qualitative but will also be combined with some quantitative approaches. Most of the authors' data will be collected through qualitative interviews with the people using the path but also interviews with educated urban planners and with architects and within the field. There is also a quantitative aspect in the data collection and the route will be analyzed based on observations and statistics from the municipality.

Purpose: Burnt alum shale is mining waste derived from combustion of the same rock. It exists in several places in Västra Götaland. Alum shale was previously used as filling but nowadays the use is limited thus the material is leaching heavy metals. The amount of waste normally put in landfills shall now be diminishing. Therefore the possibility to landfilling alum shale is limited. The purpose of this study is to increase the knowledge of how alum shale can be dealt with in an environmentally safe and economically beneficial way. The goal is to bring out suggestions for applications of use and ways of handling the excavations to contribute to a better environment and to achieve better financial conditions. By investigate what claims need to be achieved for the possibility of using Alum shale, useful areas of use and suitable management where brought forward. This study has been composed as a mean to get a bachelor degree in engineering, with the benefitial partner Skövde kommun.

Method: Literature study, document analysis and interviews where used as research methods. Research on waste, alum shale and remediation techniques where studied in the literature study. In the document analysis, environmental study were analysed to retain knowledge of leachate. The interviews presented information of the authorities work with alum shale and experts’ suggestions of how alum shale can be used and handled.

Findings: This study showed that there is other applications than landfills, and that there is methods to limit the leachate. If to be used, knowledge of the alum shale’s propensity of spreading due to stirring and relocation must be known. To inhibit leachate van be achieved by encapsulate the alum shale by waterproofing. This means that the alum shale can be used as a resource. Areas will be available for exploitation, it will not affect people in the surroundings, and the leachate to the groundwater will diminish.

Implications: At minor sensitive land use, alum shale can be used as filling material, such as industrial areas and roads. This implicates waterproofing of the material. Asphalted surface, in combination of waterproofing the top surface and the vertical sides limits the leachate of metals considerably. The haul is often ruling the possibility to relocate the shale. If the alum shale, at disposal, could be used for filling purposes, the cost of purchasing new material, and outlet of new raw material does not need to burden the environment.

Limitations: The alum shale studied is the one of Skövde County. The study should though be applicable to the whole of Västra Götaland. Not having the time to expand the interviews and include more people with research experience and expertise, is one of the limitations of this study. Also, carry out leachate tests could have contributed with more knowledge.

The paper is a thesis made by three students in the engineering program at Jönköping School of engineering. The thesis was overseen by the urban planning office and features data from Jönköping County.The purpose of the thesis is to improve future central districts by improvement of work methods. The aim of this thesis is, through an evaluation of process mapping, develop a model for systematical work methods with better experience feedback in the urban planning. The following three questions have been answered: How is the process mapping of the urban planning in Jönköping County built today and how did it affect the current district Kålgården? How can the urban planning of Jönköping improve with a more systematical work method with better experience feedback? How can critics elaborate the developed method to make it enough stable and in general applicable method to enforce on future districts?Literature studies and interviews were made to review the work methods of the office of urban planning as well as how their experience feedback works. Currently, systematical experience feedback and the communication between the departments and other operators is defective in Jönköping County.A case study was made because there is doubt about the success of Kålgården through the aspect of urban planning. The result of the case study shows that Kålgården was meant to be a link between two existing districts, which is correct. Studies of old local plans shows that there was a beneficial alternative for the landlords which was created by Jönköping County. The landlords took advantage of the technicality and prioritized their building processes for their own profit.The thesis contains elaborated proposals to improve established problems in the work methods. One of the solutions could be to arrange a steering group for every big project. The steering group would contain one member from different departments of the urban planning and one of the members will be given a main responsibility. This will shorten the information and decision paths. Another proposal is to adopt a town architect, for a more hierarchal point of view, with more direct decisions in the office of urban planning in Jönköping County.A process map has been created where the different proposals are included. It has been reviewed by key figures in Jönköping County and they think that it is stable enough to be applied in urban planning of other counties. There is an activity in the process map where the steering group evaluates the district after approved building permits and after a few years when the district has “grown in” to the city.

Introduktion – Projektets syfte är att undersöka hur man framhäver trädets form med hjälp av armaturplacering, intensitet och färgtemperatur samt hur belysningen anpassas efter olika trädarter och trädtyper. Metod – Denna kvalitativa undersökning har genomförts genom intervjuer och kvasi-experiment av personer som arbetar eller studerar inom belysningsbranschen. Resultat – Mycket handlar om den kringliggande miljön. Hur mycket ljus eller mörker som finns runt om påverkar därför hur vi upplever ljuset. Det är viktigt att ta hänsyn till den kringliggande miljön och se till att varken belysa för mycket eller för lite. Att arbeta med färgtemperaturer som ligger nära ytfärgen är ett bra sätt att förstärka materialet. Att noggrant planera ljus förstärker växternas material och gör att man uppskattar naturen runt omkring. Utifrån svaren från enkäten dras slutsatsen att alla upplever skillnad på upplevd volym med hjälp av en kombination av färgtemperaturer. Analys – Om upplevelsen blir större eller mindre med varmt respektive kallt ljus var det delade meningar om. En intervjuad person upplevde att en kall färgtemperatur ökade den upplevda volymen, en annan sa att en varm färgtemperatur skulle öka den upplevda volymen. Man kunde se att med en kall färgtemperatur ökade den upplevda volymen och skapade mer liv i trädet. Majoriteten tror att trädets volym kan förändras med hjälp av färgtemperaturer. Diskussion – Efter att ha utfört både kvasi-experiment och intervjuer kan man se att alla människor upplever ljus olika. En person vill ha mer ljus medan en annan vill ha mindre ljus på exakt samma träd. Något som också har noterats är att de personer som intervjuades hade fler liknande åsikter kring hur träd bör belysas jämfört med de respondenter som svarade på enkäten vid experimenttillfället. Åsikterna var mer splittrade bland studenterna. Mycket handlar om den kringliggande miljön, hur mycket ljus eller mörker som finns runt om då detta påverkar hur vi upplever ljuset. Det är viktigt att ta hänsyn till den kringliggande miljön och se till att varken belysa för mycket eller för lite.

Abstract

This paper investigates the possibility of tenant governance in student housing. With the shortage of student homes in mind, the purpose of this work is to contribute to an increased production of student homes in Sweden, with the aim to clarify students' attitudes towards tenant governance. This should be answered through the questions that follow:

1. What is the intent of tenant governance?

2. To what extent can a student help with the maintenance of the residential building?

3. How great is the interest in tenant governance among students? This paper is based on a literature study on the subject of tenant governance, interviews with property managers and a questionnaire study, to clarify students' attitudes towards tenant governance.

The paper further investigates what tenant governance means and it is clarified that the concept is somewhat unclear but may be explained as maintenance work within the residential building that is carried out by the tenants, whom in return get their rent reduced. The concept of tenant governance depends on mutual cooperation between the landlord and the tenants. For tenant governance to work properly a landlord, who is willing to devolve his or hers responsibilities regarding the maintenance work to the tenants, is needed along with having tenants that are willing to assume that responsibility. In addition to the psychological aspects are laws that may hamper the development and expansion of tenant governance projects.

In interviews suggested maintenance work, which could be performed by the students, was presented to property managers of student homes. The outcome was positive as the results show that the property managers could devolve all of the suggested work to the students, if compiled together.  Furthermore, a survey representing 232 people surveyed, consisting of equal parts of university students and high school students was carried out. A break down by gender, upbringing and type of living was made to see if any differences exist between the sample groups.

The interviews showed that the property managers have a partly negative attitude towards the idea of tenant governance in student housing as their confidence in students' sense of responsibility is limited. According to the survey results, high school students tend to have a more positive attitude towards tenant governance than the university students. In general the high school students seem to have a greater interest in the questions asked. The most important difference between the sample groups was the fact that high school students tended to see influence and responsibility twice as important as the university students.

Our proposal is to implement a test round with tenant governance in student housing. Moreover we suggest having only students who begin university directly after high school, as it is our belief that they are less influenced by today's housing market and have a greater interest in tenant governance than the university students.

Introduction - The purpose of this thesis was to investigate whether coloured light hasan impact on college students' emotional experiences in the short term. The differenttypes of moods such as stress and the feeling of being calm were examined specifically,other emotions were also included. The background of the study is based on theincreased stress that especially college students experience, and whether coloured lightcan contribute to a feeling of calmness.

Method - To investigate what we were looking for, experiments were performed wherethe participants sat in a small room and were exposed to eight shades of coloured light(strong and weak of red, blue, green, and yellow). Each participant experienced arandom sequence of shades, with a white neutralizing light between each shade. The data collection method chosen was interviews, which were conducted in directconnection with the experiment. The participants had to state which shade theyexperienced as most stressful and most calming, and whether they experienced otheremotions to other shades.

Results and Analysis - The data collected shows that a strong red colour is the one byfar the most experienced as most stressful. Several participants associated the red colourwith spite, seriousness and as threatening, which according to them was the reason whythey experienced it as stressful. Some thought it was claustrophobic or too intense. When it comes to the calmest colour, the data shows more scattered results, althoughweak blue was the one most people pointed out as calming. Again, the reasons wereoften that the participants associated the colour with something specific that calmedthem. Some shades became calm because the light colour was more pleasant or morelike the neutral light.

The rest of the data shows that the participants experienced the colours in very differentways. In general, the responses implies that the strong shades were perceived as moreintense than the weak ones, but which they preferred were different.

Discussion - The results confirm some previous research that has been done with lightand colours, and it especially confirms theories about how associations play a big rolein how we experience colours. Associations then proved to play a major role as manyof the responses indicated that it was associations to other things that caused theemotions, and not the light itself. Some did not make as many associations and couldexplain that they preferred one over the other because of how the light changed theperception of space or how the light behaved itself. 

The municipalities' vision of using City Information Modeling (CIM) and Digital Twins (DT) inurban planning, requires prerequisites in place. A prerequisite is BIM, which together with GIS can create CIM.BIM implementation for a municipality involves major challenges and one such challenge is the lack of BIMmodels for existing buildings and infrastructure. However, this study is limited to planned development inconnection with land allocation. BIM implementation for the land allocation process within a medium-sizedSwedish municipality involves many involved actors and thus the need for a mobilization of the involved actorsfrom an ANT-inspired perspective. The purpose of this study is therefore to analyze how an actor network canbe mobilized to implement BIM in the land allocation process. A case study method has been chosen in thisthesis, considering that a well-defined case is identified, and the approach enables a variety of data collectionmethods that have been inspired by the autoethnographic approach because the researcher belongs to the focalactor in the process.

Lightpollution is a problem that occur anywhere where there is artificial light. Lightpollution can shortly be described as the improper use of lighting and the unwanted consequences of illumination. Today 99% of the population in Europe lives under a lightpolluted sky. Lightpollution has a lot of negative consequences, among other things it impacts peoples health in a negative way. The biodiversity is also negatively affected. Furthermore lightpollution per definition wastes energy, the ability to observe the starlit sky is also affected.

This study looked at how municipalities work with light pollution. The aim of the study was to find out which aspect of light pollution the municipalities prioritize and how they work with light pollution. Shortcomings in the work with lightpollution have been identified and solutions and improvements have been proposed. Four municipalities in Sweden were studied.

The methods used in the study was a document analysis and semistructured interviews. The document analysis looked at the lighting programs of the municipalities in order to find out how the municipalities worked with  light pollution but also to provide a basis for the interview questions. The interviews then gathered more deep and detailed knowledge about priorities, working methods and shortcomings. The interviews were then compared to the document analysis in order to get reliable answers to the research questions.

The study shows that the participating municipalities prioritizes human health and well being as well as biodiversity. While energy and a visible starlit sky had a lower priority. The municipalities use many scientifically verified methods in order to decrease lightpollution for example colour temperature, dark zones and shielding. There are non the less  methods that the municipalities could work more with. Some shortcomings could be identified for example a lack of knowledge in the industry and a lack in priorities. Concrete solutions could also be identified for some of the shortcomings. The data was thematically investigated and relevant quotes were placed in a table. The table was divided into categories in accordance with research questions with subcategories that allowed for concrete answers. The table was used to easily spot connections partly between the programs and the interviews and partly between the different municipalities.

The study was able to answer the research questions even if it was difficult to suggest concrete improvements. A surprising realisation was that the lightingprograms of many of the municipalities were either outdated or not in use at all. This is partly a clear shortcoming in the work with lightpollution but it also affected the reliability of the whole study since the document analysis no longer could be considered as providing as reliable answers as the interviews.

The study examines the role that lighting roles in creating a safe experience in a cultural environment. The investigation was done in Tändsticksområdet, a former industrial area in Jönköping with cultural-historical value. The aim of the study is to gain knowledge about the regulations concerning lighting in Tändsticksområdet and identify the most significant aspects of these regulations in terms of lighting, from a safety perspective. A case study was conducted in Tändsticksområdet using methods such as semi-structured interviews, safety analysis, with help of an literature review. The interviews were conducted with four people that had experience within the area. Analyses were carried out in Tändsticksområdet in several occasions. The result showed that the most important thing when working with lighting in cultural environments is that the lighting should highlight what is already there. In Tändsticksområdet, it is the kulturmiljölag (1988:950)  that protects the area´s cultural-historical value. Certain parts of the lighting in the area can contribute to an unsafe experience as they cause glare and discomfort. To change the lighting in the area, the proposal must be taken up via the country administrative board, which can discuss and react to the proposal together with the antiquarian authority.

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is claimed to transform the AEC industry, whereas current research has argued that diffusion of BIM use proceeds at a slower rate than the optimistic predictions. However, governmental initiatives where public clients in countries like Finland, Singapore, United Kingdom and Sweden start to require a Building Information Model as a part of the project delivery, are supposed to increase the pace of diffusion of BIM use. Today, larger contractor firms use BIM to a varying extent. But BIM use in mid-sized contractor firms, with 50 – 500 employees, which successfully can compete with larger contractors on projects up to 50 million Euros, is relatively unknown. The aim of the paper is to explore the current use and perceived challenges and driving forces of BIM-implementation among mid-sized contractors. The data used in this study is collected through a survey send to chief executive officers, or their closest sub-ordinates, of mid-sized construction firms in Sweden. The survey is based on a technology-, organization-, environment framework that is used in information systems research in order to study the use of inter-organizational information systems. The total population of firms in the survey is 136. The preliminary results presented in this paper are based on 31 answers (30 percent response rate). 58 percent of the respondents said that they have been involved in a project where BIM has been used in some way. The most commonly used application is visualization. The highest obstacles perceived are that partners are not using BIM, there is no demand from clients, and there is no internal demand in the company. For the two last obstacles there were significant differences between users and non-users. The most common perceived driving forces were that BIM is a means for following the technical development and BIM can give the company competitive advantages. Moreover, the results indicate that the main driver behind BIM-implementation is mainly determined by an individual’s subjective positive or negative evaluation of BIM, rather than by external pressure from clients and partners, or by internal capacity and knowledge to use BIM.

This report describes from start to finish how a new design and extension of the Gengras student union center at the University of Hartford was done. The report will be using a project that was made by me and explains how the whole project was planned by contacting S/L/A/M Collaborative Inc. all the way until the final outcome was presented for a final jury. It explains the whole chain process one should use when designing a building such as different analysis, precedent studies, concept development and how to approach the design project. New technologies, the feature of access and flexibility are the main influence words in the design that is being used as an example. These words can be found and felt throughout the whole building both in the façade drawings and in the plan solutions. The result was a building that is more organic and flexible in its forms and spaces than current architecture is today. A sort of architecture that comes more and more in which will shape the society in the future. My building also keeps a sense of the old façade to create a transition between the new and the old. The old and the new cooperation prove that the innovative design does not destroy the old building; it only enhances it and prepares it for the future.

The new Eurocode standard requires adjustments in construction planning offices in the respect that staff must learn to use and comply with this standard. When designing connections in steel there is support available in terms of calculation methods and manuals, but there is still no extensive help on how to handle them with the Eurocode standard. Although the design process of connections is very important during the design of steel structures, there is currently a too slow process compared to what it could be. Therefore it would be good if an easier and faster way to design connections in accordance with the Eurocode standard were found.

Interviews have shown that the design process had worked so that calculations were done by hand, by a designer according to BKR's rules, and then plotted in 3D by another designer who finally get their plans reviewed by a third person.

Through case studies, of the standard connection BP1, an improved design process were sought after, compared to the one the interviews described. In the case studies BP1 was designed by hand and with the programs Autodesk Robot Structure Professional Analysis 2011 and was modeled with Tekla Structures 16.0, at all times in accordance with the Eurocode standard. Thanks to that a new and more effective design processes was found.

Tekla and Robot are popular applications on the market and strong tools for engineers. The programs can be very helpful in the design of connections in steel. Robot is for advanced calculations and does it very well, but could be improved through a greater variety of connections. With Tekla the user can make exact drawings of the connection, but the settings of the measurements are complicated to understand.

If the designer would start using the program Robot in the process, he would gain time, less information loss, a reduction in paper handling and a tidier information base to provide to the next step in the process. After that the designer quickly does drawings with high quality in Tekla and finally all the material would be available to the examiner who gets a better overview.

It is not possible to transfer the connections from Robot to Tekla, but if it was possible, more time could be saved through a more efficient process

Purpose: Despite many previous articles and tests on the subject “analysis methods for concrete slabs on ground subjected to concentrated loading” there is still uncertainty on which analysis method to use and if the results correspond to real failure loads. The purpose of this study has been to evaluate and compare different analysis methods for slabs on ground subjected to concentrated loading.Method: Initially literature studies was performed where different analysis methods were studied. Three methods were chosen based on different aspects. It was found that A. Losbergs (1961) method was mainly used in Sweden while other countries in Europe used Meyerhofs (1962) method. Rao & Singhs (1986) method has a similar approach compared to Meyerhofs but ads two different types of failure modes. Two peer re-viewed articles were also chosen from which secondary data could be retrieved. The articles described tests where concrete slabs were loaded until failure. The test condi-tions were used to perform calculations with the three analysis methods. A comparison was made between the test results and the results from calculations.Findings: It is concluded that there are some differences between Losbergs, Meyerhofs and Rao & Singhs analysis methods. Largely the three methods require the same input, they differ in selection of analysis solution, but despite a degree of variation of the calculation results the overall picture for the different loading cases are quite unified. For central loading all analysis methods result in a capacity lower than the test values, varying from 56% to 93% of the failure load. Concerning edge and corner cases the spread of results is even wider. Calculations for the reinforced slab results in a capacity higher than the test values while calculations for the plain concrete slab results in a capacity considerably lower than the test values.Implications: The results in this study indicates that the three analysis methods are applicable for internal loading. The spread of the results makes it difficult to estimate the margin to the actual failure load, but the safety factors according to Eurocode 2 should provide a safe failure margin. Regarding edge and corner cases it is more diffi-cult to draw conclusions due to the large spread of results. Further research and testing is needed.Limitations: The study is limited to three analysis methods and the results from two articles where two different concrete slabs were tested. Inclusion of additional analysis methods and articles with test results would expand the generalizability of the study. However due to the limitations of the extent of the study and disposable time this was not possible.Keywords: Meyerhof, Rao & Singh, Losberg, concrete slab on ground, concrete slab on grade, point load, concentrated load.