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  • 1.
    Abdulameer, Hasanain
    et al.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering.
    Chamoun, Kristian
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering.
    BIM i små och medelstora anläggningsföretag.2015Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to improve the usage of BIM in facility projects.

    Method: The methods used for this bachelor thesis are qualitative interviews and literature studies.

    Findings: Free programs will be available for usage where models can be opened, viewed, examined and studied. The small and medium-sized facility companies will not be forced to use resources to cope with the requirements of Trafikverket.

    Implications: Consequences are that the small and medium-sized civil engineering companies understand and follow the requirements.

    • Using more 3D models to gain more experience and skills in the subject.

    • Attend the Trafikverkets industry days when opportunities arise, the authors believe that it was very instructive.

    • Engage in more BIM projects.

    • Older projects where the drawings are in 2D is converted into 3D.

     

    Limitations: How BIM is used during the management process will not be covered.

    Keywords: Productivity, resource, competence, experience, BIM.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 2.
    Abrahamsson, Josef
    et al.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering.
    Karlsson, Mikael
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering.
    Bullerbegränsande åtgärder för byggnation nära befintlig väg2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: When cities grow at a faster rate, new places are needed to build housing.The municipalities that are growing tends to choose build sites that previously wererejected due to noise pollution. There are requirements from the state that the noise maynot exceed certain values. The requirements originate from the fact that over twomillion swedes are exposed to noise daily. Noise can lead to health problems, in theform of sleep disorders and cardiovascular disease. To reduce health problems noiseinvestigations are made, where suggestions are made in how noise levels can bereduced. The purpose of the work is to provide the reader with knowledge of whichfactors influence noise investigations and the approach to the choice of noise reductionmeasures so that construction can be made closer to trafficked roads.

    Method: The methods used are literature studies, document analysis and interviews.The literature gathered consists of scientific articles. The documents consist of noiseinvestigations conducted by different companies all over Sweden. Persons to interviewwere chosen from the conductors of the noise investigations documents.

    Findings: To answer the report's purpose, three questions were raised. The firstquestion deals with noise-reducing technologies and which technologies are used today.The report found that there are several ways to reduce noise. In the following order, themost frequently used are: silent facade, noise screen, speed reduction, distance betweenhouse and roads, vegetation, road moving and quiet asphalt. The second question of thereport addresses the factors that influence the choice of noise reduction measure. Fromthe literature study, absorption, reflection and reduction were found to be importantfactors. In the document analysis, surroundings, traffic and speed emerged as importantfactors. In the interviews, aesthetics and price emerged as important in the choice ofwhich reducing action should be taken. The third question deals with the question ofhow construction can be made closer to the road. In the result it appears that all of thesolutions mentioned earlier have the ability to reduce noise, but how effective they areand how well they reduce noise varies from case to case. Surroundings and trafficvolume are of great importance.

    Implications: Making use of the technical solutions previously described, results in areduced noise level and there for construction near road can be made possible.Executing a noise investigation at an early stage means that later and more expensivechanges can be avoided, which means that construction can take place sooner. Thereport suggests therefore that noise issues should be considered early in projects. It isalso important to get a solution that everyone can accept.

    Limitations: The report's results are limited to a smaller selection of noiseinvestigations and interviews. More investigations and interviews could hadcontributed to a larger spectrum. The report does only consider noise outdoors and whatopportunities for noise reduction there are.

    Download full text (pdf)
    Bullerbegränsande åtgärder för byggnation nära befintlig väg
  • 3.
    Adamsson, Mathias
    et al.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering and Lighting Science.
    Petersson, Mikael
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering and Lighting Science.
    Aries, Myriam
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering and Lighting Science.
    A holistic approach for a natural light variation experience: a pilot study of a practical application for office lighting2019Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Lighting is crucial for vision and has important effects beyond vision, influencing a variety of physiological and behavioral processes. When designing lighting, visual aspects, effects beyond vision, and perception of the environment should be considered together in a holistic approach. As humans evolved under daylight, a lighting protocol, based on a room context and daylight characteristics, was developed and described. The lighting, with customized light levels, spectral composition and light distribution that changed dynamically to evoke a perception of daylight conditions, was realized using commercially available luminaires and a digital control system. The resulting lighting conditions are described by measurements.

  • 4.
    Ahmed, Mohamed
    et al.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering and Lighting Science.
    Hassan Abdi, Nasteho
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering and Lighting Science.
    Kommunernas planering och arbete med översvämningsrisker i lågstråk vid befintlig bebyggelse2022Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Introduction: Many cities in Sweden have many low points in their terrain and areaffected by heavy rain. Urban sprawl often exacerbates the problem by increasing theamount of paved surfaces while reducing available land for stormwater treatment. Thismeans that stormwater flows that need to be managed can be very heavy and drainquickly. It is therefore important that cities achieve long-term sustainable stormwatermanagement that can cope with current and future climate change. This report willexamine how Karlstad and Växjö municipalities are working and planning for theincreased risk of stormwater and study the different solutions currently in use.

    Method: This report began with a literature study to deepen knowledge and get a goodbase. In order to answer the research questions, two case studies and three interviewswere conducted with respondents from the Water and Wastewater Departments ofVäxjö and Karlstad Municipality. One expert was also interview. Document analysiswas then carried out based on the plan description, sustainability index and thestormwater study in order to obtain as comprehensive material as possible.

    Results: The planning and work started with the preparation of a flood mapping and afirst impact assessment. No full action plan has been prepared by the consultedmunicipalities. In order to start the work, Karlstad will employ a rainfall coordinator.Most common solutions used in municipalities are treatment ponds, levellingreservoirs, street management and renewal of the sewerage and stormwater system. Aspecial solution in Växjö is the reduction of stormwater tax. Location, knowledge, laws,time and the cooperation of the water department with property owners and otherdepartments in the municipality are important elements that influence theimplementation of different solutions.

    Analysis: From the results it can be concluded that the municipalities are working andplanning well with the increased risk of rainfall in low-lying areas. However, morework can be done by producing an action plan adapted to these areas. The solutionapplied depends on a number of factors. These factors are adding safety factors tostormwater facilities and increasing the capacity of the pipeline system. The work iscontinued through good cooperation the different technical facilities in themunicipalities but also property owners as it often leads to a good and carefullyprepared solution. The municipalities explain that using cost-effective solutions isimportant because the funding comes from the water and wastewater departments tax.It is speculated that a change in the law allowing the water and wastewater departmentto receive funding for stormwater measures would have minimized flood risks.

    Discussion: The results are considered useful because the municipalities can learn fromeach other's planning and work as well as help each other in developing sustainablestormwater solutions. The result promotes a better understanding of the factorsunderlying the chosen solutions. The generalization of the results can be questioned asit is site-specific. However, it can be applied because it increases understanding of howto address a similar problem in another location or municipality. 

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  • 5.
    Andersson, Ola
    et al.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering and Lighting Science.
    Hjalmarsson, Julia
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering and Lighting Science.
    Konflikter på gång- och cykelbanan2020Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: Increased use of bicycles will reduce emissions from the transport sector and create a more vibrant urban environment, however, an increased number of shared-path users will increase the risk of conflicts and accidents. The speed difference between pedestrians and cyclists is large and with more and more electric vehicles on the pedestrian and bicycle lane, this speed difference is even larger. A functioning pedestrian and bicycle road network are important. The aim of this study is to help improve the interaction between cyclists and pedestrians by investigating the causes of conflicts and investigating how larger municipalities design pedestrian and bicycle lanes.

    Method: Observations were made on crossings in the main cycle path in Jönköping municipality where conflicts and flow were noted. There were also interviews with traffic planners and traffic engineers from four medium sized municipalities. The data collected was sorted by different themes from the theoretical framework. These themes are configuration, guidelines and VGU, separation or interplay and conflicts.

    Findings: The study has shown that there are no standards on how to behave on the pedestrian and bicycle lane, which affects road users' attitude to traffic rules and fellow road users. During the total of 10 observations, 15 conflicts were observed. Of these, 47% were due to at least one road user involved breaking the traffic rules. Most often, conflicts occur between different types of traffic, pedestrians and cyclists. Of the 15 conflicts observed, 80% were between different types of traffic. Studies do not show any connection between conflicts that have occurred and the extent to which the design reaches recommendations in GCM and VGU. However, improvements can be made, uncertainty in the design means that road users do not know how to position themselves and interact with other road users on pedestrian and bicycle lanes. It is important to give users enough space to make them respect the configuration.

    Implications: Reasons of conflicts are uncertainties in the configuration, speed differences and pedestrians moving unpredictable. There is a lack of norm of how to behave on the shared path. The configuration of shared paths needs to be clearer and it need to be coherent to make the users respect and use it properly. Pedestrians and cyclists should be seen as two different kinds of transportation and the surfaces they travel on should be designed as such. A suggestion is to create a standard in configuration of shared paths that is suited for the urban centre.

    Limitations: The study is restricted to larger municipalities and the observations were made at intersections on only one municipality's main cycle road network. Additional interviews and observations in municipalities with different sizes would be needed to make the findings more applicable.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 6.
    Annear, Michael
    et al.
    Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Nishitokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
    Fristedt, Sofi
    Jönköping University, School of Health and Welfare, HHJ, Institute of Gerontology. Jönköping University, School of Health and Welfare, The Jönköping Academy for Improvement of Health and Welfare.
    Laddawong, Teerapat
    Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Nishitokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
    Walkability in Japan’s aging neighborhoods: A comparative audit analysis of pedestrian journeys in urban Tokyo2024In: Journal of Transport & Health, ISSN 2214-1405, E-ISSN 2214-1413, Vol. 35, article id 101755Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Tokyo is the most aged mega-city in the world, yet it has been subjected to few micro-scale evaluations of walkability in its super-aged neighborhoods. Systematic walking audits were conducted in two aging cities within western aspect of Tokyo to assess street-level walkability from older-adult housing to local destinations. A multi-method approach included administration of the Microscale Analysis of Pedestrian Streetscapes (MAPS-mini) tool augmented with GIS analyses and photography across 10 super-aged neighborhoods (40 walking routes and 102 street segments) in the cities of Musashino and Mitaka. Musashino city had measurably better conditions for walking than the adjacent municipality of Mitaka with evidence of significant intra- and inter-city environmental variations. Prevailing barriers across both cities included poor access to parks and public transit, limited seating and shelter, inconsistent pedestrian infrastructure, narrow roadways, and few traffic calming measures. Signs of neighborhood disorder were conspicuously absent suggesting that sociocultural influences may enhance walkability in the context of sparse infrastructural support. These findings have implications for age-friendly remediation of pedestrian conditions in aging mega cities.

  • 7.
    Aries, Myriam
    et al.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering and Lighting Science.
    Beute, F.
    LightGreen Wellbeing, Eindhoven, Netherlands.
    Fischl, Géza
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering and Lighting Science.
    Students in good mood appear slower and less accurate: A pilot study investigating dynamic lighting impact on students’ perception and performance2019In: Proceedings of the 29th Session of the CIE: Washington D.C., USA, June 14 – 22, 2019, Volume 1 – Part 2, Vienna: The International Commission on Illumination, 2019, Vol. 1, p. 1297-1304Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Dynamic daylight can provide stimulation throughout the day. Since not all building spaces have access to enough daylight, electric lighting solutions can help substituting. The study investigated the effect of two opposite, daily dynamic light patterns to influence students’ mood and performance. In a mimicked open office space, 20 second-year students participated in a pilot study where they were exposed to light patterns changing in illuminance level over a day and filled out momentary assessments five times. Hierarchical Linear Models were employed to analyse the effect of light level as well as the timing of the exposure. Positive effects are shown for mood, but only for the pattern with a high morning light level. An afternoon boost may come too late to exert benefits. There are indications for performance-enhancing effects by use of dynamic light conditions, even though students seem to be slower and less accurate when in good mood.

  • 8.
    Aronsson, Linus
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering.
    Integrerat brounderhåll2013Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Trafikverket is responsible for the public traffic network in Sweden. The traffic

    network contains around 15 500 bridges that constantly are exposed of different

    kinds of degradation. The bridges must therefore be maintained at regular

    intervals both to keep bridges in good condition and to prevent the degradation

    accelerated.

    During the last years Trafikverket has developed a new procurement method of

    bridge maintenance. The method involves that all bridges maintenance of a region

    is being bundled to one contract that an entrepreneur handles for five years, a socalled

    bridge maintenance package. A bridge maintenance package exists of

    preventive maintenance, remedial maintenance and emergency maintenance.

    The purpose of this paper is to follow up the new form to procure bridge

    maintenance in package. The goal is to clarify the gains or losses made in

    efficiency since the introduction of bridge maintenance in package.

    Methods used in the creating of this thesis are literary studies, meetings and

    interviews along with analysis, calculations and comparisons.

    The result lays the foundation for the client, contractor and consultant working in

    the bridge maintenance package and further what has changed from the way they

    were working on bridge maintenance earlier.

    The largest efficiency gains are administrative. Because a bridge maintenance

    package is a turnkey contract the majority of responsibility is put on the

    contractor, instead of the client, which gives the client time for other tasks.

    Nowadays the bridge maintenance is in a separate contract which lasts for a longer

    time which gives the client a more qualified contractor for that kind of work

    which is reducing the number of fundamental questions and gives the client extra

    time. The contractor will get more operating freedom and at the same time more

    time to plan maintenance work. Through frequent communication between client

    and contractor decision-making paths becomes shorter which gives more

    efficiency throughout the entire process.

    The package in the region Skaraborg was one of the first bridge maintenance

    packages and it differs a lot from later maintenance packages. The biggest

    difference is in the contract documents. The package in Skaraborg was based on a

    fictional bridge while the more recent maintenance packages documents addresses

    the real action which the contractor will perform during the contracted period.

    Download full text (pdf)
    Integrerat brounderhåll
  • 9.
    Arvidsson, Anna K.
    et al.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Drift och underhåll, DOU.
    Blomqvist, Göran
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Erlingsson, Sigurdur
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Väg- och banteknik, VBA.
    Hellman, Fredrik
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Väg- och banteknik, VBA.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Öberg, Gudrun
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Drift och underhåll, DOU.
    Klimatanpassning av vägkonstruktion, drift och underhåll2012Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The global climate change is a reality and affecting society and transport systems. Climate change adaptation of transport systems will make the means of transportation more resilient and decrease the risk and magnitude of disruptions. Generally, climate change adaptations in road construction, operation and maintenance will need relatively large changes, but there is a shortage of the specific knowledge required as to what steps need to be taken, when and where, before measures can actually be implemented. Since climate change effects vary among Sweden's climatic zones, the impact of climate change on the road behavior and longevity is extremely difficult to predict. The need for winter maintenance in Sweden will generally decrease due to the warmer climate. Ploughing frequency will probably decrease as well, but preparedness should not be reduced too much since occasions with more extreme instances will increase. In order to succeed in making the road transport system resilient to climate change, we conclude that there is a need to develop more knowledge about the impact on the road infrastructure system as well as the operation and maintenance of the system including how to adapt through different types of variable and flexible climate adaptation measures and the effects of extreme weather events.

    Download full text (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 10.
    Backström, Martin
    et al.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering.
    Wikström, Ludvig
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering.
    Effektivisering av ekologisk dagvattenhantering i stadsmiljö2013Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In the city of Jönköping problems with the irregular flow, erosions and transport of sediment materials are recurring in the brook Strömsbergsbäcken. The problems is somewhat caused by an increased flow of storm water in the brook, which leads to high flow peaks in some parts of the brook since the original furrow is not dimensioned for the increased amount of water. The purpose of this project work is to make ecological drainage management in urban environments with a high amount of storm water discharge more efficient. The objective with the report is to create valuable material of how to accomplish ecological drainage management in urban areas and that the report will be useful for future similar connections. To fulfill the objective, the following three questions have been designed as a significant part of the final project report:

    • How can the load on the general drainage system be reduced?
    • How can the pollution effects of storm water runoff in urban areas be reduced?
    • Which treatments are appropriate to enhance the ecological storm water management in Strömsbergsbäcken ?

    The methods that have been used to solve these questions are document- and literature studies, and also a case study.The thesis results shows that the storm water flows from four of the nine areas that has its outlets in Strömsbergsbäcken, need to be treated through some kind of a solution or method that delays the water flow. The treatment could be performed in the area, before the storm water reaches the storm water network, which leads to Strömsbergsbäcken. The storm water flows can also be reduced by treatments adjacent to the outlets in the brook, where the largest flow peaks occurs. For example an essential solution to decrease the flows in Strömsbergsbäcken is to reconstruct the old dam located near one of the outlets into a basin, which will delay the stormwater flows.

    Download full text (pdf)
    Effektivisering av ekologisk dagvattenhantering i stadsmiljö
  • 11.
    Berntsson, Anna
    et al.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering and Lighting Science.
    Jönsson, Casper
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering and Lighting Science.
    Erfarenhetsåterföring mellan projekt med fokus på konsulters arbetssätt2022Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: Recurring errors and problems in construction projects are common. Experience feedback is something that companies can benefit greatly from, as work in the subject can reduce unnecessary costs and increase a company's competitiveness in the market. The study will investigate a consulting company’s approach towards experience feedback and on completed work draw a conclusion about difficulties and opportunities for improvement on the subject.

    Method: The chosen research strategy is in the form of a case study towards the consulting company. Interviews are conducted with the help of the company's officials in the design and architecture department. In addition, a document analysis is drawn up at the case company and a literature study on the topic of experience reversal.

    Results: The study shows that the company has tools for a way of working towards experience feedback. However, with unclear requirements from management to continuously work with experience feedback has resulted in this not happening to a great extent. The study shows that a lack of time and a lack of responsibility has resulted in experience feedback not being a high priority. Much of the knowledge sharing that takes place today takes place during spontaneous occasions during coffee breaks and so on.

    Analysis: The analysis shows that experience feedback is an important part of a company's development. By taking advantage of previous knowledge, both time and money can be saved by not reinventing the wheel. It can also increase the quality of the product. The obstacles that stand in the way of effective use of experience feedback include the lack of incentives for employees, mainly the time to carry out experience feedback. The study has shown that the interest is there, but through ambiguity, experience reversal has fallen through the cracks. By distributing responsibility, implementing experience feedback as a given part of the work process and setting clear requirements for what is expected of employees, knowledge sharing can become a success factor for a company.

    Discussion: The report has shown that the work with experience feedback can be very varied depending on who is the project leader for the project. It is often up to the person itself to what extent experience feedback should take place, which can lead to it working very differently from group to group but also from office to office. Another question is how much the pandemic has affected experience feedback. Today, several people work from home, which has meant that the work structure has changed and may not have had time to adapt to the new routines.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 12.
    Erdestål, Marcus
    et al.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineeering and Lighting Science.
    Olsson, Anders
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineeering and Lighting Science.
    VA-organisationers beslutsprocess om förnyelse av dagens VA-nät2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: Rejuvenating the water and sewer system is called a renewal step, which is a planned replacement of ground wiring in the field, which restores the operation of the wiring or improves its capacity. Most of Sweden's VA pipelines are built in the 19th century. They are now in need to be renewed. The county's in Sweden finance and manage the VA networks using a VA-tax which is paid by all users. Sweden has had a low VA-tax for many years. A low VA tax can lead that county's are not afford to replace the existing pipeline network. The purpose is to provide the reader with the knowledge that Sweden's municipalities have at the renewal stage of the VA network, and the approach to the choice of prioritization measures.

    Method: The work has focused on qualitative and quantitative processing in form of literature studies, document analysis and interviews. The work contains seven qualitative semi-structured and five structured interviews. The document analysis shows a clear picture of the renewal and renewal needs in VA organizations.

    Findings: All requested VA managers use some type of GIS system, in the category of database-based decision support systems specified by Power (2002), as a way to handle and analyse large amounts of structured data. The municipalities that are most worried about not being able to finance the renewal act are the municipalities that are small and have less resources to work with, for example, fees, work teams and civil servants. In the question of what measures must be taken to increase focus on the existing VA network and a stepping stone to the renewal act. The VA tax should be designed more according to the actual cost, despite politicians consider. This in order to avoid shock increases in the farm fee that goes against a long-term planning.

    Implications: The report has focused on gaining insight into why the renewal rate is too low. This may have several reasons, however VA-organizations describe that they are not used to work in decision support systems and the importance of making decisions in combination with other methods.

    Limitations: This thesis shows only county's decision-making process and what kind of decision support system they have in use in their operations. The thesis focuses on why the renewal pact is not prioritized higher but does not go into detail why another priority is costlier or timelier to implement.

    Keywords: Decision-making process, Decision Support System, Lead network, Revenue, Renewable needs, Self-sufficiency, Sewer planning, Sewage System Taxes, Water Services Act.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 13.
    Fransson, Sarah
    et al.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Construction Engineering and Lighting Science.
    Lagerroth, Stina
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Construction Engineering and Lighting Science.
    EN FALLSTUDIE OM MÖJLIGHETERNA ATT MINSKA KLIMATAVTRYCKET FRÅN VA-ENTREPRENADER2023Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Introduction (and aim) – In today's society, the climate is an important issue and the building and construction sector accounts for large amounts of carbon dioxide emissions. This research aims to study how the climate footprint from water and sewer contracts can be reduced. Method – To accomplish the study, a water and sewer contract carried out by Skanska has been studied through a case study. In the study data has been collected through internal documents and interviews. Results – The documents show that “local mass handling” and the use of HVO as fuel instead of diesel, generates reduced carbon dioxide emissions in the project and the interviews confirm the information. Also mentioned in the interviews is that green asphalt is used to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Possibilities for reducing the climate footprint in the future that are brought up include electric-powered excavators and transport as well as bio-binders in the asphalt. The obstacles that are mentioned in the interviews to reduce the climate footprint are, among other things, lack of environmentally friendly plastic materials for water and sewer enterprisers, charging of electric machines and the extra cost of working in an environmentally friendly way. Analysis – The climate adaptations that are used today is seen as relatively simple technologies, while the possibilities for reducing emissions in the future are currently stopped by the increased cost and that certain technologies are not developed sufficiently. Discussion – The study shows that the use of HVO and green asphalt are ways to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and that these are supported by previous research. Local mass handling is also a way to reduce carbon dioxide emissions but has been difficult to confirm by previous studies. The possibilities of reducing emissions through electric excavators and transports are confirmed by previous research, and the use of bio-binders instead of bitumen in the asphalt is also confirmed. The lack of environmentally friendly plastic material for water and sewer enterprisers is confirmed in previous studies, also the additional cost of HVO compared to diesel is confirmed.

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    fulltext
  • 14.
    Gaude, Elise
    et al.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering.
    Högås, Jessica
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering.
    Belysningsprinciper vid gångtunnlar: Trygghetsupplevelse ur feministiskt perspektiv2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Previous studies and research show that women feel unsafe to a greater extent than men do when staying outside during evenings and night time. To some women there is a fear of moving around in public areas which limits women’s freedom. Concerning feeling safe, lighting is regarded as the most important factor. In this study, investigations were conducted to get a greater knowledge about which lighting principle in and close to pedestrian underpasses that promotes safety the most.

    To answer the study’s research questions, a field study was conducted and a survey was made to be answered by people at the chosen underpasses. The field study consisted of three different pedestrian underpasses with three different lighting principles, which were all evaluated during different evenings. People who spontaneously passed by the underpasses were the subjects of the survey. A visual analysis of the lighting was made of the three lighting principles through a PERCIFAL analysis. A sketch analysis was also conducted in order to get a more visual understanding regarding space, close to and in the underpasses.

    Furthermore, to answer the study’s research questions an online survey was also conducted. The online survey contained photos of the three pedestrian underpasses and the three lighting principles that were previously discussed. In both surveys, questions regarding the subjects’ experiences of unsafety was asked. This contributed to statistics showing that the feeling of safety in, and close to underpasses varies between women and men.

    The result of the study show that women and men preferred the same type of lighting principle, a lighting principle with both light in and outside the underpass. The reason for why this lighting principle was the most preferred, was that there was a clear line of sight, as well as even distribution of light with low contrasts. The survey’s result show that women, in general, feel unsafe to a greater extent than men, which correlates to previous research. The study’s result show that whichever lighting principle there is, women feel more unsafe than men. If lighting principles are planned after what women consider safe, there is a chance that women can attain a higher sense of safety whilst being outside after dark. If these lighting principles are applied, the public space will become more equal since women hopefully can feel more safe and secure.

    For further studies, a combination between different methods are recommended to come up with a result. Preferably using both online surveys as well as field studies. Using an online survey as a method can contribute to a higher frequency of answers whilst field studies give the subject a chance to experience the atmosphere on location. However, field studies might lead to fewer answers.

    A field study can be conducted in the shape of an experimental investigation, where the lighting is planned with different lighting principles in order to later install the lighting principles where needed. Preferably, the experimental investigation should be conducted in one single underpass, in order to get the same conditions for all of the lighting principles.

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  • 15.
    Gren, Ing Marie
    et al.
    Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineeering and Lighting Science. Calluna AB, Nacka, Sweden.
    Calculating the costs of animal-vehicle accidents involving ungulate in Sweden2019In: Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, ISSN 1361-9209, E-ISSN 1879-2340, Vol. 70, p. 112-122Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 16.
    Gren, Ing-Marie
    et al.
    Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Brutemark, Andreas
    Calluna AB, Nacka, Sweden.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering and Lighting Science. Calluna AB, Nacka, Sweden.
    Svedén, Jennie B.
    Calluna AB, Nacka, Sweden.
    Costs of air pollutants from shipping: a meta-regression analysis2020In: Transport reviews, ISSN 0144-1647, E-ISSN 1464-5327, Vol. 40, no 4, p. 411-428Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study estimated the external cost of air pollution from shipping by means of a meta-regression analysis, which has not been made before. Three pollutants, which were included in most of the primary studies, were considered: nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur dioxides (SO2) and particulate matters with a diameter of max 2.5 micrometres (PM2.5). All primary studies included damages of health and a majority added impacts on agriculture and estimated the cost of air pollutants by transferring cost estimates from studies on costs of air emissions from transports in Europe. Different regression models and estimators were used and robust results were found of statistically significant emission elasticities of below one, i.e. total external costs increase by less than 1% when emissions increase by 1%. There was a small variation between the pollutants, with the highest elasticity for PM2.5 and lowest for NOx. Calculations of the marginal external cost of the pollutants showed the same pattern, with this cost being approximately six times higher for PM2.5 than for the other pollutants. Common to all pollutants was that the marginal external cost decreases when emission increases. Another robust result was a significant increase in the cost of studies published in journals compared with other publication outlets. These findings point out some caution when transferring constant external unit cost of air pollutant from shipping, which is much applied in the literature, and the cost functions estimated in this study could thus provide a complementary transfer mechanism.

  • 17.
    Gustafsson, Elin
    et al.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering.
    Björk, Martina
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering.
    Förbättrad säkerhet vid arbete på väg - ur en vägarbetares perspektiv2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: There are many different risks while working on or close to roads. This is because conditions are very varying on road works and different tasks are being performed at the same time (AV, 2015). According to a survey carried out by SEKO (2011) seven out of ten road workers are worrying about working on or close to roads because of the lack of safety. But the fear is not groundless, according to a survey carried out by Liljegren and Szafran-Kzdrój (2014) 2935 accidents related to road works happened between year 2003-2012 where road workers were involved in 139 of the total cases. Efforts to create a better work environment are taking place daily but there are still road workers that get injured or even killed during work. The aim with this report is therefore to examine how roadworkers safety can be improved during roadworks.

    Method: This survey is a case study, which aims to illustrate the reality. In order to answer the questioning formulation, three different methods have been used. A literature study was first completed to understand how far previous research has come and after that a document analysis of valid laws and regulations was made. The third method used was qualitative interviews, which is the most important foundation for the result.

    Findings: Risks that occur in road work zones often arises because of the passing traffic. High speed along with reckless drivers or drivers that act aggressive are great risk factors. These risk factors also contribute to mental illness such as stress and anxiety. Physical problems are also a cause of bad work environment with dusty or noisy surroundings. The shared solution to solve these problems are diversion or to reduce speed even more past road work zones. This is though easier said than done because the road maintenance often wats to keep a high traffic volume during the time a road work is performed.

    Implications: Risks in road work zones are lower when a traffic diversion is applied or when traffic can pass in a satisfactory way. Unfortunately, these actions are not being applied in such extent as wanted by the road workers. To minimise risks in road work zones the contractors' have to start compile and together ask for higher standards. When traffic diversion can’t be applied must recommended speed be reduced even more.

    Limitations: All interviews were conducted with people working in the same company but in different business areas, within the county of Jönköping. This was because different opinions about the problem were asked for. It is though difficult to decide whether or not the result is generalizable, because only people within the same county and company were interviewed.

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  • 18.
    Gustafsson, Susanne
    et al.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Trafiksäkerhet, samhälle och trafikant, TST.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Grumert, Ellen
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Trafikanalys och logistik, TAL.
    Hastighetsdämpande åtgärder: en litteraturstudie med fokus på nya trafikmiljöåtgärder och ITS-orienterade lösningar2011Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    A literature survey has been conducted regarding international traffic calming measures that could have a potential use in Sweden and other Nordic countries. Focus has been on measures in new traffic environments and ITS (Intelligent Transport System) based solutions. Information has been obtained through searches in literature databases and on different homepages, as well as from contacts in networks. Initially, we describe common traffic calming measures used today in Swedish traffic environments. For example, different forms of vertical and horizontal measures, and different types of surfaces, road markings and paintings. In the case of existing ITS solutions, we mention speed reminder signs, variable message signs and Motorway Control System (MCS).

    New kinds of physical measures that have most potential for use are e.g. modifications of speed bumps and the construction of small curves that enforce lower speed. Such curvatures can be used at entrances to communities or before roundabouts.

    Different concepts of "shared space" (e.g. walking speed zones) are something that could be used more extensively, even at intersections and other locations in urban areas. In such cases, all traditional road equipment is removed and a synergy between different user groups is created, leading to lower speeds.

    Different types of road markings and paintings can be used to visually narrow the road, but also in order to create an optical illusion that makes one feel as if the speed is high. However, such measures are not fully effective during winter conditions. Applications in 3D can also be used to create the illusion of obstacles in the roadway and result in reduced speeds. It is important to consider the overall picture and to combine various measures in a correct way. This report gives some examples on how to implement speed reduction measures in communities with thoroughfares. Furthermore, we give example on how strategic approaches and policy design may help to efficiently implement different kinds of traffic calming measures.

    ITS-solutions, where a two-way communication between vehicles and between vehicles and the infrastructure is used, have gained momentum in Europe and internationally. Three possible systems that have not yet been introduced on the market are described. Most of the cooperative systems are still in a research and development phase. The potential of the systems is considered to be large, and this is also reflected in the extensive research and development investments in the area. Furthermore, ITS as a whole, i.e. cooperative systems as well as other ITS solutions is believed to have a great potential.

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  • 19.
    Göransson, Martin
    et al.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering and Lighting Science.
    Brodnäs, Philip
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering and Lighting Science.
    Kvalitetssäkring av packning med digitala verktyget MCA-30002021Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: Compaction is one of the fundamental pillars of construction, without a proper compaction of ground material deformation may occur shorty after completed construction. A flaw of the traditional method of compaction control is that only point sources are obtained. This means that you can easily miss weak points of the compaction. This becomes significant when dealing with compaction of larger areas. The purpose of this study is to investigate how digital technology can ensure the compaction quality compared to traditional methods, and to expand the company’s knowledge of the application of the compaction computer MCA-3000.

    Method: The method chosen to gather data for this study were literature study, case study and interviews.

    Findings: The findings show how the compaction computer can be used to ensure compaction quality. An important factor is to know the conditions of the ground material in order to ensure a credible result. The case study suggest that the compaction computer can be used to visually show the compaction quality of an area. However, I cannot be used as a separated method to ensure compaction quality. The compaction computer needs test surfaces to be calibrated with assistance of traditional methods. This means that it cannot replace the traditional method. However, it can be used as a complementary tool to support the traditional methods. In the interviews, both the respondents pointed out that the compaction computer cannot be used as a separate method but can be used as a complementary tool for the contractors. 

    Implications: Our conclusions are as followed:

    ·         The compaction computer cannot be used as a single method to ensure compaction quality.

    ·         The compaction computer implies that it can be used as a complementary tool to support the traditional methods to ensure compaction quality of lager areas. 

    ·         The compaction computer allows the user to detect faults in real time during the compaction prosses.

    Our results indicate that the compaction computer can be uses as a complementary tool to support the traditional methods but not as its own method. To ensure the reliability of the compaction computer MCA-3000 further studies needs to be conducted to see how it preform with different ground material condition. 

    Limitations: Our result was limited by access of data. We were only able to collet data from a single project in a relatively small area, this means we only were able to get three data sources of compaction quality conducted with a tradition method. Another limitation was that the entire area had the same ground condition which means the result is only applicable in our case. 

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  • 20.
    Henriksson, Carl
    et al.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering.
    Lamberg Gustafsson, Malin
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering.
    SJÄLVLYSANDE VÄGMARKERINGAR: - En studie om dess anpassning för Nordiskt klimat2015Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: The purpose of this study is to enhance the common knowledge of luminescent road markings, and how they affect the driver compared to conventional road markings. The quest is to succeed a study on luminescent road markings and if it can be adapted to a Nordic climate.

    Method: The chosen methods for this degree are interview, field trips, document analysis and some own experiments. The interviews have been used to get answers from professionals about unpublished facts. The experiments were necessary to find out how the LumiPaint works in real conditions.

    Findings: The LumiPaint does not reflect light in the same way as a conventional road marking, therefore it was necessary to apply glass crystals. Another finding is that the colour of the paint has a tint of green, and must be approved by the Wien convention (1968) before it can be applied to the road surface. Also the level of resistance from studded tire caused by abrasion must been improved.With today’s standard the LumiPaint is not a better alternative compared to the conventional road markings, but it has great potential to advance in the future.

    Implications: The visibility of luminicent road markings is good in dark conditions, but the perceived experience disappears when car light hit the markings. Despite that, the paint is suitable to be placed on the inner curve on road cross section, or in though curves in general. This could be helpful for drivers with long vehicles to decide the position on the road surface and navigate by looking in the mirrors. Limitations: The test plates that have been used during the experiments, was made by limited equipment, and probably a more precise result could be accomplished by using more professional equipment and methods.

    Keywords: Luminicent road markings, LumiPaint, luminicent paint, reflexion

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  • 21.
    Holmgren, Lisa
    et al.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering and Lighting Science.
    Sanderberg, Isac
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering and Lighting Science.
    SKYLTFÖNSTERS PÅVERKAN PÅ LJUS & RUM I HISTORISKA GATUMILJÖER2021Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Syfte: Många aktörer har möjligheter att påverka hur gatans rum och ljusmiljö upplevs. Med möjligheten följer också ett ansvar att skapa en god och sammanhängande miljö som är lätt att röra sig i, inte minst på de platser där stadsrummet i sig är ett besöksmål. Målet med studien är således att öka kunskapsläget kring hur belysning i skyltfönster kan påverka gatans upplevda ljusmiljö och rumsuppfattningen samt att identifiera potentiella för- och nackdelar med belysta och släckta skyltfönster.

    Metod: I fallstudier utförda på plats i Stockholm samlades fysikaliska mätvärden in i form av luminansberäkningar och fältmätningar samt genom perceptiva analyser. För att undersöka upplevelsen utfördes tre analyser i kombination, Arne Branzells rumsanalys, Gordon Cullens ”Serial vision” och PERCIAL analys.

    Resultat: Skyltfönsterbelysning visade sig ha en påverkan på den upplevda ljusmiljön. Resultaten indikerar på att stora skyltfönster med jämn ljusnivå utan stora kontrastförhållanden förbättrade ljusmiljön. Likväl orsakade bländning en försämrad upplevd ljusmiljö. Helt släckta skyltfönster påverkade ljusmiljön negativt och rummet upplevdes även smalare. Vidare visar resultaten även att skyltfönsterbelysning ökar upplevd rumshöjd på motsatt sida av gatan då ljusnivån ökar.

    Konsekvenser: Studien resulterar i ett antal hypoteser om skyltfönsterbelysning i historiska gatumiljöer. Resultaten indikerar att skyltfönsterbelysning påverkar både rummet och ljusmiljöns upplevelse. Förmågan att orientera sig upplevdes bland annat bättre då skyltfönster var tända. Gatans upplevdes bredare vid tända skyltfönster respektive smalare vid nedsläckta. Storleken på skylfönster visades också vara en faktor i hur stor påverkan dess ljus hade på gatans ljusmiljö. Slutligen visar studien tydligt att bländning från skyltfönsterbelysning bör undvikas på grund av en negativ påverkan av individers uppfattning av miljön. Förbättrad kunskapsutveckling och samordning hos samtliga av stadens aktörer som belyser stadsrummet rekommenderas för att öka kvalitén den övergripande ljusmiljön för Västerlånggatan i Stockholm.

    Begränsningar: I studien har enbart ett område undersökts med ett antal unika egenskaper. Slutsatserna som dras är inte direkt generaliserbara för alla gatumiljöer. I stället har ett antal hypoteser presenterats som kan vara viktiga att ta hänsyn till vid belysningsplanering i miljöer där gatubelysning förekommer.

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  • 22.
    Hughes, Brett P.
    et al.
    School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
    Falkmer, Torbjörn
    Jönköping University, School of Health and Welfare, HHJ. CHILD. School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
    Anund, Anna
    Swedish Road and Transport Research Institute, VTI, Linköping, Sweden.
    Black, Melissa H.
    School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
    The relevance of U.S. Strategic Highway Safety Plans in a future context2019In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 14, no 10, article id e0223646Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    While road safety in the United States (U.S.) has been continually improving since the 1970's, there are indications that these improvements are becoming increasingly difficult to sustain. Strategic Highway Safety Plans (SHSPs) are prepared by States to guide road safety management, however assessing the appropriateness of these plans remains a significant challenge, especially for the future in which they are to be applied. This study developed a new methodology to assess SHSPs from the perspectives of comprehensive system-based safety management and relevant future issues that can be applied before SHSPs are implemented, thereby avoiding long periods after implementation before assessing the appropriateness of the plans. A rating scale was developed and applied to assess 48 U.S. SHSPs against two key criteria: 1. a comprehensive framework for road safety, and 2. the anticipated changing, difficult and unpredictable nature of future transport and its context. The analysis concluded that current SHSPs have good national oversight with several strengths but were weak in some areas of content and did not address future challenges. Improvements are suggested to strengthen the plans' thoroughness by being consistent with systems theory and practice, as well as ways that these SHSPs can be more resilient to future circumstances. Implementing the recommendations in this paper provides the opportunity to adopt a system-based safety management practice that has been successful in other hazardous industries. Doing so is expected to most efficiently and effectively continue the recent improvements to road safety, which is likely to be increasingly difficult otherwise. 

  • 23.
    Härdstedt, Linus
    et al.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering and Lighting Science.
    Snäll, Joel
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering and Lighting Science.
    Underlagshantering i projekteringsprocessen: En studie om datasamordning från underlag till BIM-modell2020Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine how material, vital for the designprocess (supporting documents) is handled throughout the entire process. From obtaining the material from the document-administer until the material is transformed and applicable in a BIM-software in the design-process.

    Method: The first method is a case study that contains semi-structured interviews with one large as well as one small design-firm in Sweden, but also the biggest client regarding infrastructure in Sweden. Secondly, the other part of this thesis work is to perform an experiment containing two parts where the first one is to examine supporting material of an ongoing infrastructure-project and evaluate the quality, as well as constructing conversion rules to evaluate how supporting documents can be implemented.

    Findings: All the respondents in the conducted survey reported that supporting material regarding electric-, telecommunication- and fibre-optic cables were supporting material with the lowest degree of accuracy. Furthermore, the most used file-format is DWG, but file-formats like PDF, JPG, XML and LAS are also file-formats that is used according to the respondents. All the respondents suggest that a standardised way of using supporting documents would be an efficient way of standardising the process. The findings from the experiment concluded that the most used file-format used as supporting material is DWG (79%), followed by PDF (21 %). The quality varied between different providers. Supporting material provided straight from the contractor in DWG had great or excellent quality. Material as PDF/JPG needed to be processed in order to be used in a BIM-software. The implementing of conversion rules resulted in way of implementing these. In order to use this, the supporting document needs to be digital, in this case as DWG-files. Well established ways of using colours, layers and names in the CAD-software is vital.

    Implications: In order to make the way of handling the supporting material more efficient, a standardised way of handling these need to be used, as well as standardised file-formats. By making the supporting material digital, this will make the material more accessible, thus is the quality of e.g. PDF and JPG “not sufficient” because a BIMuser must convert these files manually, which provide one source of error. Therefore, these files lack interoperability. Regarding the material provided by the contractor, the design-firm need to have direct communication with the provider of the supporting material to take advantage of DWG-files and use the same file-formats, layers etc., to reduce the time it takes to convert the supporting documents manually.

    Limitations: A limitation is that only one large and one small design-firm is analysed. One part of a complete BIM-software is used, so the external validity is low, because the result may only be used in another small design-firm with the same project configurations and programmes. The experiment, where Conversion Rules were examined did only embrace wells (water-systems).

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  • 24.
    Janhäll, Sara
    et al.
    Statens väg- & transportforskningsinstitut (VTI).
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineeering and Lighting Science. Statens väg- & transportforskningsinstitut (VTI).
    Vägnära vegetation i staden – påverkan på trafiksäkerhet och luftkvalitet2019Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Att använda vegetation för att minska halterna av luftföroreningar i tätorter har blivit alltmer vanligt. Tidigare studier har visat att vegetationen bör placeras nära källan för att underlätta rening av luften via filtrering. Det finns också andra aspekter på hur vegetationen ska designas för att ge positiva effekter på luftkvaliteten. Då placeringen av vegetation mycket nära trafiken också kan ge effekter på trafiksäkerheten har denna studie kombinerat de nya rekommendationerna avseende luftkvalitet med en genomgång av hur vegetation behandlas i de planeringsprocesser som är aktuella för vägnära vegetation och hur vägnära vegetation påverkar trafiksäkerheten. Denna studie har genomförts främst med hjälp av litteraturstudier, både av vetenskaplig litteratur och av handledningar och annan typ av skriftligt material inom området.

    Viktiga slutsatser av studien är att vegetation behandlas på olika sätt i olika delar av planeringsprocesserna, vilket kan göra att hanteringen av vägnära vegetation ibland försvåras. Vår bedömning är att vägplanering och vegetationsplanering kan behöva integreras i fler fall.

    Avseende trafiksäkerhet finns rekommendationer om att röja den vegetation som hindrar synbarheten, både direkt och genom att skugga behövlig belysning. Det finns också anledning att hålla stamdiametrar nere för att minska risken för allvarlig skada, samt att beakta hur vegetation kan ta upp krockkrafter och minska skaderisken. Vegetationen kan också ha positiva trafiksäkerhetseffekter genom visuell eller fysisk avgränsning, skydda mot bländning eller användas som en hastighetsdämpande åtgärd.

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  • 25.
    Jidberg, Hugo
    et al.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Construction Engineering and Lighting Science.
    Schön, Elias
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Construction Engineering and Lighting Science.
    LJUSFÄRGMÄTTNADENS PÅVERKAN PÅ ENERGIEFFEKTIVITET OCH TRYGGHETSKÄNSLA2023Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The high electricity prices are a talked about issue in today's society where many peoplefind themselves in a critical situation as a result of them. In a more long-termperspective, Sweden faces a goal of a comprehensive transformation of the energysystem. Lighting is a contributing factor to the energy system and energy use. Light inthe form of lighting is important for the visibility of objects and the surroundings, whichis a contributing factor to safety in society.The stock market price for electricity prices in December 2022 shows a sharp risethroughout Sweden and the forecast for today's electricity prices continues to rise(Konsumenternas, 2022). Energy consumption has a direct correlation to electricitycosts and dimmed LED light sources lead to lower energy consumption (Jägerbrand,2011). An important aspect in how the sense of safety, security and architecture isemphasized is the color rendering and light level of the lighting. A study carried out byMinchen et al (2020) proves that a light source with an increased color saturation and alower used illuminance can give rise to an equivalent visibility of a board as a lightsource with lower color saturation and higher illuminance.The aim is to identify and describe previous areas of knowledge about the colorsaturation and color reproduction of light sources. Tentative theory must be tested tosee if future outcomes can be predicted with the aim of lowering the light level andenergy consumption through increased color saturation and its impact on visibility andperceived safety.In order to achieve the aim and answer the study's questions, a literature search has beencarried out, in both primary and secondary sources, with keywords and search stringsin the scientific database Web of science together with the help of the snowball methodand snowball technique. In addition, available light source data from light sourcesuppliers has been analyzed to investigate the correlation between energy consumptionand color saturation. In order to further investigate the subject and answer the questions,an experiment was carried out with two different lighting scenarios of a modeled tunnel.During the experiment, participants contributed quantitative and qualitative data byanswering questionnaires for these scenarios.The study shows that light color saturation has an impact on the energy efficiency oflight sources and that different interpretations of how light color saturation and lightlevel affect the perceived visibility. The study indicates that a lower light level can beapplied without negatively affecting safety if other factors for the environment are takeninto account, where one of the contributing factors may be light color saturation.

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  • 26.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Anpassning av vägmiljö och vegetation som åtgärd mot viltolyckor2012Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Wildlife accidents are a global problem that causes human fatalities as well as physical and economic damage. Current preventive measures do not seem sufficient enough to achieve a reduction in wildlife accidents. The road environment may be modified so as to reduce the attractiveness of resources in the road area. Modifications may be directed towards the maintenance (e.g. adjustment of mowing practices) or the structure or composition of the vegetation. This report presents an overview of the current knowledge about how the road area, and to some extent also the adjacent areas, can be made less attractive to wildlife through road environment and vegetation changes. The report deals with relationships between wildlife presence/wildlife accidents and the surrounding environment as well as road operation and maintenance. Studies of wildlife collisions and the surrounding environment reveal complex relationships between wildlife collisions and landscape features (e.g. forest or open landscape), species and/or habitat diversity. How crucial these characteristics are for wildlife collisions largely depends on which game animals are studied. Mowing and clear-cutting activities, as well as adjacent land use may influence the roadside attraction for wildlife, sometimes in unknown ways. The list of plants that should be unattractive to grazing should be evaluated and developed further.

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  • 27.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering and Lighting Science.
    Evaluation between energy efficiency, ecological impactand the compliance of regulations of road lighting2019In: Proceedings of the 29th Session of the CIE: Washington D.C., USA, June 14 – 22, 2019, Volume 1 – Part 2, Vienna: The International Commission on Illumination, 2019, Vol. 1, p. 1720-1728Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Road lighting causes unwanted ecological impact on species and habitats where species may be protected and/or light-sensitive. Yet, there is very little information available on how roadlighting should be ecologically designed while simultaneously considering energy efficiency and the regulations needed for safety reasons. The aim of this study was study designs of different dimensions regarding energy efficiency, ecological impact and the compliance with regulations for traffic safety. By using DIALux evo simulations with four different LED luminaires, different scenarios of road lighting designs (pole distance of 10m, 25m and 40m, and pole heights of 3m, 5m, and 8m) on a 7m wide road was evaluated. Ecological thresholds of 1 lux and 0.1 lux are possible to get below at distances from the road edge between 5–11m, and 8.5–20m, respectively. Results are discussed from the perspectives of increased demand on energy efficiency on road lighting.

  • 28.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    LED (Light-Emitting Diode) road lighting in practice: An evaluation of compliance with regulations and improvements for further energy savings2016In: Energies, E-ISSN 1996-1073, Vol. 9, no 5, article id 357Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Light-emitting diode (LED) road lighting has been widely implemented in recent years, but few studies have evaluated its performance after installation. This study investigated whether LED road lighting complies with minimum regulations in terms of traffic safety and whether improvements for energy efficiency are possible. Average road surface luminance (L), overall luminance uniformity (U0), longitudinal luminance uniformity (U1), power density (PD) and normalised power density (PN) were evaluated for 14 roads (seven designed for vehicular traffic and seven for pedestrians and bicycles). Energy savings were calculated as the percentage reduction to the minimum level of the existing lighting class or a lower lighting class and by applying a dimming schedule. The results showed that LED road lighting for vehicular traffic roads generally fulfilled the requirements, whereas that for pedestrian and bicycle roads generally corresponded to the lowest lighting class for L, and often did not meet the statutory requirements for U0 and UI. By adapting lighting levels to the minimum requirement of the existing lighting class or by dropping to a lower lighting class, vehicular traffic roads could save 6%-35% on L to lighting class M5 and 23%-61% on L to lighting class M6. A dimming schedule could lead to energy savings of 49%. There is little potential for savings on pedestrian and bicycle roads, except by implementing a dimming schedule. Thus, in general, for vehicular, pedestrian and bicycle roads, a dimming schedule can save more energy than can be achieved in general by reducing lighting class. Furthermore, since a dimming schedule can be adjusted to traffic intensity, any potential risk of compromising traffic safety is minimised.

  • 29.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineeering and Lighting Science. Calluna AB, Linköping.
    LED-belysningens effekter på djur och natur med rekommendationer: Fokus på nordiska förhållanden och känsliga arter och grupper2018Report (Other academic)
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  • 30.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering and Lighting Science.
    Synergies and Trade-offs between sustainable development and energy performance of exterior lighting2020In: Energies, E-ISSN 1996-1073, Vol. 13, no 9, article id 2245Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this review was tomap synergies and trade-offs between sustainable development and energy efficiency and savings regarding exterior lighting. Exterior lighting, such as public road and street lighting, requires significant amounts of energy and hinders sustainable development through its increasing of light pollution, ecological impact, and global climate change. Interlinkages between indicators in sustainability and energy that have positive interactions will lead to a mutual reinforcement in the decision-making process, and vice versa, interlinkages between trade-offs may lead to unwanted and conflicting effects. Very few studies have presented a clear vision of how exterior lighting should be contributing to, and not counteracting, the sustainable development of our planet. This study was conducted through a theoretical and systematic analysis that examined the interactions between sustainable development and energy performance based on a framework using indicators and variables, and by reviewing the current literature. Additionally, 17 indicators of energy efficiency and energy savings were identified and used in the analysis. Most interactions between variables for sustainable development and energy performance (52%) were found to be synergistic. The synergistic interactions were mostly found (71%) in the ecological and environmental dimension showing that environmental and ecological sustainability goes hand in hand with energy efficiency and savings. Trade-offs were found only in the economic and social dimensions accounting for 18% of the interactions identified. This review shows that the interactions between sustainable development and energy performance can be used to establish more efficient policies for decision-making processes regarding exterior lighting.

  • 31.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Trafiksäkerhets- och trygghetsaspekter i samspelet mellan gatumiljöns utformning och en mer energieffektiv belysning2014Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The project's aim was to study the traffic safety aspects of new lights and the interaction with the street environment for pedestrians and cyclists. This project investigated the lighting conditions, effects on cyclists, and the interactions between lighting, traffic safety, street environmental conditions and/or other effects such as perceptions of safety for three different light sources (mercury vapour 125W, ceramic metal halide 70W and LED 25W) located in about the same type of street environment on a pedestrian and bicycle path on Kungsholms strand in Stockholm. Results show that the energy consumption of the LED lighting is 28% of the traditional mercury vapour lighting and 49% of ceramic metal halide lighting. This study shows that it is possible to obtain sufficient uniformity levels with LED lighting but that the levels are dependent on the luminaire design, pole design and the number of poles per meter road (in this study the pole spacing was 15.3 m). This study demonstrated no difference in cycle speed for LED lighting between daylight and darkness, or between different types of lighting. It worked well to perform analysis of perception of safety aspects based on simple estimates (through analysis of digital photographs). For example, perceptions of visibility corresponds very well with the measured uniformity.

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  • 32.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    et al.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineeering and Lighting Science. Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Linköping, Sweden.
    Antonson, Hans
    Department of Human Geography, Lund University, Sweden.
    Ahlström, Christer H.G.
    Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Linköping (VTI), Sweden.
    Speed reduction effects over distance of animal-vehicle collision countermeasures – a driving simulator study2018In: European Transport Research Review, ISSN 1867-0717, E-ISSN 1866-8887, Vol. 10, no 2, article id 40Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: This study examined if speed reduction effects from animal-vehicle collision (AVC) countermeasures are merely local or do extend to a wider area, and what implications the results have on road planning practice regarding AVCs.

    Methods: Twenty-five drivers drove repeatedly on a 9-km long road stretch in a high-fidelity driving simulator. The development of vehicle speed in the surrounding of an automatic speed camera, a wildlife warning sign and a radio message, were investigated in a full factorial within-subject experiment. The factors wildlife fence (with/without) and forest (dense/open landscape) were also included.

    Results: The radio warning message had the largest influence on vehicle speed with a speed reduction of 8 km/h that lasted beyond 1 km and 2 km after the implementation. Eighty-eight per cent of the drivers reported being made extra aware of AVC due to the radio message, which was also associated with stress, insecurity and unsafety. The warning sign reduced vehicle speed by 1.5 km/h, but speed reductions were not significantly reduced 1 km after the implementation. Only 8 % of the drivers felt insecure/unsafe after passing the wildlife warning sign, explaining its limited impact on speed. There were no main effects of the automatic speed camera on vehicle speed at longer distances after implementation.

    Conclusions: We recommend that AVC countermeasures should be of various design, occur at various segments along the road, and preferably be adaptive and geo-localized to minimize habituation effects on drivers. 

  • 33.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    et al.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Blomqvist, Göran
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Observationer av funktionskonflikter mellan miljö och drift och underhåll av vägar2012Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this project was to increase the knowledge of functional conflicts between the environment and the operation and maintenance of roads. Functional conflicts may arise for example, when operation and maintenance measures are interfering negatively with land owners’ use of their land.

    The goal of this project was to find new, relatively unknown examples of functional conflicts through observations in the field as well as by using recorded comments and opinions received by the Swedish Transport Administration.

    Following functional conflicts were identified in the field:

    • Reuse of old materials may negatively affect the life-time of roads.
    • •Brush cutting in the roadside may enhance erosion in vulnerable areas.
    • •Forest clear-cutting with easily eroded soil may cause clogging of ditches and culverts.
    • •Culverts that end in the middle of the forest may cause the forest land to become waterlogged.

    To identify more functional conflicts, opinions and comments received by the Swedish Transport Administration in three regions (central region, western region and Stockholm region) were studied.

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  • 34.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    et al.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Carlson, Annelie
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Potential för en energieffektivare väg- och gatubelysning: jämförelser mellan dimning och olika typer av ljuskällor2011Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In order to reduce energy use and its accompanying costs, it is important to have as energy-efficient road and street lighting as possible. The objectives of this project were to provide basic data for different energy efficiency measures for road and street lighting and to examine how the use of dimming and various light sources affects visibility. This study shows that there is potential to reduce the energy consumption of several of the existing road lightings by reducing power and still meet the requirements based on traffic safety, because the luminance and the illuminance we measured show that some of the values fall between the recommended classes. This study highlights four different types of dimming schedules based on different conditions in which the savings in kWh/year is between 19-50%. The results from a web survey based on photographs from roads with various lighting show that responses were not conclusive regarding the best visibility between light sources. However, the survey shows that more people (62.4-71.6%) choose ceramic metal halide lighting instead of high-pressure sodium in order to feel most comfortable when driving.

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  • 35.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    et al.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineeering and Lighting Science. Calluna AB.
    Gren, Ing-Marie
    Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Consequences of increases in wild boar-vehicle accidents 2003–2016 in Sweden on personal injuries and costs2018In: Safety, E-ISSN 2313-576X, Vol. 4, no 4, article id 53Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study examined whether the rising trends of wild boar (Sus scrofa)-vehicle accidents in Sweden are accompanied by a higher amount of personal injuries and costs. Temporal trends in accident frequencies and the number of persons injured in wild boar-vehicle accidents were examined for 2003-2016, and the cost of wild boar-vehicle accidents was calculated. Results show increases in the number of personal injuries, and increased costs, particularly after 2010-2012. The total number of wild boar accidents correlated with the number of injured persons as well as with the number of accidents with personal injuries. Approximately one person (1.13%) is injured per 100 wild boar-vehicle accidents, and approximately one accident per 200 wild boar-vehicle accidents will result in one or more persons with injuries (0.5%). However, most of the persons injured have slighter injuries. Although the number of wild boar-vehicle accidents and the number of persons injured in the accidents have increased, the frequency of accidents resulting in personal injuries is still at low levels in comparison with, for example, frequencies of personal injuries for moose accidents. The cost for wild boar-vehicle accidents has increased between 2003 to 2016 and is currently estimated to vary between approximately EUR 9.66-12.31 million per year.

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  • 36.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    et al.
    Calluna AB, Nacka, Sweden.
    Johansson, Maria
    Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
    Laike, Thorbjörn
    Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
    Speed Responses to Speed Humps as Affected by Time of Day and Light Conditions on a Residential Road with Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Road Lighting2018In: Safety, E-ISSN 2313-576X, no 1, article id 10Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The speed-reducing effect of speed humps during darkness is important to ensure a consistent speed reduction and a decreased probability of accidents during darkness. This study examined the effects of speed humps, compared with a control location, on a residential road in Sweden with light-emitting diode (LED) street lighting and a 30 km/h posted speed limit. Hypotheses tested were that: (I) vehicle speed is higher during daylight than in darkness; (II) speed at speed humps is lower than at control locations during both daylight and darkness; (III) speed at humps is higher during daylight; (IV) vehicle speed at humps is lower when luminance or visibility of the humps is greater; and, (V) the road environment of speed humps is perceived as being similar by drivers. The results showed that vehicle speed at the control location was negligibly higher (+0.3 km/h) during daylight than in darkness. Speed humps reduced driving speed by 20% when compared with the posted speed limit and the effect was not significantly different between daylight and darkness. Speed reduction for the three speed humps varied between 9% and 29% as compared with the posted speed limit. In this study, the LED road lighting that was placed directly above or in front of the hump achieved the highest luminance. This study could not reveal any significant differences in vehicle speed attributable to light conditions per se.

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  • 37.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    et al.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Robertson, Kerstin
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Andersson, Hans B.
    Folkeson, Lennart
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Planering och beslutsprocesser för energieffektivare väg- och gatubelysning i svenska kommuner2013Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Although there has been considerably more energy-efficient road and street lighting available on the market than the light fixtures that dominate in Swedish municipalities today, there are relatively few investments and re-investments in energy-efficient and modern fixtures. This report summarizes an interview-based study of planning, decision making processes, responsibilities, and stakeholder involvement in 12 Swedish municipalities of different sizes to identify factors that constitute barriers or incentives for more energy efficient road and street lighting. The municipalities have highly variable share of mercury lights remaining. The municipalities differ considerably in how they have organized responsibilities and decision-making and how they work strategically with energy issues. Small municipalities had the most energy efficient lighting and all of them stated that energy savings were the main reason for their substitution of mercury lamps. In medium-sized and large municipalities the European Ecodesign Directive was seen as the main motive for renewal of road and street light equipment by four municipalities, and the remaining four municipalities mentioned technically-based reasons for the replacement of old road and street lights. Outsourcing of management, operation and maintenance may constitute a barrier for renewal whereas costs for renewal and lack of knowledge do not seem to be any significant barriers. From the results of this study, the strategic context–in this case strategic work aiming at energy savings–seems to be of great importance for decisions regarding investment in new road and street lights.

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  • 38.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    et al.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Construction Engineering and Lighting Science.
    Sjöbergh, J.
    Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
    Speed responses of trucks to light and weather conditions2019In: Cogent Engineering, E-ISSN 2331-1916, Vol. 6, no 1, article id 1685365Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Light conditions are essential factors in traffic safety, but the relationship between light conditions and vehicle speed is not fully understood and has rarely been examined for trucks. We asked the following questions: I) if vehicle speed between brighter and darker conditions in clear weather will be different? II) if vehicle speeds are lower during rain and snow than in clear weather conditions? and if so III) if the speed reduction in rainy and snowy weather conditions is more substantial on roads without road lighting in darkness? We investigated how the speed of trucks was affected by weather conditions (clear, rain, and snowfall), daylight, darkness, and road lighting by using traffic and weather data from 25 locations on the Swedish road network. Seventeen of the 25 locations were roads with road lighting. Speed responses by 5,344,287 vehicle passages by trucks was included in the analyses, more specifically 3,659,940 passages by light-duty vehicles and 1,684,347 passages by heavy-duty vehicles. The data was extracted from hourly measurements for the period 2012-09-01 to 2014-05-31. No evidence of consistent patterns of speed differences with respect to lighting conditions (darkness, daylight, twilight or road lighting) under clear weather conditions were detected. Truck speeds decreased in response to snowfall, but not to rain, with the decrease dependant on the amount of snow. Effects of road lighting on speed reduction in rainy and snowy weather was not shown. 

  • 39.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    et al.
    Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, Miljö, MILJÖ.
    Sjöbergh, Jonas
    Hokkaido University.
    Effects of weather conditions, light conditions, and road lighting on vehicle speed2016In: SpringerPlus, E-ISSN 2193-1801, Vol. 5, no 1, article id 505Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Light conditions are known to affect the number of vehicle accidents and fatalities but the relationship between light conditions and vehicle speed is not fully understood. This study examined whether vehicle speed on roads is higher in daylight and under road lighting than in darkness, and determined the combined effects of light conditions, posted speed limit and weather conditions on driving speed. The vehicle speed of passenger cars in different light conditions (daylight, twilight, darkness, artificial light) and different weather conditions (clear weather, rain, snow) was determined using traffic and weather data collected on an hourly basis for approximately 2 years (1 September 2012–31 May 2014) at 25 locations in Sweden (17 with road lighting and eight without). In total, the data included almost 60 million vehicle passes. The data were cleaned by removing June, July, and August, which have different traffic patterns than the rest of the year. Only data from the periods 10:00 A.M.–04:00 P.M. and 06:00 P.M.–10:00 P.M. were used, to remove traffic during rush hour and at night. Multivariate adaptive regression splines was used to evaluate the overall influence of independent variables on vehicle speed and nonparametric statistical testing was applied to test for speed differences between dark–daylight, dark–twilight, and twilight–daylight, on roads with and without road lighting. The results show that vehicle speed in general depends on several independent variables. Analyses of vehicle speed and speed differences between daylight, twilight and darkness, with and without road lighting, did not reveal any differences attributable to light conditions. However, vehicle speed decreased due to rain or snow and the decrease was higher on roads without road lighting than on roads with lighting. These results suggest that the strong association between traffic accidents and darkness or low light conditions could be explained by drivers failing to adjust their speed to the reduced visibility in dark conditions.

  • 40.
    Kilefors, John
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering.
    Möjligheter att samnyttja parallellväg vid mötesfri landsväg för drift, underhåll och cykeltrafik2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: The introduction of median divided carriageways, MDC, has brought difficulties to the performing of maintenance tasks and operational improvements without disrupting traffic or compromising work safety. Meanwhile, cyclists have suffered deteriorating conditions along these roads.

    The aim of this study was to investigate whether the operational and maintenance tasks on this road type can be facilitated by the use of a parallel road, which can also be used for bicycle traffic.

    Method: The work is mostly based on qualitative semi-structured interviews with both operating entrepreneurs and representatives from the client side. Alongside this, some literaturestudy has been made.

    Findings: Work safety is a concern when working at MDC. For major planned actions, redirecting traffic is always the first option, but it can be difficult to find suitable diversion routes.

    It is more expensive to operate MDC than conventional carriageways, but there are no key formulas that tell you how much more expensive. Along some difficult stretches, especially 1 + 1 sections, some measures may be withheld or delayed.

    The benefits of a parallel road are many, especially for rerouting traffic. Some operations could also be conducted from a parallel road if it is close enough to the main road.

    If the parallel road is to be used for operation and maintenance as well as bicycle traffic, the road cannot be converted into cycling way as other vehicles can be expected to appear.

    Implications: The benefit of a parallel road is primarily the ability to reroute traffic. Diversion will probably become even more relevant in the future, with more narrow median divided carriageways sections combined with increased focus on work safety.

    The tasks that can be conducted from the parallel road makes such demands on the placement of the parallel road, that the benefits in relation to this are probably limited.

    The combined use for traffic redirection and cycling can be a good alternative, but this must be looked at from a project-specific perspective as the conditions are so different.

    Limitations: Conditions differ hugely in all projects. This report is intended for general application and can be viewed as a tool where one or more solutions can be applicable to the project. The financial aspect is not considered in this project.

    Maximum improvement for cyclists has not been studied in this project, operational and maintenance aspects have been prioritised. 

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  • 41.
    Komatsu, Kimberly J.
    et al.
    Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, United States.
    Avolio, Meghan L.
    Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.
    Lemoine, Nathan P.
    Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States.
    Isbell, Forest
    Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States.
    Grman, Emily
    Department of Biology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, United States.
    Houseman, Gregory R.
    Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, United States.
    Koerner, Sally E.
    Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, NC, United States.
    Johnson, David S.
    Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, United States.
    Wilcox, Kevin R.
    Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States.
    Alatalo, Juha M.
    Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
    Anderson, John P.
    Jornada Basin Long-Term Ecological Research Station, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States.
    Aerts, Rien
    Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
    Baer, Sara G.
    Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States.
    Baldwin, Andrew H.
    Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, MD, United States.
    Bates, Jonathan
    Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center-Burns, Agriculture Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Burns, OR, United States.
    Beierkuhnlein, Carl
    Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
    Belote, R. Travis
    Wilderness Society, Bozeman, MT, United States.
    Blair, John
    Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States.
    Bloor, Juliette M. G.
    Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, VetAgro-Sup, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Écosystème Prairial, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
    Bohlen, Patrick J.
    Bork, Edward W.
    Boughton, Elizabeth H.
    Bowman, William D.
    Britton, Andrea J.
    Cahill, James F.
    Chaneton, Enrique
    Chiariello, Nona R.
    Cheng, Jimin
    Collins, Scott L.
    Cornelissen, J. Hans C.
    Du, Guozhen
    Eskelinen, Anu
    Firn, Jennifer
    Foster, Bryan
    Gough, Laura
    Gross, Katherine
    Hallett, Lauren M.
    Han, Xingguo
    Harmens, Harry
    Hovenden, Mark J.
    Jägerbrand, Annika K.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineeering and Lighting Science.
    Jentsch, Anke
    Kern, Christel
    Klanderud, Kari
    Knapp, Alan K.
    Kreyling, Juergen
    Li, Wei
    Luo, Yiqi
    McCulley, Rebecca L.
    McLaren, Jennie R.
    Megonigal, J. Patrick
    Morgan, John W.
    Onipchenko, Vladimir
    Pennings, Steven C.
    Prevéy, Janet S.
    Price, Jodi N.
    Reich, Peter B.
    Robinson, Clare H.
    Russell, F. Leland
    Sala, Osvaldo E.
    Seabloom, Eric W.
    Smith, Melinda D.
    Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A.
    Souza, Lara
    Suding, Katherine
    Suttle, K. Blake
    Svejcar, Tony
    Tilman, David
    Tognetti, Pedro
    Turkington, Roy
    White, Shannon
    Xu, Zhuwen
    Yahdjian, Laura
    Yu, Qiang
    Zhang, Pengfei
    Zhang, Yunhai
    Global change effects on plant communities are magnified by time and the number of global change factors imposed2019In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, ISSN 0027-8424, E-ISSN 1091-6490, Vol. 116, no 36, p. 17867-17873Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Accurate prediction of community responses to global change drivers (GCDs) is critical given the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem services. There is consensus that human activities are driving species extinctions at the global scale, but debate remains over whether GCDs are systematically altering local communities worldwide. Across 105 experiments that included over 400 experimental manipulations, we found evidence for a lagged response of herbaceous plant communities to GCDs caused by shifts in the identities and relative abundances of species, often without a corresponding difference in species richness. These results provide evidence that community responses are pervasive across a wide variety of GCDs on long-term temporal scales and that these responses increase in strength when multiple GCDs are simultaneously imposed.Global change drivers (GCDs) are expected to alter community structure and consequently, the services that ecosystems provide. Yet, few experimental investigations have examined effects of GCDs on plant community structure across multiple ecosystem types, and those that do exist present conflicting patterns. In an unprecedented global synthesis of over 100 experiments that manipulated factors linked to GCDs, we show that herbaceous plant community responses depend on experimental manipulation length and number of factors manipulated. We found that plant communities are fairly resistant to experimentally manipulated GCDs in the short term (<10 y). In contrast, long-term (≥10 y) experiments show increasing community divergence of treatments from control conditions. Surprisingly, these community responses occurred with similar frequency across the GCD types manipulated in our database. However, community responses were more common when 3 or more GCDs were simultaneously manipulated, suggesting the emergence of additive or synergistic effects of multiple drivers, particularly over long time periods. In half of the cases, GCD manipulations caused a difference in community composition without a corresponding species richness difference, indicating that species reordering or replacement is an important mechanism of community responses to GCDs and should be given greater consideration when examining consequences of GCDs for the biodiversity–ecosystem function relationship. Human activities are currently driving unparalleled global changes worldwide. Our analyses provide the most comprehensive evidence to date that these human activities may have widespread impacts on plant community composition globally, which will increase in frequency over time and be greater in areas where communities face multiple GCDs simultaneously.

  • 42.
    Ljungberg, Tony
    et al.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering.
    Musoke, Ashraf
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering.
    Sveplaserns användning till inventering/befästning/kontroll av vägmarkering2012Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The thesis mission is to investigate whether the swiveling laser that Vectura (former Vägverket Konsult) has in use to measure the road areas and straddle measuring can be used to detect differences in the reflective road markings function. This is to increase use of the swiveling laser and get rid of the manual measurements performed today.

    Currently, the measurement of road markings reflective function is performed with both mobile and handheld measuring instruments. The purpose of this thesis is to develop better methods for determination of road markings’ reflective function, in order to facilitate the description and suggestions for improvements of the maintenance of road markings reflective function.The questions that the thesis has been to start with are:

    • Can the swiveling laser detect differences in longitudinal and transverse road markings reflective function?
    • The accuracy of measurement has been sweeping the laser over the reference instrument (LTL-2000)
    • Is it necessary with a conversion factor for swiveling laser data against the reference instrument data?

    To answer the question 2 and 3, there has been a field work in Värnamo where a road stretch with longitudinal road markings and zebra crossing (transverse road markings) has been investigated with a swiveling laser and LTL-2000.

    The formulas and calculations contained in the thesis are drawn from scientific reports that are produced by VTI in Linköping. The same formula that was used to calculate the optical measurement data was also used for the swiveling laser data. This can be explained by the measurement data derived by the swiveling laser data has been processed in a computer program (Matlab) that calculated gray tone image of road markings. This gray tone image was then analyzed in the image processing software ImageJ where every shade of gray represents a value of retroreflection.

    The results and analysis shows that the swiveling laser can detect differences in longitudinal and transverse road markings reflecting function, but the accuracy is not good and that there has emerged a need for a conversion factor for converting from the swiveling laser data to optical data.

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  • 43.
    Löfström, Adam
    et al.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Construction Engineering and Lighting Science.
    Andersson Ugurlu, Alex
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Construction Engineering and Lighting Science.
    Hantering av markavvattningsföretag vid ny- och ombyggnation av vägar2023Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This study discusses the practise of land drainage, which involves draining the soil for specific purposes as protection against excess of water. In Sweden, there are around 50,000 registered land drainage companies according to Jordbruksverket that maintain draining systems for food and forestry. The majority of the companies were established between 1900 and 1950. However, there are many excluding the 50,000, operating without registering. There is a lack of knowledge regarding these types of companies amongst engineers, Mia Hammarberg explains this in the rapport “Markavvattningsföretag – Vägledning för tillsyn, omprövning och avveckling”. The study aims to provide guidance for road and water engineers when working in a project where a land drainage company is involved. This case study was conducted with qualitative information gathering techniques such as interviews and document studies. The correspondents for the interviews are people knowledgeable in this specific area and have worked many years in the industry. The results say that there is sufficient information to be acquired for engineers, but without the knowledge and experience it is hard to comprehend what is really means and how to implement it in real life. Finding land drainage companies is relatively easy. When finding the company, the next step is to discuss the project and the future of maintaining the land drainage company. Regarding the design of a road keeping the same water flow capability, it is important to get an understanding of the bigger area and how a project will affect the situation. Water flow from fields can be assumed around 1.5 l/s-ha and the difference of water flow between hardened surface, and fields is big according to Hammarberg. The matter of re-examination of a land drainage company is dependent on the difference the project makes and if the company can handle the changes. If the new flow of water is greater than the capability of a trench, it might be preferable to re-exam. Sometimes this process is not valuable for any part and therefor an agreement can be made instead. The subject of land drainage companies can be difficult without the knowledge and experience. This case study is made for engineers and people interested in the subject, to be used and give a better picture of the process of working with land drainage companies. 

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  • 44.
    Mihocic, E.
    et al.
    SHAPE Australia, Sydney, Australia.
    Gharehbaghi, K.
    RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.
    Hilletofth, Per
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Industrial Product Development, Production and Design.
    Tee, K. F.
    INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia.
    Myers, M.
    Heriot-Watt University, Dubai Campus, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
    Augmenting the cities’ and metropolitan regional demands for mega rail infrastructure: the application of SWOT and factor analysis2024In: Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, ISSN 2046-6099, E-ISSN 2046-6102Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: In successfully meeting city and metropolitan growth, sustainable development is compulsory. Sustainability is a must-focus for any project, particularly for large and mega rail infrastructure. This paper aims to investigate to what degree social, environmental and economic factors influence the government when planning sustainable rail infrastructure projects. To respond to such a matter, this paper focuses on two Australian mega-rail projects: the South West Rail Link (SWRL) and the Mernda Rail Extension (MRE). Design/methodology/approach: As the basis of an experimental evaluation framework strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) and factor analysis were used. These two methods were specifically selected as comparative tools for SWRL and SWRL projects, to measure their overall sustainability effect. Findings: Using factor analysis, in the MRE, the factors of network capacity, accessibility, employment and urban planning were seen frequently throughout the case study. However, politics and economic growth had lower frequencies throughout this case study. This difference between the high-weighted factors is likely a key element that determined the SWRL to be more sustainable than the MRE. The SWOT analysis showed the strengths the MRE had over the SWRL such as resource use and waste management, and natural habitat preservation. These two analyses have shown that overall, calculating the sustainability levels of a project can be subjective, based on the conditions surrounding various analysis techniques. Originality/value: This paper first introduces SWRL and MRE projects followed by a discussion about their overall sustainable development. Both projects go beyond the traditional megaprojects' goal of improving economic growth by developing and enhancing infrastructure. Globally, for such projects, sustainability measures are now considered alongside the goal of economic growth. Second, SWOT and factor analysis are undertaken to further evaluate the complexity of such projects. This includes their overall sustainable development vision alignment with environmental, economic and social factors.

  • 45.
    Mohamed Abdi, Said
    et al.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering and Lighting Science.
    Ali Warasme, Ahmed
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering and Lighting Science.
    Planering av nya metoder för kommunens förnyelsebehov: Fallstudier i fyra VA-organisationer2022Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Introduction (and purpose) – Sweden today faces a major societal challenge to maintain a good economic stance, by building sustainable water supply and sewerage management systems. The expansion of water and sewerage pipes is of great importance for society's functioning infrastructure. Underdimensioned and worn pipes as a result of climate change can lead to floods or the spread of pollutants. Every year, pipes are renewed and built in the country, but today municipal water and sewerage organizations face a challenge to address the need for renewal planning. This work has examined the organization VA-syd and Solna, Lerum and Habo municipality's renewal needs and how the municipal VA-organizations plan the need.

    Method – The main research strategy that has been used in this study is a qualitative method. With the help of a literature study, a thorough scientific understanding of the subject has been obtained. Four different semi-structured interviews were conducted with respondents from four different VA organizations. A document analysis of each municipality's sustainability index has been carried out.

    Results – The interviews conducted in this study show that participating municipalities use most of the map database GIS for registration and documentation of operational disruptions. The GIS tool requires resources that smaller municipalities may lack. Based on VA-syd's international collaboration with a French company, VA-syd began using a model prévoir. In short, this model means that a complete risk assessment of current lines is performed. Respondents to the case study explain the importance of area renewal as a method, which means focusing on one area at a time. The results of the study show that there is a shortage of trained staff, as well as knowledge of the VA facility's status and renewal planning.

    Analysis – The municipal water and sewerage organizations strive to create sustainability in both the long and short term. According to the interviews, the map database is used by municipalities and water and sewerage organizations when planning water and sewerage pipes. The municipalities have admitted difficulties in finding qualified labor. The fact that only a few people are skilled in the water and sewage industry and that localities must compete for salaries with consultants and contractors is seen as a challenging situation for the municipalities.

    Discussion – All municipalities have said that they have not drawn up a renewal plan in terms of strategies for planning their needs for renewal. Regular maintenance is required to maintain wiring in good condition. However, the municipalities admit that measures by water supply and sewerage lines only take place in an emergency. There is not enough evidence to suggest that decision-makers should prioritize maintenance of pipelines, but new projects come first.

  • 46.
    Munter, Sofie
    et al.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering and Lighting Science.
    Victoria, Torebring
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering and Lighting Science.
    Separeringens betydelse mellan cyklister och fotgängare i Jönköpings stad.2020Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: Pedestrians and cyclists have traditionally been grouped within the same traffic type in the planning process and often lead to the same traffic area. With a large speed difference between pedestrians and cyclists, the relationship between non-functioning separation on the pedestrian- and bicycle path will cause accidents. The aim of the study is to create a greater understanding of the interaction between cyclist and pedestrians. As well as identifying the problems that arise between these actors and what factors affect any possible conflicts.

    Method: The main approach is a quantitative with elements of qualitative studies. The choice of conducting the study with these two methods is to have good support behind the results and that there should be opportunity for further research. The method of the work includes document analysis, observational field study and structured interviews.

    Findings: Pedestrians need clearer guidelines to be in the right area. Platforming as part of the separation should perhaps be avoided as it does not suit all types of pedestrians and becomes a disruptive element. However, the separation between pedestrian and bicycle traffic with a dashed road line and that the bi-directional bicycle section is equipped with a dashed center line which clarifies both for cyclists but also gets pedestrians to pay more attention.

    Implications: If the load on pedestrian and bicycle paths increases and whether it continue to be planned for cyclists and pedestrians to share traffic space. Then the lanes need good conditions for the separation capacity to be sufficient for cyclists and pedestrians. Since the pedestrian movement pattern is unpredictable, one needs to raise the awareness of the individual. Clearer rules and that the pattern for pedestrian and bicycle lanes is similar to each other. It creates security and makes it easy for the individual to know which area it should be in. However, this is difficult in today's situation as separation is not sufficiently consistent.

    Limitations: The study only looks at certain pedestrian and bicycle paths in the city of Jönköping. Of course, excluding all road-users other than cyclists and pedestrians is importance, the movement pattern and traffic flow are different from the one presented. Excluding gender and age is superficially a delimitation that felt natural when people are dissimilar and will continue to be so regardless of gender or age.

    Keywords: Pedestrian and Bicycle Path, Pedestrian Path, Bicycle Path, Cyclist, Pedestrian, Separation, Conflict, Flow.

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  • 47.
    Nadhem, Umnia
    et al.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering and Lighting Science.
    Porsbo, Elsa
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering and Lighting Science.
    Återanvändning av schaktmassor ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv i tre mindre kommuner2021Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    At present, large quantities of excavated masses are transported to landfills instead of being reused for purposes in projects. This is because it is difficult to determine which masses are acceptable for reuse under the legislation. The legislation and requirements are legally complex and, in many cases, lead to misunderstandings. The purpose of this report is to gain an insight into how the reuse of excavated masses is worked on from a sustainability perspective in different municipalities and how the legislation affects the reuse of excavated masses. To investigate this, interviews with three smaller municipalities and a literature review were conducted and contributed to gaining a deeper insight into the problem. The construction management side feels that the legislation is complex, which leads to many project managers and construction managers choosing not to reuse excavated masses. The construction management department usually receives support and help from the environmental units with regards to issues concerning the reuse of excavated masses. Additionally, they acquire assistance with regard to the various requirements contained in the Environmental Code. The environmental unit in all communities is more familiar with the legislation, but several of them have experienced problems.These include access to information, communication between different departments as well as differences within projects of the community. All respondents believe that clearer legislation would have made it possible to increase the reuse of excavated masses.The main conclusions presented by the report are, that the lack of communication is a contributing factor to the fact that, excavated masses are not reused and that the legislation complicates the work with the reuse of excavated masses. A limitation in the work is that only three smaller municipalities have been examined.

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    Återanvändning av schaktmassor ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv i tre mindre kommuner
  • 48.
    Olvon, Björn
    et al.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering.
    Ottosson, Magnus
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering.
    Sortera, strukturera och städa: Praktiskt implementering av 5S på SME-företag inom anläggningsbranschen2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: The Swedish construction industry faces issues such as having the highest construction costs in the EU, experiencing low efficiency and facing growing foreign competition. The civil engineering industry is particularly affected. Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) have limited possibilities to implement methods to improve efficiency and may therefore need support.

    5S is a method of organizing a workplace or a production line. The purpose of 5S is to minimise non value creating activities by using small means of resources. With a well organised and functional workplace, possibilities are provided for increased productivity.

    The objective of the thesis has been to analyse how a traditionally managed civil engineering project alters when 5S is implemented in the production.

    Method: To fulfil the objective of the thesis, 5S has been implemented in a civil engineering project. To survey the results, a questionnaire and several interviews have been conducted with the project staff involved and field observations have been made to collect empirical data. In addition, a literature study has been conducted to map the existing research on the subject and to find which problems may arise during implementation.

    Findings: The result showed that 5S is a simple and powerful method for achieving increased efficiency and order at a construction site. By adapting 5S to the conditions of the civil engineering industry and by motivating staff, 5S contributed to improving the workplace's productivity and working environment.

    Implications: The implications of the thesis is that the civil engineering company will practice 5S in its production. The recommendations are that the company should appoint a 5S manager in each work team, continuously hold 5S meetings in production and implement 5S in one project at a time as all civil engineering projects have more or less unique conditions.

    Limitations: The thesis was delimited to treating 5S in a relatively small-scale project in a SME company within in the civil engineering industry. The result is probably unique to the type of construction projects that was analysed as it was dependent on the involvement and understanding of certain individuals.

    Keywords: 5S, Lean, SME-companies, implementation issues, civil engineering industry.

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  • 49.
    Petersson, Anton
    et al.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering and Lighting Science.
    Abdulsahib, Alia
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Civil Engineering and Lighting Science.
    Sopsaltning som halkbekämpningsmetod på olika höjdnivåer i Jönköping: En studie för att utforska och undersöka kunskapsläget gällande sopsaltning i Sverige2019Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Abstract

    Purpose: The issue that this report addresses revolves around sweep-salting of footways and cycleways. More specifically, it focuses on the fact that large differences in elevation can lead to varying land surface temperatures, which, in turn, complicates winter maintenance when using the sweep-salting method.

    With Jönköping as basis of study, the aim of this report has been to examine the level of knowledge regarding sweepsalting of footways and cycleways in Sweden, this to show optimization possibilities to a developed sweepsalting in Jönköping, taken into account the height differences prevailing in the city.  

    Method: To obtain data, structured and semi-structured interviews have been carried out. All the interviews have been done and recorded via telephone calls and the interview questions have been emailed to the respondents in advance. The structured interviews have been targeted at four municipalities and the semi-structured interviews have been targeted at two concerned governmental bodies.

    Parallel to the interviews, three documents have been subject of analysis: Karlstadslaken by Tomas Stomberg, GCM-handboken published by Trafikverket, and Vinterväghållning och expertsystem – en kunskapsöversikt by Magnus Ljungberg.

    Findings: Sweep-salting as high winter maintenance method is a complicated task. It should be comprehensive, reliable, and conducted hastily over long distances and fairly large areas.

    It is a relatively new method and knowledge is, as of yet, limited. In the interviews, it became evident that municipalities largely are self-managing in this matter, but that a desire for more intermunicipal collaboration exists. Primarily, municipalities see the need of a governmental framework on how to conduct sweep-salting most efficiently. 

    De-icing is not carried out the same way in the north of Sweden as it is in the southern parts of the country. In the north of Sweden, the primary focus is snow clearance, and sweep-salting is only carried out when temperatures allow for it. In the south of Sweden, on the other hand, where temperatures often fluctuate around zero degrees Celsius, and snow quantities are manageable, sweep-salting is more prioritized.

    Implications: Besides keeping track of aerial and land surface temperatures, it is important to control the dew point, in order to apply the appropriate maintenance methods on the most crucial areas of footways and cycleways, at the right time. It is also important to stay updated on municipalities’ development of sweep-salting.

    Limitations: The economic aspect of sweepsalting is not considered in this study, neither is the perspective from cyclists nor pedestrians of the results of sweepsalting. The study would probably have reached a better result if more municipalities would have been included.

    Keywords: Brine, DYS spreader, Height difference, Latitudes, PC path, Plate spreader, Surface temperature, Sweepsalting, VVIS Puck.

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  • 50.
    Petersson, Erica
    et al.
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering.
    Manito, Claire Denisse
    Jönköping University, School of Engineering.
    Digitala skyltars påverkan på människors boendemiljö2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    At present, light pollution is one of the fastest growing types of environmental pollution, mainly due to increased use of artificial light during the dark hours of the day. There are especially four factors that contribute to light pollution; glare,skyglow, light trespass and clutter. Digital billboards are becoming more common in urban environments and cause all these types of light pollution. The newest type of digital billboard shows a series of very bright images that change every few seconds. Although digital billboards become more common in the urban environment, there is very little research on how it affects people living adjacent to digital billboards. The majority of the research available is about how traffic safety is affected. It is important to study how traffic safety is affected, but it is an environment where people stay for shorter periods of time. Light, and light pollution, can affect people both physically and mentally, and therefore the lack of research on how the housing environment is affected must be addressed.

    The purpose of the study is to investigate how the living environment is affected by a digital sign, and if it is affected, how do residents relate to it? The results from the study can be used to discuss guidelines for how digital signs should be planned for urban environments to minimize discomfort. Prevention is important in order to avoid a negative impact on human health.

    To investigate whether light from digital billboard affects people's living environment, a case study with a quantitative approach was performed. The study was conducted in a residential area adjacent to a digital sign. The residents were contacted and asked to fill in a questionnaire with questions about their living environment and their attitude towards the digital sign.

    The results show that the resident living closest to the digital sign is affected the most. How the living environment is affected depends to a large extent on the placement of the sign in relation to the residence.

    Conclusions that can be drawn based on the results are that the respondents most affected live within a 30-degree angle seen from the sign. Many of the problems that arise due to digital billboards are due to lack of knowledge and shortcomings in planning. Lack of research and deficiencies in the signage programs make it difficult to plan suitable installations. To cause minimal discomfort, no digital signs should be placed directly in front of a residential building.

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