Light therapy is applied to older people with dementia as a treatment to reset the biological clock, to improve the cognitive functioning, and to reduce behavioral symptoms. Although the methodological quality of light therapy studies is essential, many aspects concerning the description of the lighting applied are missing. This study reviewed light therapy studies concerning the effects on people with dementia as a way to check the methodological quality of the description of light from a light engineering perspective. Twelve studies meeting the inclusion criteria were chosen for further analysis. Each study was scored on a list of aspects relevant to a proper description of lighting aspects. The overview demonstrates that the overall quality of the methodologies is poor. The studies describe the lighting insufficiently and not in the correct metrics. The robustness of light therapy studies can be improved by involving a light engineer or specialist.

Long-term care facilities are currently installing dynamic lighting systems with the aim to improve the well-being and behaviour of residents with dementia. The aim of this study was to investigate the implementation of dynamic lighting systems from the perspective of stakeholders and the performance of the technology. Therefore, a questionnaire survey was conducted with the management and care professionals of six care facilities. Moreover, light measurements were conducted in order to describe the exposure of residents to lighting. The results showed that the main reason for purchasing dynamic lighting systems lied in the assumption that the well-being and day/night rhythmicity of residents could be improved. The majority of care professionals were not aware of the reasons why dynamic lighting systems were installed. Despite positive subjective ratings of the dynamic lighting systems, no data were collected by the organizations to evaluate the effectiveness of the lighting. Although the care professionals stated that they did not see any large positive effects of the dynamic lighting systems on the residents and their own work situation, the majority appreciated the dynamic lighting systems more than the old situation. The light values measured in the care facilities did not exceed the minimum threshold values reported in the literature. Therefore, it seems illogical that the dynamic lighting systems installed in the researched care facilities will have any positive health effects.

When determining the effects of light on human beings, it is essential to correctly measure the effects, and to correctly measure the adequate properties of light. Therefore, it is important to know what is being measured and know the quality of the measurement devices. This paper describes simple methods for identifying three quality indices; the directional response index, the linearity index and the temperature index. These indices are also checked for several commonly used portable light measurement devices. The results stresses what was already assumed, the quality and the outcome of these devices under different circumstances were very different. Also, the location were these devices are normally worn has an impact on the results. The deviation range between worn vertically at eye level and the wrist is between 11% (outdoor) to 27% (indoor). The smallest deviation, both in indoor and outdoor, was found when the device was placed on the sides of the eye (7%). 

Syftet med arbetet är att analysera utformningen av planlösningarna i prefabricerade småhus. Resultatet ska kunna utnyttjas som underlag vid planlösningsutformning och möjliggöra planlösningar med färre kundändringar.  

Metoder som används är litteraturstudier, intervjuer och en fallstudie. Fallstudien är gjord med material från företaget Anebyhus som tillverkar prefabricerade småhus. Ur en av deras kataloger valdes tre olika hus med snarlika förutsättningar. Det som analyseras är tillverkares och kunders prioriteringar samt de vanligaste kundändringarna. Problemet är att om kunden ska bli nöjd med den slutliga planlösningen måste kunden och tillverkaren ha liknande kvalitetsprioriteringar. Ändringar som återkommer frekvent är ett tecken på en svaghet i ursprungsplanlösningen.

Resultaten visar att tillverkare av prefabricerade småhus möter kundernas behov och önskemål genom prioriteringar av livslångtboende och flexibilitet i planlösningen. Kunderna visar prioritering av mer bänkytor i köket, vardagsrummet storlek och samband till köket och att alla i familjen ska få varsitt sovrum. De kundändringar som förekommer mest frekvent är minskning av antalet klädkammare, sammanslagning av teknik och klädvård samt att ändra till en U-formad köksuppställning. 

Det behövs mer forskning kring vad som ger människan goda förutsättningar till livskvalitet i en bostadsmiljö. Social hållbarhet är ett ämne som arkitekturvärlden värnar om mer än någonsin. Målet är att ta fram ett kunskapsunderlag baserat på erfarenheter från brukare, arkitekt samt beställare som kan användas till gestaltning av bostadsområden med flerbostadshus.

För att uppnå målet besvaras frågeställningarna ”Hur värderas socialt hållbart boende, enligt arkitekter och beställare, när bostadsområden med flerbostadshus utformas?” samt ”Hur upplevs det som värderas som socialt hållbart, i bostadsområden med nyproducerade flerbostadshus, av brukare?” Frågeställningarna besvaras med hjälp av en enkätundersökning och intervjuer som tillsammans utgör en kvalitativ forskningsmetod.

Resultatet visar att social hållbarhet kan ses ur olika vinklar. Det är vanligt att se på social hållbarhet ur ett samhällsperspektiv och ur en stads perspektiv i enlighet med vetenskapliga referenser. Som en övergripande sammanfattning är det en byggnads vackra form, utseende och dess funktionsduglighet som vägs in med en rimlig kostnad som skapar ett socialt hållbart boende enligt intervjuer med arkitekt och beställare. Det handlar om en balansgång mellan skönhet, funktion och ekonomi som tillsammans skapar ett boende som håller över tiden och bekräftar människans sociala värdighet. Enligt de som bor på området Nysäter i Mölnlycke som är det studerade objektet, handlar socialt hållbart boende om trivsel, trygghet, privatliv och samhörighet. Tillgång till natur och uteaktiviteter, frisk luft och god grannsämja är andra faktorer som värderas högt. Därmed har socialt hållbart boende kopplingar till både fysiskt greppbara parametrar samt icke fysiska kvaliteter som behöver sammanlänkas med varandra.

Det sammanfattande resultatet belyser de väsentliga aspekter som bör inbegripas vid planering av ett nytt bostadsområde för att det ska bli socialt hållbart för de boende. Kunskapsunderlaget följer en logisk ordning från att analysera ett orört område med dess kvaliteter till att analysera hur den privata bostaden ska uppfylla människans behov av välbefinnande.

Rapporten är bred i sitt ämnesval även om den begränsas till människans förhållande till bostaden och bostadsområdet i sociala sammanhang, hur individer upplever sin omgivning både i och utanför bostaden. Ytterligare begränsningar hade gjort att en djupare forskning kring ett specifikt tema hade kunnat genomföras.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att framställa en mall för hur man projekterar KL-träbyggnader fuktsäkrare samt ta fram rekommendationer för ett mer fuktsäkert arbetssätt. KL-trä är ett nytt byggnadsmaterial där behov av standardisering finns för att uppfylla de krav och rekommendationer som finns. Större hänsyn behöver tas till fukt då människors hygien och hälsa ej skall påverkas.

Metod: Genom insamling av data med hjälp av fallstudie av ett flerbostadshus i KL-trä framgår såväl materialhantering som utformning av stomme och väderskydd. Utformning av stomme framgår fortsatt genom dokumentanalys av konstruktionshandlingar för tre KL-trähusprojekt. Vidare framgår branschens förhållningssätt och erfarenheter genom intervjuer av personer med olika ämnesrelevanta kunskaper.

Resultat: Genom att i tidigt projekteringsskede prioritera fuktsäkerhet för såväl uppförande- som bruksskede reduceras risken för fuktrelaterade problem. Vidare bör det kontinuerligt arbetas med fuktsäkerhet gemensamt, mellan discipliner i projektet. Byggnadsdelar att ta särskild hänsyn till samt åtgärder för att utföra detta presenteras såväl som rekommendationer för ett mer fuktsäkert arbetssätt.

Konsekvenser: Studiens resultat skall verka som ett komplement till ByggaF, detta då resultatet behandlar KL-trä specifikt. Genom implementering är förhoppningen att resultatet skall reducera risken för fuktrelaterade problem i KL-träbyggnader. Vidare bör högre krav ställas på fuktsäkerhet vid KL-träbyggnationer, detta då resultatet av dagens arbetssätt är okänt och försiktighetsprincipen bör tillämpas.

Begränsningar: Studiens resultat, i form av den projekteringsmall som genererats, är i huvudsak tillämpbar för arkitekter och konstruktörer då endast stommen utreds. Resultatet är generellt tillämpbart för nybyggnation av flerbostadshus i KL-trä som uppförs i Sverige. Vidare utreds åtgärder för att reducera risken för fuktrelaterade problem och avser ej människors påverkan av mikrobiell påväxt. 

Many of todays studies show that district heating is one of the betteralternatives as heating source because of its low environmental load.

The energy source is often leftovers from other processes producing energy or waste, like garbage or chips.

Electricity in combination with geothermal heating is another heating system that has increased sharply during the last years, and also this system decreases the discharges that have negative affects

on the environment compared to several other heating methods.

This report aims to, concentrated towards these two different heating systems, estimate the amounts of discharges they indirect cause and how the environment is affected.

We have calculated the mean value for discharges of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, sulphur oxide and dust generated from electrical power used in Sweden.

Through interviews and research we have gained data for the same substances that district heating based on combustion of garbage and biofuel generates.

We have also in cooperation with a housing company chosen a building we see representative for many of the new single-family houses built in Sweden today.

Based on its shape and appearance we theoretically created three alternatives of the same house, each of them with climate screens different from each other.

Together with the amounts of discharged environmental affecting substances, these houses were the base for our calculations and studies when investigating the different heating sources environmental effect.

The results have thereafter been analyzed and discussed from different angles.

Rising energy prices, growing energy use and the current climate debate is a major contributing factor to today's search for new, more economical ways to use energy. The Swedish national building and planning department (Boverket) places greater demands on energy use in new housing. Local governments also place specific requirements on certain residential housing projects in addition to the requirements of Boverket, i.e. only passive houses may be built in certain areas. The terms passive house, zero-energy house and plus-energy house are becoming increasingly common in the construction industry and house manufacturers want  to offer products that meet these new requirements.

This thesis examines whether it is possible to upgrade a pre-fabricated house so that it meets the requirements to be classed as a passive house according to FEBY (translated - Forum for energy-efficient buildings). The study is based on established calculation and production techniques used in Götenehus AB, a manufacturer of prefabricated homes. A case study based on the upgrade of a house from Götenehus is performed and the results are compared with the original house from energy and economic points of view. The production stage is also taken into consideration to see if the engineering solutions required for the upgrade can be produced with the methods in use today.

The methodology used to process the subject have been literature studies, a case study, own calculations and consultations with staff at Götenehus and other people, who have knowledge on the subject. Energy calculations have been made using the energy  calculation software TMF-Energy v2.1, which Götenehus currently uses to calculate the energy performance of their houses. The results show that it is possible to upgrade the original house to meet the requirements for passive houses with changes made in the building envelope and heating and ventilation systems. The solution presented includes changes in all parts of the building envelope and replacement of the ventilation and heating systems. Instead of the exhaust air heat pump in the original house, a district heating system in combination with solar panels are used. The ability to combine different systems has been limited to the combinations that were available in the calculation software. The results also show that the investments needed for construction and installations are not financially justifiable. Also, the running costs for the passive house are bigger. The energy consumption for the passive house remains the same as in the original house.

Purpose:The purpose of this study is to approach a solution to reduce housing shortage, by using inspiration from an industrialized building concept, which can lead to the opportunity for underprivileged people to get a livable housing. The aim is to study how knowledge from industrialized building could be used for a more efficient way of building in developing countries similar to Colombia.

Method:Utilizing literature studies for achieving abutment to published research also giving the authors an observant mind. With this knowledge, participatory observations were made as action research to explore the prevailing procedure when establishing a house. Operating analyzes, interviews were held in Leticia for understanding observed decisions. To be able to critically analyze the results from the interviews and observations, collected data were compared with knowledge based on the authors’ reference frames.

Findings:Keystones identified as the overall concept are applicable on establishments in the western world, since the concept is designed after similar conditions. Capital is required designing a building system as well as establishing a factory for prefabrication of elements, conditions limited in developing countries. Climate conditions and prevailing corruption prevents implementation of the concept. Identified weaknesses during the observations, noted repetition of unnecessary and non-value adding activities. One conclusion is not to implement the entire industrial building system, only practice the mindset. Initially keystones are implemented such as planning, exchange of information and reflection of performed projects, in order to improve upcoming projects. These keystones require no direct capital, merely a mindset that should be implemented.

Implications:The outcome of this study is to enlighten the subject, since obvious weaknesses were noticed, with capacity for development. Further research is realistic because, in a long term it will help solving the housing situation. For example, using this result as underlay for education like creating more efficient building, enlightening planning for reducing unnecessary non value-adding activities. As a conclusion of the study, identified weaknesses during the establishment affects the efficiency, creating unnecessary costs. A developing country should focus upon emphasizing reduction of costs, since their economic status is already declining.

Limitations: The observations during the case study have been concentrating on one small-scaled project in Leticia, Colombia. No further observations have been made but complements such as literature studies and interviews. Due to lack of time and language barrier, the amount of collected empirical data was too limited to provide durable conclusions for question formulations. Since only observations were performed on one establishment, a general result cannot be submitted.

The performance of a building can be measured using a set of criteria, called Key Performance Indicators (KPI), linked to different features in a project. In the construction industry there are both subjective and objective KPIs, depending on what the main requirements are. The assessment of these KPIs are often related to building information modeling (BIM) which serves as a simulation method for mostly environmental and economical issues, meanwhile less options are available for evaluating qualitative indicators. This study aims to develop a process map in which a project manager can understand when different KPIs occur in a design process and how to make subjective KPIs measurable, thus usable for a BIM tool. Furthermore, an ideal process map is suggested to visualize appropriate BIM uses. The investigation of a case (Solar Decathlon Europe 2019) served as a test bed for identifications of subjective and objective KPIS. Documents analysis revealed a number of subjective KPIs which were further validated through semi-structured interviews with team members and leaders. Results showed that not all KPIs could fulfill the criteria of being comparable, collectable and measurable and it also proved that the evaluations of the different contest areas were subjective. Moreover, the results also indicates that the processes of the competing teams were lacking since not all necessary KPIs were taken into consideration. The overall process model graphically illustrates the process of design including when the KPIs occur and which Level Of Detail (LOD) is required. In conclusion, the contest itself is evaluated based on subjective opinions although most of the contest areas can be measured in a quantitative way. 

Purpose: Several studies show that work motivation in a workplace affects the individual's ability to perform and this may result in construction errors such as unnecessary economical costs and additional work hours. The aim of this study is to investigate the link between construction errors and work motivation as well as its impact on the quality of an apartment building. Method: To complete the objective of this study literature studies, questionnaires and interviews were conducted. The literature study includes scientific articles, doctoral dissertations and encyclopedias. These are taken from, among other things, the university library databases. The surveys consist of 21 questions based on Herzberg's two-factor theory. The interviews are semi-structured and the questions are based on the results of the survey. Findings: The results show that the link between work motivation and construction errors depends on knowledge, experience, commitment, stress and time shortage, communication, chord, salary, benefits and lack of leadership. In the construction companies that were included in this study, there is a lack of motivation among professionals, and the reasons for this are mainly due to benefits from the company and chord wages. The building-related consequences that result from motivation decline prove to be economical and time-consuming. The economic consequences show huge error costs. The time suggests that errors and shortcomings in homes lead to additional working hours in order to correct the errors that occurred during the production period. Restrictions: The study includes ongoing housing projects in Jönköping where supervisors and occupational workers are current. Question one is generally answered when it is not considered corporate, as is the last question. Issue two, on the other hand, only applies to these investigated projects.

The operational phase maintains the largest proportion of the building’s lifecycle cost. Moreover, the costs of the operational phase in a building’s lifecycle could be five to seven times higher than the initial investments. However, studies show that energy savings can be between 30-42% by performing occupancy detection in buildings. Therefore, this research paper is focused on assisting and facilitating BIM-based FM integration for occupancy assessment to support various evaluations of a building. The chosen approach to reach the aim of this study is the semantic web technology, considering the advantages it can provide in contrast to other web services such as SOAP or RESTful. A case study was conducted of a room located in the first floor of the school of engineering (JTH) building at Jönköping University. The case study investigated the data structure for the technologies which might be installed in the room later and the geometrical information of it. The used ontology in this study is RealEstateCore (REC). Furthermore, a literature review was conducted to investigate the occupancy information which can be gained by the technologies in that room. Results show that presence, location and count of occupancy can be obtained by CO2, temperature and WiFi positioning technol-ogy. However, every sensor has some exclusive properties and constraints for occupancy detection and estima-tion. Thus, the fusion of various sensors is an advantage as it can significantly increase the efficiency of indoor occupancy assessment. Also, the semantic web provided homogeneous data format that allows for greater in-teroperability between the BIM information and those technologies information. Moreover, REC ontology pro-vided most of the required semantics to describe room A and the CO2 and temperature sensors it might contain. However, the ontology lacked some of the required semantics to satisfy the description of the WiFi positioning system. Thus, extending the ontology to satisfy those required semantics is needed to reach more optimized results of the semantic web.

In spring 2023, two engineering students from Jönköping University collaborated with GBJ Bygg Jönköping to investigate the impact of moisture on cross-laminated timber (CLT) and its drying process. The study aimed to identify potential issues, damages, and propose mitigation methods. Through measurements and investigations, this study generated in-depth knowledge of moisture effects on CLT, ensuring proper material handling to avoid long-term negative consequences.The methodology involved quantitative investigations to obtain credible results. Experiments simulated the application of wet macadam on a CLT floor slab in a natural environment to measure time to reach an acceptable moisture content. Collaboration with GBJ Bygg provided access to information, materials, and simulation facilities. Two tests were conducted: immediate construction after placing washed macadam and a 9-day drying period before reconstruction. Results showed that direct macadam application led to high timber moisture content, while drying according to industry recommendations resulted in low moisture content without negative consequences. The drying process varied depending on reconstruction timing, and methods like extending macadam drying time were proposed to reduce damages and shorten the drying period.The discussion of results demonstrated data relevance with limited room for misinterpretation. However, the study's time frame limited complete results, and the lack of prior research on timber drying affected connections to previous studies. The clearest answer came from the 9-day drying test, showing a decrease in moisture content. Some measured values deviated, possibly due to measurement errors. Facility climate and construction execution posed potential error sources. Despite limitations, the experiment effectively addressed the study's purpose and research questions.

This report will try to evaluate the use of rented concrete casting moulds, which are used to build walls and system of joists. The evaluation is only examining the economical aspects.

The cost of using concrete casting moulds is a big part of the total production expenses. Therefore it is important that the calculated price not exceeds the final costs of the casting moulds. The calculated price is the price used in the process of making an offer.

The evaluation consists of a comparison of the calculated price and the final costs for three building projects. It also evaluates the exploitation of the concrete casting moulds for each project.

The report is made by Sven Gynne and Anders Alexandersson at School of Engineering, Jonkoping University, in cooperation with PEAB Jonkoping. The evaluation is strictly based on the calculated price and final cost of rented concrete casting moulds, only the moulds themselves, not the labour costs.

Educational visits have been made to the three projects gathering facts. The conclusions we have drawn are that the difference between the calculated price and the final costs are considerable, especially one project have a greater difference than the others. The reasons for that are among other things tight building ground and a complicated building construction.

Purpose

The purpose of this research is to develop a generic framework of a digital twin (DT)-based automated construction progress monitoring through reality capture to extended reality (RC-to-XR).

Design/methodology/approach

IDEF0 data modeling method has been designed to establish an integration of reality capturing technologies by using BIM, DTs and XR for automated construction progress monitoring. Structural equation modeling (SEM) method has been used to test the proposed hypotheses and develop the skill model to examine the reliability, validity and contribution of the framework to understand the DRX model's effectiveness if implemented in real practice.

Findings

The research findings validate the positive impact and importance of utilizing technology integration in a logical framework such as DRX, which provides trustable, real-time, transparent and digital construction progress monitoring.

Practical implications

DRX system captures accurate, real-time and comprehensive data at construction stage, analyses data and information precisely and quickly, visualizes information and reports in a real scale environment, facilitates information flows and communication, learns from itself, historical data and accessible online data to predict future actions, provides semantic and digitalize construction information with analytical capabilities and optimizes decision-making process.

Originality/value

The research presents a framework of an automated construction progress monitoring system that integrates BIM, various reality capturing technologies, DT and XR technologies (VR, AR and MR), arraying the steps on how these technologies work collaboratively to create, capture, generate, analyze, manage and visualize construction progress data, information and reports.

There are many original ideas and useful system inputs embedded in the building of human settlements in Scandinavian regions, where the landscape and habitat are strongly interconnected. A cold climate and strong winds are the most prominent risks that affect habitats. The Longhouse is the foremost traditional habitat in the Scandinavian region, dating back to the Iron Age, 2000 BC. This study examines the influence of climate on the conformation of habitats. Climate had a solid impact on the conceptions of habitat form and internal space. Wind and extreme temperatures had firming consequences on the housing arrangements, layouts, orientations, and building materials used in the construction process. Habitats from this region were located in an optimal arrangement, and the south orientation was used effectively. This investigation will provide an evaluative interpretation and analysis of the real facts of vernacular habitats in the context of energy efficiency and ecological concepts, considering human settlement patterns, architectural creation and building material uses. 

This book has been written to present elementary practical and efficient applications in saving energy concept, as well as propose a solitary action for this category of topics. The book aims to illustrate various methods in treatment the concept of thermal insulation such as processes and the attempt to build an efficient passive building model.

Builders from the Western part of Asia are trained to make buildings that can fulfil certain required functions while giving full consideration to all sites and environmental conditions. The research covers the zone between Iraq and Iran. The first investigated region is the "Mesopotamian Marshes" or Iraqi-Iran Marshes, a wetland zone situated in southern Iraq and partially in southwestern Iran. The other region is a desert district, which includes a prominent part of the southern and western parts of Iraq and part of Iran. The last is the centre city of Basra. The building materials were the most important building element that affected the conformation of vernacular habitats from the western part of Asia in general and the Iraq-Iran area in particular. In this study, we needed to focus on the effects of ecological and energy-efficiency processes in creating vernacular habitats and the selection of optimal building systems and materials in this part of the world, which can be an essential point for sustainable environmental building processes in the future. Reeds, clay, straw, bricks, and wood were the most popular building materials used by builders from this region. The impact of building material on the environment embodies the essential method implicitly significant in this research to effectively determine traditional building materials in the environment, in addition to comparative analysis. This presents an essential factor of our analysis, in addition to the impact of environments on building systems. The main target of this study is to benefit designers and building engineers in their pursuit to find optimal and competent solutions suitable for specific local microclimates using traditional methods in the design process that are sustainable and ecological.

Introductory paragraph: Insulation is a vital part of all contemporary buildings; it performs many functions, all of which influence the cost of the building and its operating cost. This component is essential to be positioned not only in the floors, walls, and ceilings of the buildings, but also using of other key technique to improve the insulating process (John F. Malloy 1969). There are many other ways, although one of the most vital way is using of vegetate buildings concept. 

From introductory paragraph: Between the human being and the protective building space, always a relationship with a reciprocal character a permanent arrangement, where the human being interest is to create the necessary poise to his different well-unfolded activities, under that cover as space. The building is a major element of human life. It is a major concern, a major purchase, and has a major effect upon our lives [1]. We spend over 90% of our time indoors. Today, the technological archetypes of the modern buildings are formed of a mixture of many components such as materials, energy, and construction configuration systems, which influence directly on human life and health. In marketing vision, architectural product being creations of the human work, a time-consuming good, as any other manufacture, it has not only to be produced but also to get the user’s disposal [2]. Although in sustainable design, the building becomes the system, subsystem should be examined. The climate has a solid impact on the conceptions of habitat forms and configuration of internal space [3]. While the holistic integration of systems is critical to sustainable building, every system within the system has its climatic advantage or disadvantage. The human being entered the third millennium without the hope of achieving permanent peace on our beautiful earth, sustainable development, and equality for all, where the earth is our sustainer, the chain of ecological survival. In the future, sustainable considerations will be a regular part of our basic beliefs and knowledge. Both of our norms and behavior as the physical environment must be automatically based on an environmentally balanced mind-set, not alone but along with many other considerations. Within planning, means that the green will be taken far to be more seriously that reuse of our cities will gain even more importance that green areas will be actively involved and that traffic patterns will be turned upside down.

Introductory paragraph: The house is not only a roof, but also a home, the place where it is formed the moral climate and on which lasts the family spirit. UN has classified habitat settlements and identified 10 general functions that every habitat should have. (Recreations and interpretation, Preparing the foods, Eating, Relaxing and Sleeping, Study , WC, Hygienic necessities, Cleaning, Circulation and storage, Exterior circumstances). Housing is a human right is a multi-platform documentary portrait of the struggle for home. The house, being a product of the human work, a long time user product, like any other product it has not only to be produced but also to get the user’s disposal. A house is a home, shelter, building or structure that is dwelling or place for habitation by human being. Sustainable design’s principles of energy and healthy architectural spaces and material durability help make a home affordable. Presently becomes incorrect work manner when we take the building phenomenon such as (passive and low energy building), detached from the large concept of architecture. (Amjad Almusaed 2004). The passive and low energy housing represents one of the most consistent concepts of sustainable building and brings with consideration of energy saving concept. Presently becomes incorrect work manner when we take the building phenomenon such as (passive and low energy building), detached from the large concept of architecture. The architectural product, being a product of the human work, a long time user product, like any other product it has not only to be produced but also to get the user’s disposal. The human comfort is a vital aim of architecture, and it classified such variable level. The interaction always appears between the energy such abstract act and human comfort such human feeling. The balancing condition is extremely complex. 

This book has been written to represent the efficient applications of sustainability upon building designs. The book intends to illustrate various techniques of action of sustainability on building conceptions. The book is divided into four parts and eight chapters. Part I "Introduction into Target Theme" includes a chapter with title "Introductory Chapter." It makes an overview of the meaning and the target of sustainable building and sustainable building material. Part II "Sustainable Building Design, Process, and Management" discusses many forms and concepts of sustainable building and includes three chapters. Part III "Sustainable Building by Using Energy Efficiency in Building Design" includes one chapter. Part IV "Sustainability in Building Materials: Study Cases" includes three chapters.

The classical understanding of an architectural product shows architecture as a series of complex activities, which aims to create an optimal material framework with well-organized functional spaces that can meet the material and human spiritual requirements. The vision of a multifaceted architecture shows that it is necessary to design and work cooperatively with an architectural theory to transform the lateral conceptual viewer of the multilateral design process. The effort has to focus on ensuring the active collaboration of sciences and techniques with the creative building design process. The real stages of house design theory still insufficiently incorporate natural phenomena such as thermography, climatology, aerodynamics, and thermodynamics in the building design approach. The primary target of this research is to define an efficient method of building design in which essential aspects are considered during the first phase of design ideas. The study concluded that using a classical design model is respectable. However, it can bring many mistakes in the confirmation of a holistic design assignment related to energy, thermal comfort, and economic factors that represents an essential tool for architectural creation products where the innovative model proceeds with all design elements, activities and space roles which can reunify in the interpretation of functional spaces by creating an interspace with a consistency habitat environment.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) simulation models and digital twins (DT) are used in designingand treating the activities, layout, and functions for the new generation of buildings to enhanceuser experience and optimize building performance. These models use data about a building’s use,configuration, functions, and environment to simulate different design options and predict theireffects on house function efficiency, comfort, and safety. On the one hand, AI algorithms are usedto analyze this data and find patterns and trends that can guide the design process. On the otherhand, DTs are digital recreations of actual structures that can replicate building performance in realtime. These models would evaluate alternative design options, the performance of the building, andways to improve user comfort and building efficiency. This study examined the important role ofintelligent building design aspects, such as activities using multi-layout and the creation of particularfunctions based on AI simulation models, in developing DT-based smart building systems. Theempirical data came from a study of architecture and engineering firms throughout the globe usinga CSAQ (computer-administered, self-completed survey). For this purpose, the study employedstructural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the hypotheses and build the relationship model. Theresearch verifies the relevance of AI-based simulation models supporting the creation of intelligentbuilding design features (activities, layout, functionalities), enabling the construction of DT-basedsmart building systems. Furthermore, this study highlights the need for further exploration ofAI-based simulation models’ role and integration with DT in smart building design.

Wood is one of the most fully renewable building materials, so wood instead of non-renewable materials produced from organic energy sources significantly reduces the environmental impact. Construction products can be replenished at the end of their working life and their elements and components deconstructed in a closed-loop manner to act as a material for potential construction. Materials passports (MPs) are instruments for incorporating circular economy principles (CEP) into structures. Material passports (MPs) consider all the building’s life cycle (BLC) steps to ensure that it can be reused and transformed several times. The number of reuse times and the operating life of the commodity greatly influence the environmental effects incorporated. For a new generation of buildings, the developing of an elegant kinetic wooden façade has become a necessity. It represents a multidisciplinary region with different climatic, fiscal, constructional materials, equipment, and programs, and ecology-influencing design processes and decisions. Based on an overview of the material’s environmental profile (MEP) and material passport (MP) definition in the design phase, this article attempts to establish and formulate an analytical analysis of the wood selection process used to produce a kinetic façade. The paper will analyze the importance of environmentally sustainable construction and a harmonious architectural environment to reduce harmful human intervention on the environment. It will examine the use of wooden panels on buildings’ façades as one solution to building impact on the environment. It will show the features of the formation of the wooden exterior of the building. It will also examine modern architecture that enters into a dialogue with the environment, giving unique flexibility to adapt a building. The study finds that new buildings can be easily created today. The concept of building materials passport and the environmental selection of the kinetic wooden façade can be incorporated into the building design process. This will improve the economic and environmental impact of the building on human life.

The normal development of “smart buildings,” which calls for integrating sensors, rich data, and artificial intelligence (AI) simulation models, promises to usher in a new era of architectural concepts. AI simulation models can improve home functions and users’ comfort and significantly cut energy consumption through better control, increased reliability, and automation. This article highlights the potential of using artificial intelligence (AI) models to improve the design and functionality of smart houses, especially in implementing living spaces. This case study provides examples of how artificial intelligence can be embedded in smart homes to improve user experience and optimize energy efficiency. Next, the article will explore and thoroughly analyze the thorough analysis of current research on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) technology in smart homes using a variety of innovative ideas, including smart interior design and a Smart Building System Framework based on digital twins (DT). Finally, the article explores the advantages of using AI models in smart homes, emphasizing living spaces. Through the case study, the theme seeks to provide ideas on how AI can be effectively embedded in smart homes to improve functionality, convenience, and energy efficiency. The overarching goal is to harness the potential of artificial intelligence by transforming how we live in our homes and improving our quality of life. The article concludes by discussing the unresolved issues and potential future research areas on the usage of AI in smart houses. Incorporating AI technology into smart homes benefits homeowners, providing excellent safety and convenience and increased energy efficiency.

Produktionskostnaderna i byggbranschen ökar ständigt och i en rapport utgiven av

Sveriges byggindustrier kartläggs att uppemot 30-35 % av den totala

produktionskostnaden i ett byggprojekt kan betraktas som slöseri.

Slöseri kan beskrivas som de förbrukade resurser som inte skapar något värde för

kunden, såsom förflyttning av material, väntan, avbrott, lagerhållning och

överproduktion.

Studien är genomförd på köksprojekt där Peab byggservice agerar tjänsteleverantör och

bistår Ikea med monteringstjänster. Studien baseras på ett rikstäckande avtal som rör

all typ av montering av Ikeas sortiment, dock har i denna studie endast monteringen av

kök studerats. De förbättringsområden som har identifierats i rapporten har sedan

analyserats och diskuterats med hjälp av verktyg från Lean. I rapporten benämns Peab

byggservice som tjänsteleverantör och Ikea som leverantör.

Syfte: Syftet med arbetet är att effektivisera en byggtjänsteleverantörs processer för att

uppnå en ökad lönsamhet.

Metod: För att uppnå målet och besvara frågeställningarna har arbetet utförts som en

fallstudie av köksprojekt. Kvalitativa intervjuer och dokumentinsamling har använts

som metoder och har varit en del av fallstudien. För att inhämta stöd i teorin och

metoder som lämpar sig i det aktuella fallet har en litteraturstudie gjorts.

För att identifiera slöseri i den befintliga processen har en värdeflödesanalys uppförts,

det är ett verktyg från Lean med syfte att synliggöra köer, och andra icke värdeskapande

aktiviteter.

Resultat:

I rapporten har:

● Processen gällande ett köksprojekt kartlagts.

● Olika former av slöseri identifierats.

● Verktyg från Lean analyserats för att minimera slöseri.

Detta har lett till förslag på:

● Reducerade ledtider genom kombinerade aktiviteter.

● Kortare processtider genom effektivisering.

● Metoder för långsiktiga lösningar för att på sikt uppnå en effektivare process.

Konsekvenser: Utifrån rapportens resultat konstateras möjlighet till förbättring. Slöseri

har identifierats och förbättringsåtgärder med hjälp av framtagna teorier bedöms vara

möjligt.

Begränsningar: Resultatet är kopplat till generella problem och ger förslag på

förbättringsarbete i de fall där en entreprenör agerar tjänsteleverantör åt en leverantör.

Nyckelord: Processeffektivisering, Lean Production, Slöseri, Värdeflödesanalys.

Purpose: Reuse of building materials and products is one possible way to reduce waste in the construction industry, however this is usually discarded due to lack of knowledge and experience. The swedish population are interested in the environment but is it enough for there to be a demand on reused materials and products, or is reuse only a good idea that works well in theory.

The purpose of this report is to investigate existing and future tenants’ attitudes to reuse of building products in new building projects and also what products are suitable for reuse.

Method: A material inventory is executed on a real estate on Liljeholmen in Jönöping. To measure the reuse potential of the materials and products a digital tool from an organization called Centrum för cirkulärt byggande is being used. Then a survey gets published on social networks which will answer the tenants' attitudes.

Findings: Over all there’s a positive attitude regarding reused materials and products. Tenants are not motivated to choose an apartment with reused material and products before an apartment with new materials and products, unless this is reflected in the rent. People in the younger age groups, who also live in rental homes to the greater extent, are more negative to reuse due to esthetical preferences. The products best suited for reuse are windows and doors both from a functional and a desirable point of view.

Implications: The real estate companies find it difficult to motivate reused materials and products today. If this study could determine that there was a clear demand on reused materials and products, it would be easier to motivate. However, the real estate companies could start to implement reused materials and products when planning for new projects. The study shows that as long as the materials or products reach a certain standard the tenant would not replace it.

Limitations: The results from the material inventory are specific to the property on Liljeholmen in Jönköping, and cannot get more generalized. The results from the survey should be generally valid. Since there are no previous studies in this field, we encourage more studies to be made to reach a better overall picture.

Keywords: Circular economy, Sustainable construction, Material inventory, Reuse

Syfte: Byggindustrin genererar över 100 miljoner ton avfall per år. Fokus vid miljöarbete ligger ofta på materialval, energianvändning, inomhusmiljö, transporter och avfall. Med hjälp av certifieringssystem kan byggnader klassificeras och för att uppnå certifieringarna finns vissa krav. Det finns dock inga krav när det gäller kassering av oanvänt byggmaterial. 13 procent av avfallet är så kallat oanvänt material. Med oanvänt material menas material och produkter som beställs till ett byggprojekt men inte nyttjas under byggnationen utan hamnar i containern. Målet med arbetet är därför att undersöka hur kasseringen kan minska av oanvänt material på stora byggföretag i Sverige.

Metod: Arbetet genomfördes som en kvalitativ studie där metoderna litteraturstudie, dokumentanalys och intervjuer har använts. Litteraturstudien kartlade dagens forskningsfront. Dokumentanalysen och intervjuerna gav information om företagets miljömål, etiska regler och arbetssätt.

Resultat: Arbetet visar att oanvänt material förekommer p.g.a. bristfällig mängdning till följd av tidsbrist och oro över att få stillestånd. Det förekommer även då hanteringen av materialet på arbetsplatser leder till skador som gör att det kasseras. Materialet kasseras för att följa företagets etiska regler men motstrider de uppsatta miljömålen. Samtliga intervjurespondenter var eniga om att en förändring behövs för att få ett mer hållbart byggande. Resultatet visar att företaget har ett framarbetat arbetssätt, samlastning, som skulle kunna användas i större utsträckning för att minska kasseringen av oanvänt material på fler arbetsplatser. Det framkom även att oanvänt material kan tillvaratas på ett bättre sätt genom mer kommunikation mellan projekten för att möjliggöra nyttjandet av det överblivna materialet på ett annat projekt. Problematiken med hanteringssättet är variationen av entreprenadform på projekten då det inte alltid är företaget som äger materialet. En säljportal har tidigare diskuterats i företaget men där är platsbrist och resursåtgång problematiskt. Material förblir oanvänt p.g.a skador orsakade av väder men platsbrist på projekten orsakar att extra väderskydd inte är en genomförbar lösning.

Konsekvenser: För att minska uppkomsten av oanvänt material kan BIM, Lean, prefabricering och samlastning användas. För att nyttja material som blir oanvänt kan bättre kommunikation mellan projekten gynna material kasseringen.

Begränsningar: Arbetet har avgränsat genom att endast teoretiskt undersöka hur kasseringen av material kan minska. Inga mätningar har genomförts. Varken tid ekonomiska aspekter har undersökts. Arbetet anser inte material som spill, förbrukningsmaterial eller material som vid rivning är användbart utan enbart oanvänt material vid nybyggnation. Resultatet är brukbart för större företag eftersom mindre företag inte har samma problematik.

Nyckelord: Avfall och energiutsläpp minskning, Building Information Modeling, BIM, etiska regler, hållbarhet, kassering, Lean Construction, materialavfall, materialhantering,  miljö, miljömål, oanvänt byggmaterial, samlastning.

Det är sedan tidigare tydligt att det funnits problem och delade åsikter kring arbetet med markanvisningar innan lag 2014:899 trädde i kraft. Arbetets syfte var att undersöka om arbetet har förändrats efter att lag 2014:899 trädde i kraft. Målet med arbetet är att utreda de valda kommunernas markanvisningspolicyer och deras erfarenheter av arbetet med dessa. Förbättringsåtgärder föreslås efter att ha belyst svagheter i de markanvisningspolicyer som undersöktes, med utgångspunkt i lag 2014:899 samt punkter specificerade av Caesar et al. (2013). 

Ett dokument med förslag till vad en markanvisningspolicy bör innehålla har tagits fram. Dokumentet kan underlätta kommuners arbete med markanvisningspolicyer i fortsättningen.

Syfte: Trä är ett förnyelsebart material som bidrar till mindre miljöpåverkan än andra material. Klimatförändringen leder till ökad nederbördsmängd som ställer högre krav på beständighet hos fasader, samtidigt ska ytterligare miljöpåverkan undvikas i bästa mån. Denna rapport utreder modifierat trä, ett sätt att förbättra träs beständighet som inte kräver underhåll och är ett alternativ för framtiden. Målet är att jämföra tre modifieringsmetoder, acetylering, furufrylering och värmebehandling, med cederträ beträffande beständighet, miljöpåverkan, kostnad och utseende för att öka användandet av modifierat trä som trärent fasadmaterial. Metod: Litteraturstudie visade på forskningsfronten för modifieringsmetoderna och dokumentanalysen gav kompletterande data om produkternas miljöpåverkan, utseende och beständighet. Intervjuer gav inblick i aktörernas roller vid valet av fasadmaterial samt klargjorde kostnader för metoderna. Ytterligare intervjuer gav kompletterande data till dokumentanalysen och visade skillnaden mellan beständighet och miljö- påverkan för modifieringsmetoderna. Observationer gjordes för värmebehandlat trä och furfurylerat trä. Resultat: Arkitekter och förvaltare har en stor påverkan på valet av fasad men det är beställaren som fattar beslut. För beställaren är priset den viktigaste parametern och därför skulle de flesta byggherrar välja värmebehandlat trä, det billigaste alternativet. Dock rangordnade de flesta miljöpåverkan som den viktigaste parametern som visar på att aktörerna går mot att använda metoder som är bra för miljön. Acetylerat trä visade sig vara det alternativet som forskare föredrar ur beständighetssynpunkt. Det är viktigt att veta vilka parametrar som är väsentliga för byggnaden och utifrån dem avgöra om fasaden är värd kostnaden som modifierat trä medför. Konsekvenser: Att använda modifierat trä är dyrt, men ett billigare alternativ än cederträ. Aktörerna tycker dig se en framtid för dessa metoder, men eftersom metoderna är dyra är marknaden begränsad till nischade beställare eller detaljplaner och främst användbara i mindre projekt. För att öka användandet av modifierat trä krävs större kunskap på marknaden, flera referensobjekt som kan hjälpa beställare att välja metoden samt tid och pengar i projekt för att utvärdera och välja modifierat trä. Begränsningar: Dokumentanalysen gav användbar empiri, men utbudet var begränsat då det fanns gott om information om vissa behandlingsmetoder och mindre om andra. Intervjuerna gav mycket empiri men visade på en okunskap om metoderna ute i branschen, trots avgränsningen till aktörer som aktivt arbetar med trä i byggnaden, vilket gjorde sista frågeställningen svårbesvarad. Överlag är en begränsning att det endast finns ett fåtal fasader med modifieringsmetoderna att utreda, vilket gjorde observationerna svåra.

The purpose of this thesis has been to signify what creates quality for the dwellers. By

creating a definition of the term we have showed how well the quality

criteria’s has been fulfilled in the newly built one family house area Pumpkällehagen in Viskafors.

The questions the thesis gives answers to is: What is quality for the dwellers in

housebuilding of today? and How well have these quality aspects been carried out in tract

housing areas? These questions have taken us to our main goal: To describe what quality

for the dwellers is and how well it has been carried out in a certain area.

The literature review is describing what was published before the making of this thesis.

From four different publications within the concept of quality an analysis template has

been enacted. This template has been used for our case study, but is also supposed to

work in future analysis of tract housing areas.

Interviews was carried out with the areas architects; Ola Nylander and Mattias Karlsson,

as well as the client; Mikael Bengtsson. From these we have gathered their point of view

on the background of the area, as well as their view on the term quality for the dwellers.

Our work has brought us to enact nine different quality aspects, which we consider

creates quality for the dwellers:

• The Non-measurable properties

• The rooms relative connections

• Sufficient and user-friendly property complements

• The property complements connection to the apartment

• Location of the apartment and connections to the environment

• Opportunities of outdoor activities

• Orientation and transportation within the area

• The social unity

• The cost of the apartment and its form of tenure

From the case study, using the analysis template, we can state that Pumpkällehagen is a

very successfully built area where most of our assessment criteria’s and quality aspects

have been fulfilled. That makes the quality for the dwellers as a total very high.

We reach the conclusion that quality for the dwellers is what make you feel comfortable

in your home, and therefore makes you stay.

This thesis is ordered by Peab Sweden AB Regional Jönköping and concerns of warranty inspections.

The intention is to work out a basis, which show the most common complaints is the warranty inspections, and make a small analysis on what causes them to be. The report also presents possible solutions to prevent the occurrence of defects. It also covers the issue of how the client looks at Peabs way to overcome the objections of warranty inspections. The report has the following issues:

•What are the most common errors observed during the warranty inspection?

•What are the causes of complaints?

•What can be done to reduce the number of complaints?

•How the customer thinks that the complaints be addressed?

Twenty-five Guarantee survey records from the projects Peab has done in recent years has been the starting point for the investigation. In the protocols, we have categorized the remarks and made a compilation of common remarks. Through interviews with inspectors, buyers, site managers and Peab's inspection team the results have been analyzed and interpreted.

These survey methods have resulted in various proposals for measures that can reduce the remarks. An example may be to inform professional workers in the building about what the most common remarks are and how to guarantee that these can be prevented.

The compilation is categorized according to the most common complaints, construction types, actors and types of buildings.The compilation of inspection protocols showed that the cracks are the most common complaints. The interviews gave confirmation that the survey compilations of protocols were equivalent to reality.

The conclusion is that the most common complaints are mainly cracks in the wall corners, roof angles and doors that need to be adjusted. These remarks are mainly due to the tight construction times, sloppy and wet materials that are installed. But there are also many other factors contributing to many of the common faults of warranty inspection that cannot be defined as a single cause. Interviews with clients revealed that they are satisfied with the way Peab remedy defects observed at guarantees, while the survey does not disturb the residents/production.

In the dimensioning of a structural element, it is the structural engineer’s responsibilityto choose the type of concrete to be used by the given circumstances. However, theinfluence of external factors like the client or the contractor could affect the decision.But ultimately the decision comes down to the structural engineer. The approach ofstructural engineers in choosing concrete varies across individuals and companies, thereis no standardized method.The purpose of this study is to develop an effective and clear method for structuralengineers in selecting concrete and to discuss its potential impacts. This study is aqualitative case study with an initial survey. Data collection methods used in this studyinclude questionnaires, document analysis and interviews.In this study a flowchart was developed to make the process of selecting concrete clearand effective. The flowchart also includes climate-improved concrete as an optionproviding the structural engineers with the opportunity to propose both conventionalconcrete and climate-improved concrete using the same method.The study finds that the structural engineers use different methods in selecting concretewhich creates ambiguity regarding the correct choice. After applying the flowchart, thestructural engineers found it to be a clear method that was well visualized. Discussionsabout a standardized approach similar to the flowchart in selecting concrete wasdiscussed and its effects were seen as a good approach to increase insurance and clarityin selecting concrete. Additional discussions in the study regarding climate-improvedconcrete indicate a significant lack of knowledge among the structural engineers andthe need for improvement in the upcoming years. 

This report deals with prefabricated bathrooms and the advantage, during the production process, they have compared to ordinary produced bathrooms.

The work is done together with the building company JM. The common task is to investigate if the manufactures, in spite of standardized design can meet the concept of JM, i.e. high flexibility and adjustment towards the customer. In JM they are doubtful to the method, as they did not yet worked with prefabricated modules and think that the choises for the costumer will be limited.

There will be a short resume of the progress of the bathrooms and its importance as sanitary and wellbeing.

The recent problems with damage caused by damp in bathrooms. Have resultade in regulations. These rules, will be briefly reported.

There will also be a short review of some interviews with persons who have experience of prefabricated bathrooms.

Different manufacturing methods will be reviewed and how different modules will be installed in to the houses.

Concerning the economy we have accepted the figures of the manufactures.

Prefabricated building is a method to shorten the production time on the working site. It will be done through manufactoring buildingblocks in factories. The blocks could be simple beams or complete modules. Therer is a great deal of advantages for instance the productions will not be depending of the weather.

The quality will also be more uniform, since each part is produced independent of earlier parts.

We have learned about the planning process, construction and installing and we think that not only JM but also other building companies could have a lot to win in this way of building

The problems we have noticed are:

• Very accurate planning is required from the contractors

• The transporting factors restrict the flexibility and the size of the modules

• The modules take more space than the ordinary way to build

• The modules required depression in the ground beam layer in the area where it should be placed. This will be calculated for during the constructing period.

Litteraturstudier visar att det mellan år 1961 och 1970 byggdes 600 000

flerbostadshus i Sverige, tiden är nu inne för en renovering av dessa byggnaders

våtrumsstammar. De tekniker som konkurrerar om de stora renoveringsarbetena

är den klassiska stambytesrenoveringen, Relining och Prefab-badrum. Huvuddelen

av denna uppsats utgörs av en undersökning av de tre teknikerna men rapporten

beskriver också problem som kan uppstå vid renoveringar av våtrumsstammar och

den ger en allmän redovisning för Sveriges byggnadsbestånd.

Den klassiska stamrenoveringsmetoden, då det gamla badrummet rivs ut och ett

nytt badrum byggs upp utifrån den gamla stommen, är ett omfattande och

tidskrävande projekt. För att minimera bland annat kostnader, byggtid och

byggavfall har man tagit fram nya, mindre tidskrävande tekniker.

Så sent som år 1990 gjordes den första Relining renoveringen i Sverige. Denna är

idag intakt vilket tyder på att livslängden för denna typ av renovering är minst 18

år. Tack vare att rören gjuts får de nya rören varken fogar eller skarvar, vilket

minskar risken för fuktskador. Efter ett stambyte då man använt sig av Relining

kan dock en mindre kunnig konsument tro att badrummet är intakt och kommer

att så vara en lång tid framöver, men eftersom endast ledningarna renoveras, skulle

detta kunna leda till att ett tätskikt kan fortsätta att läcka utan något ingrepp görs.

Prefab-badrummen, vars teknik också är ny, bygger på att ett nytt badrum byggs i

det gamla, vilket minimerar rivningsarbetet. När Rum i Rum AB renoverar

badrummen använder de sig utav en ventilationsspalt för att eventuell framtida

fukt ska kunna ventileras ut genom öppningen vid tröskeln in till badrummet.

Detta är en prisvärd renovering som innefattar ett framtidstänkande, då eventuella

läckor kan upptäckas direkt så några skador inte hinner bildas. Det finns dock en

risk för en ”prefab” känsla ges, det vill säga mindre valmöjligheter när det gäller

utformningen.

Nu när miljonprogrammet kommer att behöva en stamrenovering anser jag att

Prefab-badrummen är det bästa alternativet. De flesta av dessa badrum har

liknande eller till och med samma utformning, vilket skulle gynna den utvecklade

logistiken som finns inom Prefab-badrummen för att då hinna med all renovering

som behövs.

European Union has made a new decision that all new built houses by 2020 shallbe near-zero energy houses. Boverket’s definition of near-zero energy housesintends buildings with good energy performance in which a proportion of theamount of energy that must be added to the building is made of renewable energy.Passive House is a set of requirements from FEBY designed to build energyefficient buildings. This is achieved by reducing loss of heat through the buildingenvelope and to take advantage of the passive heat from solar radiation,installation and heat sources like people living in the house.This project has been made with help of Anebyhus and one of their model houseshave been examined from the report’s issues, including Anebyhus’s energyperformance, requirements for the manufacturing and assembly, how theenvelope must be improved to fulfill the requirements for the Passive House andwhat energy calculation programs are available on the market.The report aims to provide solutions for energy efficient houses that are adaptedfor production of house building.Two visits to Anebyhus has been done to study their manufacture and assemblyof building elements. The Energy calculation programs that have beeninvestigated calculates the specific energy consumption of a building.Anebyhus manage today BBR’s requirement of 55 kWh/m2 and year, but has notbegun designing or building any Passive Houses. They have no specialrequirements for the design of their houses only that it should be possible to buildusing their present manufacturing and assembly process. The dimentions of thebuilding elements is mainly restricted by the ability to transport the items on thetruck to the construction sites.The important part of prefabricated construction is the assembly because it isimportant that the house is built tightly so that no moisture or air leakage gets into or out of the building. This is particularly important in Passive House buildingas the construction making demands higher accuracy.The focus of the report is on the building envelope to Anebyhus’s model house.To manage the stricter requirements that Passive House needs the whole buildingenvelope needs to be replaced with better insulated constructions. Also theheating and ventilation systems must be changed to handle the requirements.Energy calculations were made both by hand and by using the energy calculationprogram TMF. The results show that the Passive House we studied just manageFEBY’s demands for a Passive House, which is 50 kWh/m2 and year when solarpanels are installed on the roof to cover the needs for hot water in the summer.The conclusion is that Anebyhus doesn’t have a particularly long way to go in thePassiv House technique, as the house Sadelvägen, which we studied, basicallyfulfill the requirements for a low-energy house. To meet the requirement withoutthe solar panels, extra insulation would be needed, though the machines atAnebyhus aren’t capable of that today.

Sälen är norra Europas största skidcentrum och är under utveckling för att möta turistbehovet. Skistar AB äger och förvaltar alpindestinationer i Sverige och Norge. I Hundfjället planerar Skistar AB ett nytt turistboende för ca 300 personer för att förstärka området som skidcentrum. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att få kunskaper om hur turistboende i skidorter fungerar och vilka funktioner som eftersträvas. Målet är att utreda styrande faktorer för etablering av turistboende i fjällmiljö. Detta ska avslutas i ett förslag på en Skilodge (hotellanläggning) i Hundfjällets centrum.

Ett planprogram har tagits fram efter möten med Skistar AB för att få fram eftersträvade funktioner och utrymmen. Områdesinventering har gjorts på plats i Hundfjällets centrum där rådande förutsättningar, bebyggelse och omgivning inspekterats.Referenser har studerats i litteratur och via internet, men också på plats i alpincentrum i Sälen. Referensobjekt av större hotellanläggningar, stugor m.m. i fjällmiljö har studerats för att få en uppfattning om hur boende i fjällvärlden ser ut. Lagar och regler för hotellanläggningar har beaktats samt begreppet ”Storslagen Fjällmiljö” då dessa anläggningar ofta ligger i ekologiskt känsliga områden där hänsyn måste beaktas för djur och natur.

Ett förslag har tagits fram efter dessa förutsättningar med hänsyn till byggnadens inverkan på omgivningen och trolltemat i Hundfjället. Förslaget kommer att presenteras för Skistar AB.

Turistboende i fjällmiljö ligger ofta avlägset och påverkar därför funktionerna i boendet med fokus på självhushåll. En tydlig återspegling av naturen återfinns i material av trä och sten.

Purpose: During the planning phase of a construction there are many participants

involved; architects, building contractors, constructors, developers and so on.

Communication problems occur between these participants and may lead to wrong

planning and high costs. Partnering focuses on relationship-building, transparency and

trust, which in theory should reduce the problems for a project. The objective of this

study is to analyse the communication in the planning phase to identify how

communication problems can be prevented in a partnering.

Method: To achieve the objective, literature studies and interviews have been

selected as methods. The interviewees were selected from two partnering projects that

Skanska was involved in.

Findings: Results show that partnering reduces communication problems and create a

greater involvement and commitment of the project planners. However, some problem

still exists such as the use of project portals, choice of communication channels,

coordination and information transfer on a formal and informal level.

To prevent these problems, literature studies and interviewees contributed a few

examples; a detailed meeting agenda, add comments on the blueprints, production

personnel should participate in planning meetings and economic incentives. The

interviewees have felt that partnering has worked well which has produced good

results during the project planning.

Implications: To create an effective planning group and remove the participants own

interest, partnering should be applied. Planners should work with one project at a time

and should be located with each other to benefit the work and communication at

formal and informal level. Planners should work in a project portal that they are

experienced and comfortable with.

Limitations: This thesis will only analyze the planning stage. The two analyzed

partnering projects were under planning stage during the thesis, which made it

impossible to continue the research on the handover phase from planning to

production. The interviewees have been limited to architects, contractors,

constructors, developers, electrical and plumbing planners.

Keywords: Planning stage, communication, partnering, communication problems

Syfte: Att använda byggnadsinformationsmodeller inom byggbranschen har blivit ett allt större tillvägagångssätt för att effektivt projektera inom bland annat konstruktion, arkitektur och installation. Detta tillvägagångssätt har genererat att aktörer inom samma projekt behöver kommunicera mellan varandra angående innehållet av samtligas egna byggnadsinformationsmodeller. Konstruktörer som arbetar med prefabricerad betong får bland annat underlag levererat från arkitekter, installationskonsulter och andra konstruktörer. Studien avsåg att med hjälp av Level of Development förbättra hur projekteringsunderlagen ser ut som levereras till konstruktörer, som arbetar med prefabricerad betong. Studien framlyfter konsekvenserna av underlag som innehåller för lite information för konstruktörers projektering.

Metod: Studien är genomförd med kvalitativ data. Genom en litteraturstudie lades grunden till problembeskrivningen och mer ingående hur man kan arbeta med Level of Development. Studien är baserad på sju stycken kvalitativa semi-strukturerade intervjuer av personer som har projektering inom konstruktion som yrke. Intervjuerna gjordes i samarbete med Structor Värmland AB, som inriktar sig på prefabricerad betong. Med hjälp av dessa kvalitativa intervjuer kunde erhållen data analyseras från studiens tre frågeställningar.

Resultat: Resultatet av studien visar att nödvändig information brister när medkonsulter levererar projekteringsunderlag till konstruktörer. Delvis genom att många medkonsulter inte har implementerat BIM och projekterar i 2D samt att underlagen kan innehålla för lite eller för mycket information. Mindre detaljerade underlag tenderar till fler ändringar i konstruktörers projektering, medan överdetaljerade underlag generar onödigt mycket grafik som konstruktörer inte har användning av. Onödig grafik resulterar att modellerna blir långsammare att arbeta i. Utifrån insamlad data återförs rapporten med rekommendationer för att effektivisera konstruktörers projektering. Rekommendationerna innehåller bland annat att konstruktörer bör skaffa sig utbildning inom begreppen BIM och LOD för att kunna ställa krav på hur tillhandahållna underlag från medprojektörer bör se ut.

Konsekvenser: En standardisering av levererade projekteringsunderlag till konstruktörer bidrar till en mer effektiv projekteringsprocess. Effektiviseringen bidrar till mindre samordning, konflikter i projekteringen samt sparar dyrbar tid. Dock så är Level of Development ett relativt okänt begrepp som har flera olika tolkningar. För att göra projekteringsprocessen mer effektiv behöver konstruktörer ta del av mer information gällande BIM och Level of Development.

Begränsningar: Rapporten begränsas till projektering med inriktning på prefabricerade betongkonstruktioner. Studien samlar inte in data från medkonsulter, beställare, entreprenörer som arbetar med konstruktörer.

Purpose: Environmental certifications strengthens a contractors environmental profileand means sustainability in regards to the environment. It is of interest to establishwhich obstacles and differences in workflow that environmental certifications cancause and thereby imply challenges in construction. The purpose with this paper is toexamine what impact the environmental certification Miljöbyggnad Silver has on acontractors work in the construction stage with focus on structure and frameworksupplement.

Method: To reach the purpose of this paper empirical data have been collected throughinterviews, private documents, and observations of building construction. This researchemploys a qualitative method to get a comprehensive understanding of Miljöbyggnadin construction, where respondents with different occupations and extents of experiencewith Miljöbyggnad have been chosen for interviews.

Findings: This research shows that the indicators in Miljöbyggnad that mainly have animpact on construction is Moisture safety, Documentation of building material andPhasing-out of harmful substances. The research shows that the biggest differencebetween conventional construction and construction with Miljöbyggnad is the amountof documentation that is needed. Construction with Miljöbyggnad also differsdepending on what occupation one has.

Implications: The conclusion of this research is that there are no great obstacles withMiljöbyggnad Silver in construction. Indicators from Miljöbyggnad impactsconstruction with additional obligations for site management and does not implicate adifference in already established ones. Recommendations following this research is toinvolve and encourage Miljöbyggnad for everyone involved in construction.

Limitations: This research is limited to big contractors and the environmentalcertification Miljöbyggnad Silver where focus have been structure and frameworksupplement. Through analyses of indicators and interviews the authors have concludedthat it is structure and framework supplement where impact following Miljöbyggnadexists. The result of this research and its conclusions are considered to apply with othercontractors with similar routines and work flow.

Purpose: Material wastage is a widespread problem in the building sector that affects both the economic and environmental aspects negative. Further research within industrial small house manufacturing is required to develop an information system and investigate the amount of discarded material. Several small house companies use external building contractors which makes it difficult to reduce the amount of waste because the contractors are not economically affected by the amount of material left over. In the case studied there are no guidelines on how the amount of material waste should be fed back and how the small house manufacture should use that kind of experience feedback. There has to be an improved communication between the parties in order to systematically document where the material waste occur and what it depends on.The aim of the essay is to give concrete suggestions on how the experience feedback can be formed between small house companies and building contractors, and how the small house company can adjust their operation method in order to contribute to a reduced amount of material waste.

Method: The paper is a qualitative study with litterateur, observation and interview study as applied examinations methods. The observation investigated the company’s working methods. In the literature study, scientific articles within waste, knowledge management and Building Information Modelling (BIM), where studied. These theories where later compared with the interviews, which were designed with a low degree of structuring and higher degree of standardization.

Findings: The study presents that poor quality of the material is the most common experienced sources of material waste. Concrete suggestions on how the experience feedback between small house manufacturer and building contractors can be formed is presented, where photo documentation and weighing of the material are two of the alternatives. That information can in a later stage be used to optimize the company’s additional percentage on the material used to prevent the material from running out of the construction site.

Implications: The paper results there is a developed system for how deviations for missing material is managed and that there also is a need to introduce it for residual material. Inadequate quality of the material is identified as the largest source of material waste, even calculation errors from quantity take-off are common because it is carried out manually. The additional percentage on material orders is not based on documentation and has potential to be optimized. One way to reduce the amount of material waste is to introduce a wider use of BIM in order to make clash control and quantity take-off.

Limitations: The thesis is a case study, but the results can be applied in other small house companies with a similar working procedure. The study is delimited from organizational structures with internal builders, which means that the generalization of the results is decreased. The work is also limited from which incentives that is required to motivate the building contractors to use the suggested methods to return the information.

Keywords: Waste, Construction, Knowledge Management, Quantity take-off and BIM.

Industrialized house-building (IHB) is a sector offering unique products by adopting an engineer-to-order (ETO) strategy. Customer satisfaction is achieved by adaptation of product solutions and the fast-paced introduction of new technology in combination with short lead-times and cost-efficient production. Product platforms is acknowledged as a strategic enabler for mass customization and increased competitiveness. The strategy has been a necessity in the mechanical industry for several decades. However, for IHB, platforms have only gained interest in recent years. In general, ETO companies struggle with adopting the common product platform approach, set by pre-defined modules and components. Predefinitions require standardization of the product offer which reduces the customization ability which is regarded as a competitive edge. The Design Platform (DP) approach was developed aimed to support ETO companies by utilizing different types of engineering assets in a coherent transdisciplinary model enabling efficient customization. The long-term aim of this work is to investigate and support the DP applicability in IHB to increase efficiency in development and delivery. For this article, data were gathered from a single case study, including workshops with company representatives combined with interviews and document analysis. Based on the data analysis, engineering assets were identified and characterized. Further, a conceptual PLM solution is proposed and outlined to support the DP application combined with the assets. The results suggest that a PLM system can host parts of the DP and that it is applicable in IHB.