The AEC (Architecture, Engineering, and Construction) industry has been undergoing a significant digitaliza-tion process in the last years. This transformation implies new challenges and adaptation concerning the ex-change of data between different software applications. Therefore, in response to this problem the benefits of IFC as a solution for the exchange of data have been investigated. However, the current versions of IFC cannot achieve semantic clarity in mapping entities and relationships. Therefore, there have been several attempts to develop solutions and optimizing methods to improve the exchange of information of product data. This paper aims to identify and investigate the challenges of using product data templates (PDT) for exchange of infor-mation and different PDT has been evaluated and compared. The necessary data was collected through literature review and document analysis. Five challenges and five initiatives were identified during the literature review. The five initiatives are Semantic web and linked data, CoClass, Buildingsmart, COBie and Cobuilder. The result showed how these initiatives could solve the identified challenges. 

Data exchange is a vital aspect of the construction industry, which means there is need for a consistent platform to manage documents that can be relied on. An important digital information management system in the Architectural, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector is Building Information Modeling (BIM). However, problems exist regarding secure and compatible systems for data sharing. The study explores why adaptable and tailored security measures are needed to suit project specifications. Through this examination of centralized versus decentralized Common Data Environments (CDEs), it emerges that open BIM systems are impractical when compared to closed ones. The findings highlight the crucial role that standardization and customization play towards efficient, safe and flexible BIM implementations. It also recommends further research for future studies as well as emphasizes transparency in implementing CDE-based security protocols.

Planners in Norrköping municipality today facing a challenge to meet Norrköping'sneeds in the housing market, while at the same time achieving demand for public places and areas such as parks, squares and nature areas. When existing areas within the city's borders are built, so-called densification takes place in the city, whichcan have both positive and negative consequences. The aim of this study is to investigatehow the densification has affected Norrköping's inner city from a social and ecologicalperspective with a focus on free space, and present proposals for measures forbetter management of the densification in central Norrköping.

This study has mainly been carried out using a qualitative research method.A qualitative study is based on soft data such as interviews, document analysis and literature studies. The interviews have been conducted with respondents from Norrköpings municipality and the document analysis consists of steering documents obtained from Norrköpings municipality and Pontarius AB. Some data is obtained from documents and studies where results are presented in the form of tables, diagrams, figures and GIS analysis, which means that quantitative methods are also applied.

To perform a safer densification, it is important that the municipality establishes safe guidelines and steering documents to relate to. These control documents should be used as a framework for efficient exploitation and ensure that the city's freeareas are developed from a sustainable perspective and that a good quality is includedin the development.

It is advantageous that the development of the densification takes placeaccording to guidelines and documentation prepared by the municipality. To ensure maximum efficiency in exploitation, these guidelines should be followed at an early stage. It is also important that there is a balance of free space size and their quality. Too small a surface leads to a higher load and larger surfaces can be perceived as superfluousand a feeling of unsecure. It is recommended to study how the densification developsin connection with the infrastructure and how it will affect free and green areas in the long run.

This study is limited to only the inner city of Norrköping. The study also delimits economic and political factors that can influence the planning of the densification and the development of the city’s infrastructure and public transport.

Syfte: Platsbyggd byggnadsproduktion är en komplicerad process. En tillfällig fabrik, med nya materialupplag och nytt arbetsplatsområde upprättas vid varje enskilt projekt, vilket komplicerar processen ytterligare. Materialhanteringen utgör en stor besparingsmöjlighet i byggnadsprojekt och 40 % av tiden som förloras på en byggarbetsplats kan tillskrivas materialhantering. För att få bukt med slöseri kopplat till materialhantering krävs en väl bearbetad logistikplanering, fungerande kommunikation samt kunskapsbeaktning från tidigare genomförda projekt. Studiens mål är därför att identifiera förbättringsåtgärder gällande användning av materialrutor och gångstråk, samt skapa en kommunikationsmodell för arbetsplatsdispositionsplanen (APD-planen) som stödjer erfarenhetsåterföring.

Metod: Studien har utfört fallstudier på två projekt inom NCC:s organisation. Kvalitativ datainsamling i form av litteraturstudie, intervjuer, dokumentanalys och observation har använts. Semistrukturerade intervjuer har utförts och innefattar sju respondenter med olika befattningar inom byggbranschen.

Resultat: Studien har tagit fram faktorer som bör beaktas vid planeringen av materialrutor och gångstråk. Vidare visar resultatet att det krävs resurser och strukturerade processer för att erfarenhetsåterföring i byggnadsprojekt skall fungera. För att lyckas med användningen av materialrutor och gångstråk krävs god kommunikation av APD-planen. I studien har även en kommunikationsmodell av APDplanen som stödjer erfarenhetsåterföring tagits fram.

Konsekvenser: Det är under inköps- och leveransplaneringen som förutsättningarna för materialrutor och gångstråk sätts, därför bör APD-planen vara mer i fokus under detta skede. En förutsättning för att användningen av materialrutor och gångstråk skall fungera är att det finns resurser som stödjer platsledningen vid planering och utförandet. Genom att använda sig av logistikresurser inom organisationen underlättas planering och hantering av material på byggarbetsplatsen och insamlade erfarenheter kan förmedlas mellan projekt. Ute i produktionen bör det finnas en ansvarig godsmottagare som är extra insatt i APD-planen och materialrutor, genom kontinuerlig kommunikation med platsledning och logistikresurs.

Begränsningar: Eftersom arbetet endast omfattar studie av två byggnadsprojekt finns det en begränsning i vilka faktorer och resonemang som lyfts fram. Även om resultatet grundas från två byggnadsprojekt är de grundläggande processerna och händelseförloppen vid uppförande av byggnader likartade och resultatet kan därför tillämpas på liknande byggnadsprojekt.

Purpose:The purpose of this study is to approach a solution to reduce housing shortage, by using inspiration from an industrialized building concept, which can lead to the opportunity for underprivileged people to get a livable housing. The aim is to study how knowledge from industrialized building could be used for a more efficient way of building in developing countries similar to Colombia.

Method:Utilizing literature studies for achieving abutment to published research also giving the authors an observant mind. With this knowledge, participatory observations were made as action research to explore the prevailing procedure when establishing a house. Operating analyzes, interviews were held in Leticia for understanding observed decisions. To be able to critically analyze the results from the interviews and observations, collected data were compared with knowledge based on the authors’ reference frames.

Findings:Keystones identified as the overall concept are applicable on establishments in the western world, since the concept is designed after similar conditions. Capital is required designing a building system as well as establishing a factory for prefabrication of elements, conditions limited in developing countries. Climate conditions and prevailing corruption prevents implementation of the concept. Identified weaknesses during the observations, noted repetition of unnecessary and non-value adding activities. One conclusion is not to implement the entire industrial building system, only practice the mindset. Initially keystones are implemented such as planning, exchange of information and reflection of performed projects, in order to improve upcoming projects. These keystones require no direct capital, merely a mindset that should be implemented.

Implications:The outcome of this study is to enlighten the subject, since obvious weaknesses were noticed, with capacity for development. Further research is realistic because, in a long term it will help solving the housing situation. For example, using this result as underlay for education like creating more efficient building, enlightening planning for reducing unnecessary non value-adding activities. As a conclusion of the study, identified weaknesses during the establishment affects the efficiency, creating unnecessary costs. A developing country should focus upon emphasizing reduction of costs, since their economic status is already declining.

Limitations: The observations during the case study have been concentrating on one small-scaled project in Leticia, Colombia. No further observations have been made but complements such as literature studies and interviews. Due to lack of time and language barrier, the amount of collected empirical data was too limited to provide durable conclusions for question formulations. Since only observations were performed on one establishment, a general result cannot be submitted.

Syfte: Ett problem som konstaterats är att rekrytera och behålla skyddsombud inom byggbranschen. Bristen på frivilliga och engagerade skyddsombud kan bidra till lägre säkerhet på byggarbetsplatser. Syftet är att undersöka hur skyddsombuden upplever sin arbetssituation i dagsläget, samt att utreda vad som kan förändras för att situationen ska bli bättre. 

Målet med examensarbetet är att ta reda på vad som kan förändras för att fler ska vilja vara skyddsombud. Detta undersöks genom huvudfrågeställningen: Varför vill inte fler vara skyddsombud? Huvudfrågan bryts ned och besvaras genom två delfrågeställningar:

• Vilka nackdelar finns i rollen som skyddsombud? 
• Vad behöver förändras för att situationen ska bli bättre? 

Metod: För att nå målet genomförs en fallstudie. Fallet är Skanska Hus region väst och begränsas till yrkesgruppen skyddsombud. Intervjuer och enkäter används som undersökningsmetoder, vilka utformas kvalitativt. Intervjuer genomförs med huvudskyddsombud. Huvudskyddsombuden har en bred bild av situationen då de har kontakt med samtliga arbetsplatser inom sitt distrikt. Enkäter skickas ut till alla lokala skyddsombud i regionen, detta för att få en bred svarsfrekvens.

Resultat: En stor anledning till de nuvarande skyddsombudens bristande engagemang är att de inte får gehör, vilket gör att de känner sig ensamma. Det finns inte acceptans för att säkerhetsarbete tar tid och skyddsombuden får dåligt samvete när de tvingas lämna sin arbetskollega för detta. 

För att förbättra situationen måste skyddsombuden få mer gehör. Säkerhetsförståelse och acceptans för säkerhetsarbete måste ökas bland alla på arbetsplatsen. Skyddsombuden behöver känna att de kan och tillåts påverka projektet.

Konsekvenser: För att lösa problemet måste situationen för de som är skyddsombud förbättras. Om de nuvarande skyddsombuden är nöjda så kommer de sprida en positiv bild vidare till sina medarbetare, de potentiella nya skyddsombuden. Skyddsombudens situation kan förbättras genom följande punkter: 

• Skyddsombuden måste få mer gehör från övriga på arbetsplatsen.
• Skyddsombuden ska med fördel ligga utanför projektets tidplan.
• Skyddsombuden bör involveras i ett tidigare skede av projektet.

Begränsningar: Examensarbetet har avgränsats till att enbart undersöka skyddsombudets roll utifrån deras eget perspektiv. Med tanke på arbetets omfattning har övriga rollers uppfattning om skyddsombuden utelämnats från undersökningen. Undersökningen har inte heller fokuserat på att undersöka hur förbättringar kan genomföras.

Purpose: Today's society is constantly moving towards a more conscious and committed attitude about working increasingly sustainable. To ensure that the construction industry with both major environmental and societal impact is involved, there are standardized legal requirements and environmental certifications that need to be met by the construction companies. The purpose of the study is therefore to investigate factors for how medium-sized construction companies can best implement sustainability work. The aim of this qualitative study is to focus on ecological and economic sustainability as well as how construction companies can implement increased sustainability work in their daily work. The study was conducted at a medium-sized construction company in the Jönköping area.

Method: The methods used in this study are proven methods such as literature study, interview study and document observations for data collection. The literature study is used as a bedrock for the interview study and document observation since the early literature study is used as a preliminary study in the subject. Interviews and document analysis are applied to provide information where there is lack of knowledge.

Results: After the methods have been applied, it is evident that the sustainability work is only applied according to legal requirements when no higher demands are made by the client or the company. The construction company have abstract goals that are difficult to interpret by the recipient, the employee. It is also shown that the knowledge among employees is low and the perceived amount of training in sustainability in the company is low. The case company has no designated "sustainability officer", questions and suggestions can be emailed to an email address, but there is no clear procedure for how these suggestions should be dealt with.

Consequences: The sustainability work has been passive; the present state is based on the absence of sustainability requirements from the permanent organization. The need of more clear goals and concrete descriptions of how to meet the goals are also needed. There are also no requirements from the permanent project organization. There are rarely requirements from the client, which means that the sustainability work is often only applied to the extent of time and with the site manager's own set requirements and goals. The knowledge about sustainability is thin among the employees concerned, which has meant that own decisions regarding sustainable choices could not be made and possibly affected the commitment to the construction company. Employees felt that it needed fewer choices, clear routines and requirements regarding sustainability work.

Limitations: The study focuses on ecological and economic sustainability; social sustainability has been excluded as it affects people's conditions in society. In this study, ecological sustainability will not be specified, the study will research commitment and important parameters to successfully sustainability work. The exact direction that the company should take, or has taken, will not be determined in this study. 

Organizational culture is connected to people's capacity to organize themselves internally and adapt to the outside environment. Contracting companies were asked to complete a questionnaire based on organizational culture characteristics. This study intends to make a substantial theoretical contribution by demonstrating a broader perspective on exposing the essential cultural features using a quantitative approach with the fewest possible questions. Exploratory factor analysis and Principal Component Analysis were used to identify the most critical variables and extract a more manageable number of components from multiple related variables. Twenty-eight variables were reduced to thirteen to eliminate statistical cross-loading. Furthermore, the organizational culture was simplified from eight to three dimensions. Thirteen factors were created based on cultural habits in the construction sector, with three inclusive dimensions: multiple motivational, one–bipolar, and many bipolar. This study provides a more succinct survey that quantifies cultural habits and their influence on sectoral performance.

In spring 2023, two engineering students from Jönköping University collaborated with GBJ Bygg Jönköping to investigate the impact of moisture on cross-laminated timber (CLT) and its drying process. The study aimed to identify potential issues, damages, and propose mitigation methods. Through measurements and investigations, this study generated in-depth knowledge of moisture effects on CLT, ensuring proper material handling to avoid long-term negative consequences.The methodology involved quantitative investigations to obtain credible results. Experiments simulated the application of wet macadam on a CLT floor slab in a natural environment to measure time to reach an acceptable moisture content. Collaboration with GBJ Bygg provided access to information, materials, and simulation facilities. Two tests were conducted: immediate construction after placing washed macadam and a 9-day drying period before reconstruction. Results showed that direct macadam application led to high timber moisture content, while drying according to industry recommendations resulted in low moisture content without negative consequences. The drying process varied depending on reconstruction timing, and methods like extending macadam drying time were proposed to reduce damages and shorten the drying period.The discussion of results demonstrated data relevance with limited room for misinterpretation. However, the study's time frame limited complete results, and the lack of prior research on timber drying affected connections to previous studies. The clearest answer came from the 9-day drying test, showing a decrease in moisture content. Some measured values deviated, possibly due to measurement errors. Facility climate and construction execution posed potential error sources. Despite limitations, the experiment effectively addressed the study's purpose and research questions.

Recently, there has been a notable rise in the use of colored lighting for both indoor andoutdoor spaces. This trend necessitates a clear understanding of the principles behindselecting lighting levels that are both ergonomic and energy efficient. The objective ofthis study was to establish guidelines for planning colored light. An experiment wasconducted where the perceived brightness of three different near-monochromatic lightswere compared to white light. The stimuli covered a narrow visual field. 33 personsaged 18-40Y participated. Through the measurement of the participants' perception ofthe amount of colored light required -to achieve the same level of brightness as withwhite light- the study was able to determine a percentage-based relationship betweencolored and white light. The result showed that there were clear differences in theperceived brightness of the different colored lights, in line with earlier research withsimilar conditions. This implicates that the results may be used as a foundation whenplanning colored light.

The interest in the implementation of distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) is on the rise in the construction sector. One specific type of DLT that has recently attracted much attention is blockchain. Blockchain has been mostly discussed conceptually for construction to date. This study presents some empirical discussions on supply chain management (SCM) applications of blockchain for construction by collecting feedback for three blockchain-based models: project bank accounts (PBAs) for payments, reverse auction–based tendering for bidding, and asset tokenization for project financing. The feedback was collected from three focus groups and a workshop. The working prototypes for the models were developed on Ethereum. The implementation of blockchain in payment arrangements was found to be simpler than in tendering and project tokenization workflows. However, the blockchain integration of those workflows may have large-scale impacts on the sector in the future. A broad set of general and model-specific benefits/opportunities and requirements/challenges was also identified for blockchain in construction. Some of these include streamlined, transparent transactions and rational trust building, and the need for challenging the sector culture, upscaling the legacy information technology (IT) systems, and compliance with the regulatory structures.

BIM is defined as promising development concerning the way buildings are designed and constructed. However, since it may be a bit misleading to emphasize the BIM implementation, the focus should rather be concerning the implementation of different BIM tools. Consequently, it is essential to further study the technology and its interaction with user organization. Objective: The purpose of this work is to investigate the interaction between the technology and user in order to identify the adaptation of technology and organization for technology development and changed routines in the user organization. Method(s): A case study has been adopted on an ongoing project in order to increase the understanding of the existing technology. Moreover, this is done through eleven semi structured interviews with respondents from one of the large sized contractors in Sweden as well as a technology developer company within the production phase. The data from the interviews was coded and thematically analyzed. Results: The result indicates that the developers' assumptions do not fulfill the user's needs and rather independent adaptation must be accomplished. Conclusions: From the conducted interviews in the case study, the conclusion follows that a need for improvement potential from the technology is required in order to further streamline the work process and achieve full potential. 

Introduction. A variety of approaches exist to achieve better construction safety performance, but only a few consider a combination of building information modeling (BIM) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).

Method. This article presents a four-dimensional (4D) BIM/UAV-enabled safety management model based on IDEF0 language. In the first step, potential hazards are identified with the help of safety specialists’ experiences and BIM software used in the design of the structure. Then, a UAV monitors the location of the potential hazards. The third step involves the integration of the 4D BIM-based model and the information obtained from the UAV. Finally, the combined data are analyzed and interpreted, and site safety staff are notified about measures to be put in place to prevent accidents.

Results. This model shows a strong relationship between the design and construction phases by using BIM in the design phase and UAVs in the construction phase. The proposed safety model was evaluated by construction safety specialists in a two-pronged approach.

Conclusion. The number of fatal, non-fatal and property damage-causing accidents may be significantly lower when the proposed system was used.

Practical application. This model allows safety specialists to identify hazards and develop suitable mitigation strategies. 

Sustainability has recently received an increased level of attention across all sectors over the world, the construction industry is no exception. This industry is one of the most complex and dynamic sectors. Consequently, promotion of sustainability within the construction industry is a leadership challenge that requires a unique leadership style. Existing literature has been focusing on leadership and sustainability that have been investigated separately with little rigorous research regarding the linkage between these two concepts in the management research. It has been noticed that all these studies were within national and specific contexts. The promotion of sustainability varies from one country to another due to the fact that each country has its own climatic conditions, cultural patterns, and traditional settlements. The present study investigates how leadership styles of leaders in construction firms shape the promotion of sustainability in two different contexts. A multiple case study was applied, and data was collected through conducting interviews with twenty managers charged with the promotion of sustainability in Sweden and Saudi Arabia to fulfil the research purpose by adopting a qualitative research approach. The MLQ model was used to identify the participants’ leadership styles. Furthermore, the United Nations Global Compact framework was used to segment the cases in terms of the promotion of sustainability. The study concludes that two of the identified leadership styles do not work similarly in Sweden and Saudi Arabia. Transformational leadership styles shaped the promotion of sustainability at a high level in Sweden, but at a low level in Saudi Arabia. Additionally, transactional leadership shaped the promotion of sustainability at a high level in Saudi Arabia, but at a low level in Sweden. While the passive leadership style shaped the promotion of sustainability at a low level in both countries. Managers can use these findings to promote sustainability practices and shape their styles of leadership taking into account contexts that differ from one country to another. 

Abstract

Introduction: This thesis focuses on the housing situation and sustainability in Manila, the capital of the Philippines. According to a report by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, approximately 25% of Manila's population resides in substandard living conditions and informal settlements. The thesis is based on a case study conducted on the Estero De San Miguel pilot project, where a Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) study was carried out on the housing project. The findings revealed that relocating people from slums to the housing project and providing them with a home led to an improvement in the quality of life and sustainability in the project area. The aim of the study was to conduct a POE and assess the quality of life and identify areas for improvement in future low-budget projects.

Method: The research methods are based on a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. Interviews were conducted with architects and other key individuals involved in the project. Surveys were administered to residents, and personal observations were made regarding the quality of life. Plan analysis and area analysis were also conducted.

Results: The case study resulted in answers obtained through surveys administered to the residents in the area and interviews with key personnel involved in the project, providing responses to the research questions.

Analysis: The Estero De San Miguel Pilot Project (EDSM) has made a significant impact on improving the quality of life and sustainability within the project area. Previously, informal settlements were typically reconstructed outside the city center, resulting in limited access to employment, education, and social services. The residents lived in poverty within these informal settlements, with their needs neglected by both society and the government. Since relocating to the EDSM housing project, 72% of the residents have experienced notable improvements in their lives. This project has provided them with an opportunity to enhance their quality of life and foster a stronger, more supportive community.

Discussion: The method, with its specific limitations, in this case study yields results that align with the study's purpose and thereby addresses the research question of the thesis. There is a strong correlation between the findings and the theoretical framework.

The pressing concern of climate change and the imperative to mitigate CO2 emissions have significantly influenced the selection of outdoor plant species. Consequently, evaluating CO2's environmental effects on plants has become integral to the decision-making process. Notably, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from buildings is significant in tackling the consequences of climate change and addressing energy deficiencies. This article presents a novel approach by introducing plant panels as an integral component in future building designs, epitomizing the next generation of sustainable structures and offering a new and sustainable building solution. The integration of environmentally friendly building materials enhances buildings' indoor environments. Consequently, it becomes crucial to analyze manufacturing processes in order to reduce energy consumption, minimize waste generation, and incorporate green technologies. In this context, experimentation was conducted on six distinct plant species, revealing that the energy-saving potential of different plant types on buildings varies significantly. This finding contributes to the economy's improvement and fosters enhanced health-related and environmental responsibility. The proposed plant panels harmonize various building components and embody a strategic approach to promote health and well-being through bio-innovation. Furthermore, this innovative solution seeks to provide a sustainable alternative by addressing the challenges of unsustainable practices, outdated standards, limited implementation of new technologies, and excessive administrative barriers in the construction industry. The obtained outcomes will provide stakeholders within the building sector with pertinent data concerning performance and durability. Furthermore, these results will enable producers to acquire essential information, facilitating product improvement.

Vernacular building materials and models represent the construction methods and building materials used in a healthy manner. Local building materials such as gravel, sand, stone, and clay are used in their natural state or with minor processing and cleaning to mainly satisfy local household needs (production of concrete, mortar, ballast, silicate, and clay bricks and other products). In hot climates, the concept of natural building materials was used in a form that can currently be applied in different kinds of buildings. This concept depends on the proper consideration of the climate characteristics of the construction area. A material passport is a qualitative and quantitative documentation of the material composition of a building, displaying materials embedded in buildings as well as showing their recycling potential and environmental impact. This study will consider two usages of building materials. The first is the traditional use of building materials and their importance in the application of vernacular building strategies as an essential global bioclimatic method in sustainable architecture. The second is the affordable use of new building materials for their availability and utilization by a large part of society in a way to add more detail to research. The article aims to create an objective reading and analysis regarding specific building materials in order to generate a competent solution of materials that is suitable for building requirements in hot climates. This study evaluates the most suitable Building Material Passports needed in hot climates, where the environmental profile must be analyzed to confirm the use of natural materials. 

In this study, we critically examine the potential of recycled construction materials, focusing on how these materials can significantly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy usage in the construction sector. By adopting an integrated approach that combines Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Material Flow Analysis (MFA) within the circular economy framework, we thoroughly examine the lifecycle environmental performance of these materials. Our findings reveal a promising future where incorporating recycled materials in construction can significantly lower GHG emissions and conserve energy. This underscores their crucial role in advancing sustainable construction practices. Moreover, our study emphasizes the need for robust regulatory frameworks and technological innovations to enhance the adoption of environmentally responsible practices. We encourage policymakers, industry stakeholders, and the academic community to collaborate and promote the adoption of a circular economy strategy in the building sector. Our research contributes to the ongoing discussion on sustainable construction, offering evidence-based insights that can inform future policies and initiatives to improve environmental stewardship in the construction industry. This study aligns with the European Union’s objectives of achieving climate-neutral cities by 2030 and the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals outlined for completion by 2030. Overall, this paper contributes to the ongoing dialogue on sustainable construction, providing a fact-driven basis for future policy and initiatives to enhance environmental stewardship in the industry. 

Syfte: Byggindustrin genererar över 100 miljoner ton avfall per år. Fokus vid miljöarbete ligger ofta på materialval, energianvändning, inomhusmiljö, transporter och avfall. Med hjälp av certifieringssystem kan byggnader klassificeras och för att uppnå certifieringarna finns vissa krav. Det finns dock inga krav när det gäller kassering av oanvänt byggmaterial. 13 procent av avfallet är så kallat oanvänt material. Med oanvänt material menas material och produkter som beställs till ett byggprojekt men inte nyttjas under byggnationen utan hamnar i containern. Målet med arbetet är därför att undersöka hur kasseringen kan minska av oanvänt material på stora byggföretag i Sverige.

Metod: Arbetet genomfördes som en kvalitativ studie där metoderna litteraturstudie, dokumentanalys och intervjuer har använts. Litteraturstudien kartlade dagens forskningsfront. Dokumentanalysen och intervjuerna gav information om företagets miljömål, etiska regler och arbetssätt.

Resultat: Arbetet visar att oanvänt material förekommer p.g.a. bristfällig mängdning till följd av tidsbrist och oro över att få stillestånd. Det förekommer även då hanteringen av materialet på arbetsplatser leder till skador som gör att det kasseras. Materialet kasseras för att följa företagets etiska regler men motstrider de uppsatta miljömålen. Samtliga intervjurespondenter var eniga om att en förändring behövs för att få ett mer hållbart byggande. Resultatet visar att företaget har ett framarbetat arbetssätt, samlastning, som skulle kunna användas i större utsträckning för att minska kasseringen av oanvänt material på fler arbetsplatser. Det framkom även att oanvänt material kan tillvaratas på ett bättre sätt genom mer kommunikation mellan projekten för att möjliggöra nyttjandet av det överblivna materialet på ett annat projekt. Problematiken med hanteringssättet är variationen av entreprenadform på projekten då det inte alltid är företaget som äger materialet. En säljportal har tidigare diskuterats i företaget men där är platsbrist och resursåtgång problematiskt. Material förblir oanvänt p.g.a skador orsakade av väder men platsbrist på projekten orsakar att extra väderskydd inte är en genomförbar lösning.

Konsekvenser: För att minska uppkomsten av oanvänt material kan BIM, Lean, prefabricering och samlastning användas. För att nyttja material som blir oanvänt kan bättre kommunikation mellan projekten gynna material kasseringen.

Begränsningar: Arbetet har avgränsat genom att endast teoretiskt undersöka hur kasseringen av material kan minska. Inga mätningar har genomförts. Varken tid ekonomiska aspekter har undersökts. Arbetet anser inte material som spill, förbrukningsmaterial eller material som vid rivning är användbart utan enbart oanvänt material vid nybyggnation. Resultatet är brukbart för större företag eftersom mindre företag inte har samma problematik.

Nyckelord: Avfall och energiutsläpp minskning, Building Information Modeling, BIM, etiska regler, hållbarhet, kassering, Lean Construction, materialavfall, materialhantering,  miljö, miljömål, oanvänt byggmaterial, samlastning.

Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur maskinhantering ser ut på små ochmedelstora byggföretag i Småland samt vilka konsekvenserna som uppkommer vid enbristfällig maskinhantering. Vidare undersöka vilka åtgärder som kan göras med hjälpav digitala verktyg och Lean Construction Management för att skapa en välfungerande maskinhantering på arbetsplatsen.

Metod: Studien är en kvalitativ undersökning där insamling av primärdata kommerske genom semistrukturerade intervjuer på tre olika byggföretag i Småland som ärverksamma inom samma geografiska område och utövar liknande byggprojekt. Detkommer att intervjuas fyra personer från respektive företag, två personer frånplatsledningen samt två yrkesarbetarna.Utöver detta kommer insamling av sekundärdata ifrån tidigare studier att göras.Litteraturinsamling ska ta upp åtgärder som kan göras för att minimera konsekvensermed hjälp av digitala verktyg samt Lean Construction Management. Även ta uppstudier som pekar på att en dålig maskinhantering ger konsekvenser. 

Resultat: Alla intervjuade har haft liknande uppfattningar om maskinhanteringen,några tycker att maskinhantering har fungerat bra medan andra har haft småproblematt maskiner och verktyg försvinner. Sammanslaget letande efter maskiner harpendlat, det påvisas att varje arbetare letar mellan 5-30 minuter daglig för maskiner.Detta pendlar beroende på stress på arbetsplatsen, skede av byggnation, storlek påprojekten, kommunikation mellan parter och det personliga ansvaret att hålla ordningoch reda. 6 av 12 respondenterna anser att ett automatiskt system för inventering inteskulle vara värt investeringen då respondenterna är osäkra hur en implementeringskulle fungera då tilliten på att alla ska använda det inte finns. Resterande 6respondenter anser att ett automatiskt system skulle vara lämpligt på störrebyggnationer. Två av tre företag har försökt implementera ett system för inventeringmen de har inte fungerat då respondenterna anser att programmet inte är smidig nogvilket har resulterat i att alla har slutat nyttja det.

Konsekvenser:Personliga ansvaret hos arbetstagarna är viktigt, påminn varandra hur viktigt det så attkostnader inte flyger iväg. Finns det ett system för inventering bör det användasistället för att kosta pengar. Viktigt att identifiera slöserier gällandemaskinhanteringen. Byt inte arbetsmoment innan färdigställande, byte avarbetsmoment är krångligt och skapar problem gällande maskinhanteringen.Digitala system har potential att återfå kontroll över en bristfällig maskinhantering.Viktigt att identifiera logistiken i ett tidigt skede. Vid större byggnationer kanimplementering av digitala verktyg vara lämplig.

Begränsningar: Större maskiner som används på byggarbetsplatser kommer intebehandlas av rapporten utan huvudsyftet är handmaskiner. Rapporten behandlar inteprojekt under 2500 timmar, detta för att ge ske en tydlig skiljelinje mellan små ochstora projekt. Utöver detta kommer byggprojekt vilket inte har en upprättad etableringinte behandlas. Små och medelstora studeras enbart

Introduction - The construction industry has its focus on six areas that manage whathappens in the construction area. These areas are related to the construction of newbuildings and the processes that affect buildings. The goal of the study is to find outhow the use of logistics on a smaller construction site affects transport, material, andinventory management. To later see its impact on production.

Method - The study has been conducted as a real-time case study. The studied projectwas in production at the time of investigation. This meant that the company could nothide its shortcomings and the authors increased their chances of discoveringimprovements. In the case study, triangulation between interviews, observations andliterature study was used to answer the questions.

Results – The company had a clear plan and planned the construction logistics dailybased on various deliveries and delays and they covered materials if needed. In theinterviews, the location manager mentions the importance of efficient planning andstorage locations, while the sustainability manager emphasizes the concept of "just intime" and the awareness of logistics problems. The project manager focused onavoiding the non-value-added activities and pointed out the importance of carefulplanning and structure to improve efficiency, profitability, and safety.

Analyze – Through careful pre-planning and "just in time" deliveries, the companystrives for effective project plans and cost efficiency. By fixing security measures,securing permits in densely built-up areas, and introducing traffic control measures,they strive to improve safety, profitability, and efficiency.

Discussion – The study consists of observations, interviews, and literature study. In thediscussion, weaknesses and strengths are discussed with observations and interviews.Discussion is linked back with the theoretical framework, the goal, the questions, andthe delimitations. 

Sammanfattning

Syfte: Klimatförändringar har fått allt större fokus tillsammans med de drastiska åtgärder som krävs för att minska människans påverkan på klimatet. Flera aktörer inom bygg- och anläggningssektorn, både stora och små har skrivit under att jobba med utsläppsminskning av växthusgaser och nå 50% minskning fram till år 2030. Men hur detta skall gå till och vad för åtgärder som behöver genomföras är inte lika tydligt.

Målet är att ta fram förslag på åtgärder för att hjälpa beställare och entreprenörer i deras miljöarbete.

Metod: Rapporten har genomförts som en kvalitativ studie där fem stycken intervjuer har genomförts med fyra beställare och en entreprenör. Utöver detta har både litteraturstudie och en dokumentanalys tillämpats för att validera resultatet och slutsatsen.

Resultat: Rapporten kommer fram till att beställare har en viktig roll att driva på miljöarbetet, något som de själva upplever. Rapporten kommer även fram till att det kommer krävas mer samarbeten mellan branschens aktörer för att kunna uppnå målet till år 2030. Därför behöver upphandlingsformer som möjliggör detta användas. Det krävs nytänkande från beställarna vid upphandlingar där exempelvis mjuka parametrar såsom erfarenhet bör få större plats och nya upphandlingsformer behövs. Även ekologiska- och sociala aspekter behöver lyftas in mer för att kunna uppnå hållbart byggande.

Rapporten kommer fram till att det än idag är priset som styr när projekt upphandlas. Rapporten fastställer även att varken den vetenskapliga teorin eller respondenterna tycker det finns ett långsiktigt perspektiv inom bygg- och anläggningssektorn, och att det har samband med varför lägsta priset väljs vid upphandlingar. 

Konsekvenser: För att miljöarbetet skall fortsätta och öka behövs ett standardiserat verktyg som mäter klimatavtrycket i produktionen tas fram för att underlätta att göra detaljerade analyser. Samtidigt behövs samarbeten med juridikavdelningen för att lyckas ställa juridiskt korrekta miljökrav. Utöver detta behöver även fokuset flyttas från de ekonomiska aspekterna till långsiktighet och projektens bästa. Exempelvis kan detta genomföras med mjuka parametrar samt sociala- och ekologiska aspekter.  

Begränsningar: Enbart målet till år 2030 som tas upp, samt bara beställare och entreprenörer inom bygg- och anläggningssektorn som aktörer.

Nyckelord: Utsläppsminskning, Klimatpåverkan, Beställare, Upphandling, Långsiktighet, Mjuka parametrar, Innovation, Hållbarhet. 

Trafikverket ansvarar för det statliga vägnätet i Sverige. Vägnätet består av cirka

15 500 broar som ständigt utsätts för olika former av nedbrytning. Broarna

behöver därför underhållas med jämna mellanrum både för att hålla broarna i ett

bra skick och för att motverka att nedbrytningen påskyndas.

Under de senare åren har Trafikverket utformat en ny upphandlingsmetod av

brounderhåll. Den går ut på att allt brounderhåll för en region paketeras, i ett s.k.

brounderhållspaket, som en entreprenör sköter i en femårig period. I

brounderhållspaketen ingår förebyggande underhåll, avhjälpande underhåll och

akut underhåll.

Syftet med det här arbetet är att följa upp den nya formen att upphandla

brounderhåll i paket. Målet är att tydliggöra vilka vinster, eller förluster, som gjorts

i effektivitet i hela kedjan sedan införandet av brounderhåll i paket.

De metoder som använts vid skapandet av examensarbetet är litteraturstudier,

möten och intervjuer samt analyser, beräkningar och jämförelser.

Resultatet visar hur beställare, entreprenör och konsult arbetar i

brounderhållspaket och vad som har förändrats jämfört med hur de arbetade med

brounderhåll tidigare.

De största effektivitetsvinsterna är administrativa. Genom att

brounderhållspaketen är en totalentreprenad läggs mycket av ansvaret över från

beställaren till entreprenören och därmed får beställaren tid till andra

arbetsuppgifter. Eftersom brounderhållet numera ligger i eget kontrakt som löper

under en längre tid får beställaren också en kunnig entreprenör till arbetet vilket

minskar antalet grundläggande frågor och frigör tid. Entreprenören får mer frihet

när arbetena skall utföras och samtidigt mer tid till att planera underhållsarbetet.

Genom en tät kommunikation mellan beställare och entreprenör blir

beslutsvägarna kortare vilket effektiviserar hela kedjan.

Skaraborgspaketet var ett av de första brounderhållspaketen och det skiljer sig

mycket från de senare underhållspaketen. Den största förändringen ligger i

förfrågningsunderlagen. Skaraborgspaketet utgick från en fiktiv bro medan

förfrågningsunderlagen i de nyare paketen behandlar verkliga åtgärder som

entreprenören kommer att utföra under den kontrakterade tiden.

Purpose: In Sweden, a municipal plan monopoly is used to regulate what, how and where you can or cannot build. How the plans, in the shape of comprehensive and detailed development plans, are formed is in turn regulated by the Planning and Building Act (PBL). Throughout history, Swedish building regulations have gone through many more or less extensive changes with the overall goal to improve our built environment and simplify or streamline the planning and building processes. From this comes the term small deviation, which in PBL is used to allow building permits that deviate from the detailed development plan, provided that the deviation is small. There is, however, no explanation in the law as to what this might mean in practice, and so there are large differences in terms of interpretation and application.

The goal of this study is to analyse how the term small deviation according to PBL, chapter 9 § 31b is interpreted and applicated in building permit trials.

Method: The methods used in this study are interviews (with building permit officers) and document analysis (of building permit decisions from quarter two, 2016, and court cases from the Land and Environment Court of Appeal).

Findings: How deviations are interpreted does indeed vastly differ, and while the municipalities do work in a similar manner to determine whether a deviation could be considered small, there are significant differences. Only in the matter of built area on a property, the three studied municipalities all have different practices in what size of violation may be considered small, and the building permit officers in one of these municipalities still deviate from this. In eight out of 13 court cases, the Land and Environment Court of Appeal judged differently from the previous authorities. Only in one did all authorities agree.

Implications: The findings implicate the following:

• There are remarkable differences in how small deviation is assessed.

• De biggest differences are between the local building permit officers and the Land and Environment Court of Appeal.

• The factors that affect the assessment on a municipal level the most are experience, precedent cases and discussion with colleagues.

Limitations: A wider study containing more information from several municipalities and an analysis of the material accessible to the municipalities for guidance to assess deviations would provide a clearer answer as to what affects the interpretation.

Keywords: PBL, Planning and Building Act, building permits, law interpretation, interpretation, deviation, small deviation, deviation from detailed development plan, sensemaking, the Land and Environment Court of Appeal 

Purpose: Today two of the biggest problems within the construction industry in Sweden is the exceeding of budgets and that the projects do not finish in time. One of the reasons is the use of alterations, supplementary- and withdrawn work that occurs during the project. The purpose is therefore to study the variations that can be related to the documents that are used during public procurement as well as provide some suggestions on how the procurement documents can be improved for future projects. Hence trying to decrease the use of variations in projects. Method: The study consists of a multiple case study with three similar projects. The methods that are used are a literature study that provides the base of the intended study. A study of documents is also a crucial element to be able to draw the connections between the procurement documents and the alterations, supplementary- and withdrawn work. There will also be semi structured interviews that will strengthen the case study and increase the knowledge within the area. Findings: the study shows that 60 percent of the alterations, supplementary- and withdrawn work can be connected to the procurement documents. There are a few causes that leads to the use of alterations, supplementary- and withdrawn work in a project for example coordination between the different technical areas within the projects that can lead to contradictions in the documents. Too much material in the procurement documents can leads to conflicting information which leads to the use of alterations, supplementary- and withdrawn work. With greater accuracy and greater coordination between the different technical areas, drawings, and other documents. Coordination between the areas would also improve if it is implemented in the early stages of design. It is important to be clear in the technical description which work is expected from the project which would lead to fewer the alterations, supplementaryand withdrawn work. Implications: the overall problem is in this study is how you can reduce the use off alterations, supplementary- and withdrawn work connected to the procurement documents. Most of the alterations, supplementary- and withdrawn work in a project can be connected to these documents. To be able to reduce the cost there should be a system implemented regarding the review and coordination of the procurement documents. Limitations: This study is limited to three different projects from different municipalities, to secure a more certain result there should be more equivalent projects included in the study. The interviews are limited to the project managers that where responsible for the specific projects in this study. Keywords: alterations, supplementary- and withdrawn work, procurement documents, public procurement, specifications, regulations, technical specifications

The construction sector being a major contributor to global CO2 emissions, the integration of high-quality, precise data in early design phases becomes crucial for effective sustainability measures. This study focuses on the variations in data quality at different Levels of Detail (LOD) and their impact on the accuracy of climate impact assessments. Utilizing a case study approach, the research investigates the dynamic between LOD specifications, and the quality of data provided, demonstrating that early-stage LODs often exhibit more reliable data. The findings suggest that improving data quality in BIM and IFC can significantly refine sustainability assessments and project outcomes, supporting the construction industry's move towards rapid decarbonization. Through the meticulous analysis of European standards and regulations, this work contributes to the strategic implementation of sustainability practices in building design and construction, advocating for enhanced data management protocols to better align with environmental and regulatory demands.

Purpose: The population of Sweden is steadily increasing, which raises the need for new infrastructure and new buildings. To meet these demands the construction industry must become more efficient. According to several researchers, better leadership can be a part of accomplishing this. Discussions regarding leadership are mostly from the leaders’ perspective and usually the decisions about what kind of leadership is needed is made by the leaders themselves. Not very often do the followers get a chance to share their thoughts on what they need to become more efficient. Earlier research shows a correlation between motivation and efficiency. Therefore, this study attempt to find out what motivates construction workers.

This study intended to examine what type of leadership construction workers think they need to become more efficient. The study’s aim was to contribute knowledge about how leadership can increase the efficiency on the construction site.

Method: Two methods for data collection were used. A literary review based on effective leadership and interviews with construction workers about their thoughts on what type of leadership would increase their motivation and efficiency.

Findings: This study has, by answering the research questions, contributed knowledge about how leadership can increase the efficiency on the construction site. The construction workers are of the opinion that their leaders have a big impact on their efficiency. The leaders’ knowledge and experience of the production phase as well as their ability to communicate and plan ahead were all seen as factor that affect their efficiency.

The literary review for this study found 23 effective leadership traits. According to the construction workers the leadership skills that contribute the most to their motivation and efficiency are humility, relationship-management, and self-awareness.

Connecting the construction workers responses to the efficient leadership theories showed that the most relevant theories for increasing the workers motivation and efficiency are Transformational and Servant Theory. The theory of Servant is the most relevant since it focuses on the followers.

Implications: To increase the efficiency one must focus on the people in the industry. By changing the leadership based on the construction workers' opinions their efficiency can be increased. Therefore, it is recommended that leaders on the construction site work with the leadership theories Transformational and Servant and that they develop the effective leadership traits, especially the traits the construction workers find most important.

Limitations: This study was limited to the leadership from the site supervisor to the construction workers. The focus was on what type of leadership the construction workers wanted to become more motivated and efficient. Furthermore, the study was limited to four leadership theories and effective leadership traits.

Keywords: Efficiency, motivation, effective leadership traits, Contingency Theory, Transformational Theory, Transactional Theory, and Servant Theory.

Syfte: Branschen tampas fortfarande med kvalitetsbrister och har därför börjat uppmärksamma de fördelar som följer med industriellt byggande och standardiserade arbetsprocesser. Med industriella arbetsprocesser kan företagen ge frihet till arbetare att få ansvara för de arbetsprocesser som de medverkar i, och således bidra till att de förbättrar lösningar och standardiseringar. Ett koncept som lämpar sig väldigt väl för detta är The Toyota Production system (TPS), också kallat Lean production. År 2016 utfördes en samling fallstudier bland Lean-arbetande byggföretag där de visade att kvalitet och strävan efter standardiserade arbetsprocesser var högt prioriterat. Lean production och dess processer i företag omfattar informations – och kunskapsöverföringar och kan vara svårt att tillämpa. Därför motiveras vidare forskning på tillämpbarheten av principerna och dess verktyg i byggföretag.

Studiens mål är att analysera hur företag inom prefabindustrin som arbetar med Lean kan utveckla sitt förbättringsarbete i produktionsprocessen.

Metod: Rapporten är en kvalitativ fallstudie utförd på Ulricehamns Betong AB. Studiens datainsamlingsmetoder har varit litteraturstudier, deltagande observationer, semistrukturerade intervjuer och dokumentanalyser.

Resultat: Utifrån studiens analys kunde vissa problem i förbättringsarbetet identifieras, samt leda till en analys över hur det förbättras och göras mer kunskapsdelande. Det framkom att inställningen till förbättringsarbete varierade stort bland medarbetarna. En gemensam syn på förbättringsarbetets betydelse krävs för fortsatt utveckling, något som kan uppmuntras från organisationens håll tydligare. Genom rollen som handledare kan företag säkra att det arbetas efter standardiserade arbetssätt.

Konsekvenser: Avgörande för ett kunskapsdelande och utvecklande förbättringsarbete är att alla medarbetare är motiverade till att bidra till en förbättring. För att motivera medarbetarna bör statusen på individuell kunskap följt av inställning till kunskapsdelande att höjas. Medarbetare ska ha tillgång till kontinuerliga förbättringsmöten eller andra forum där de kan utbyta erfarenheter och idéer.

Begränsningar: Fallstudien har genomförts på ett företag som använder sig av Lean-konceptet. Studien begränsas till att endast behandla förbättringsarbete i produktionen av prefabricerade betongelement.  Studien redogör alltså inte för hur andra prefab-företags förbättringsprocesser ser ut i produktionen.

Purpose: There is today limitations of what is possible to design and in fact produce.

In industrial construction the focus is on standardization which impedes an individual

design form, which can be considered an architectural quality. The potential of 3Dprinting

is growing, which is benefitting design freedom.

The goal was to evaluate how 3D-printing in Sweden today could increase architects

possibilities at the design process and be production adapted.

Method: In a case study at Tengbom in Jönköping, interviews were included with three

architects. In addition, a literature review, a telephone interview and a focus group

interview formed the basis of the collected material. As an initial phase, a focus group

interview was conducted, which resulted in the actors’ opinions about 3D-printing. The

architect interviews contributed with high credibility regarding architectural qualities,

which together with the other collection methods gave answers to the studies questions.

Findings: The study shows that it is possible to print building components in Sweden.

However it is not possible, with 3D-printing, to produce entire buildings. It can be

shown that there are obstacles for the introduction of the technology, such as economy,

Swedish laws and lack of knowledge. These should be reviewed to allow 3D-printing

as a manufacturing method. With Rapid Ornament Production larger architectural

qualities will conduce to, where 3D-printing allows unique solutions. Solutions no other

technology can achieve.

Implications: Customized and varied buildings can be achieved thanks to 3D-printing.

Building components such as light weight walls, ornaments and details can be produced

in Sweden today. One advantage of 3D-printing as a technology, is that it provides

greater freedom between design and production. For further development of 3Dprinting

a greater knowledge is recommended for industry stakeholders, regarding the

drawing tools as well as the 3D-printing technology.

Limitations: The result is applicable to architects, working at architectural offices

similar to Tengbom in Jönköping. There have not been deeper studies regarding of

printing technologies, finances, materials, time or law. A case study as research strategy

entails an interpretation of the opinions, which limits the generalization of the results.

Keywords: 3D-printing, design, production, architectural qualities, possibilities,

limitations, industrial construction.

Purpose: The purpose of this report is to analyze how the communication between a site manager and a supervisor in the construction industry can be developed. Communication is a strong influencing factor for the success of a construction project and an effective communication process results in an increased productivity and decreased failure rates, which saves both time and money.

Method: Since this report deals with complex interpersonal conjunctions, a qualitative approach was selected. Individual interviews and observations constitutes the empirical data. Participant observations was implemented to verify that the information collected from the interviews aligned with reality and to strengthen the credibility. A combination of the theoretical framework and collected empirical data resulted in a communication model.

Findings: Interpersonal communication is affected by personal characteristics such as prior knowledge and experiences, hindrances that complicates the communication and tools that can be used to bridging communication barriers between the parties. Stress, time pressure, misunderstandings and personality clashes are factors that hinder an effective communication. Tools to use are check questions, reformulation, clear dividing of responsibilities, education, clear directives from the company directorate and to see the coworker as an active communicator instead of a passive receiver. Where the latter is achieved by creating dialogue which creates a feeling of participation and commitment of the employee. The communication between the site manager and the supervisor should be verbal and supported by writing where the writing should be through e-mail since it simplifies the possibility to look back at previous information.

Implications: Communication problems between site manager and supervisor depends largely on the fact that the daily working situation on a construction site is stressful, the absence of time for structured communication combined with the majority of the communication between the parties being oral contributes to an ineffective communication process. By working according to the developed model the communication between the site manager and the supervisor can evolve. Suggestions for further research is to examine how the communication model can be implemented in the work at a construction site and what results would derive of it.

Limitations: The study is limited to the fact that all interviews were conducted with representatives from the construction section at NCC Jönköping. The level of communication studied is interpersonal communication. The study is generally adaptable to other companies and industries.

Keywords: Communication, hindrances, site manager, supervisor

Purpose: Digitalization has progressed with big steps in the recent decades. This has been reflected in the construction industry where “Building Information Modeling” has been implemented. The implementation has entailed some complications for designers, existing established working methods are opposed to new software and digital instruments. There are also differences in skills between the designers who have worked long in the industry and those who are newly graduates. Those who have a long working experience do not have as high digital competence as the newly graduated but they have a much broader practical knowledge. The purpose of the study is to analyze how the implementation of BIM has affected constructors about their professional/technical competence and to develop measures to increase the digital competence so that constructors can fully utilize their professional competence.

Method: The method used in this study is interviews. The study will be carried out through qualitative methods where the interviews are semi-structured. Several interviews have been conducted at two consulting offices in Uddevalla and Trollhättan. The interviewees are constructors with experience of construction before BIM and constructors with experience of BIM from their education.

Findings: The study shows what factors that have contributed to difficulties in the working method BIM. Digitalization in general has affected the workflow that constructors carry out because they replace old habits. The construction industry is constantly changing, and older constructors can adapt to the system by training. This creates difficulties, which means that they require help from employees with a better digital competence. A higher digital competence is necessary to keep up with the incubation. Therefore, through good leadership, you should help older constructors, this is done by motivating them to learn how to use software to design, communicate and organize.

Implications: There is a lack of digital competence in several constructors without education of BIM. There are also complications between constructors due to differences in skills and different perspectives on their problem solving. The study proposes that a BIM-coordinator is needed to steer the implementation of BIM in the right direction in a company and that a broader investigation must be carried out.

Limitations: The report’s survey method was only limited to one company in addition to two offices, which meant that the perspective in the study was limited. The study focuses more on identifying the problem and finding a solution to the problem, it does not focus on how the measures should be carried out and what consequences this would have on a company.

Background: The pace of diffusion of BIM (Building Information Modelling) use is considered to increase with governmentalinitiatives in which public clients in countries like Finland, Singapore, United Kingdom, and Sweden begin requiring BIM as apart of the project delivery. Currently, larger contractor firms use BIM to a certain extent. However, BIM use by mid-sizedcontractor firms (that is, firms with 50–500 employees that can successfully compete with larger contractors on projects costinga maximum of 50 million Euros) is relatively unknown. Hence, the aim of the paper is to explore current use and perceivedconstraints and driving forces of BIM-implementation with respect to mid-sized contractors.

Methods: A mixed method approach was applied, and data was collected through an interview study and a survey involvingchief executive officers or their closest sub-ordinates in mid-sized contractor firms in Sweden. The survey was based on atechnology-, organization-, and environment framework that is used in information systems research to study the use of inter-organizational information systems. The total population of firms in the survey corresponded to 104. The study presented thepreliminary results based on 32 answers (with a 31% response rate).

Results: Fifty-eight percent of the surveyed respondents stated that they had been involved in a project in which BIM wasused in some manner. The most commonly used application included visualization, which also facilitates coordination andcommunication. The biggest perceived constraints involved partners that did not use BIM, lack of demand from clients, andthe absence of internal demand in the company. With respect tothe two last obstacles, significant differences existedbetween users and non-users. The most common perceived driving forces included the fact that BIM is perceived as ameans to follow technical development and that BIMprovides competitive advantages to the company.

Conclusions: It is concluded that the main driver responsible for BIM-implementation is mainly determined by anindividual’s subjective positive or negative evaluation of BIM, instead of external pressure from clients and partners or by theinternal capacity and knowledge to use BIM.

Machine strength grading of sawn timber is based on the relationship between indicating properties (IPs) and so-called grade determining properties (GDPs). The former are calculated using board properties measured non-destructively whereas the latter are determined by destructive tests. For T-classes, applied GDPs are tensile strength, density and modulus of elasticity in tension. Efficient utilisation of sawn timber thus require IPs predicting the GDPs with high accuracy. This study aims at deriving an IP for tensile strength in the board direction using multiple linear regression based on board properties and at applying this new IP in a grading method and calculating corresponding yield in T-classes. The nondestructive and destructive testing were performed for more than 900 boards of Norway spruce originating from Finland, Norway and Sweden. Board properties necessary for calculating this new IP were density, axial resonance frequency and in-plane fibre directions at the board’s longitudinal surfaces, and these properties were determined using X-ray scanning, dynamic excitation and optical scanning, respectively. A high coefficient of determination between IP and tensile strength was obtained, implying that this new IP predicts tensile strength better than IPs used in industry today. Furthermore, since only a part of the board is destructively tested, settings can be determined using either IPs calculated for the tested part of the boards or IPs calculated for the entire length of the boards. Employing the latter resulted in higher yields but lower coefficients of determination. Several grading machines on the market are based on this approach.

The increasing use of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in the construction industry contributes to better communication and collaboration between actors through the building lifecycle. Even if BIM enables better communication among the actors, problems with information exchange seem to still emerge with the usage of different software in projects as one of the most commonly perceived causes. In addition to the variety of different companies and actors involved in a project. This creates a need for a shared open digital platform that provides efficient information exchange, data update, and storage. This paper aims to investigate if a common digital platform is a solution to the communication and collaboration problems in the industry, and to verify the hypothesis according to which BIM could function as a digital platform for the sector. Actors view of a common platform, i.e., if BIM can be the common platform or evolve into a digital platform ecosystem is presented and was investigated through 33 semi-structured interviews. The respondents agreed that there are issues due to the usage of different software products and platforms, which in the end affect the information exchange. Openness between actors is needed in a project, what's challenging is the question of ownership, who owns the shared information? This paper ends with an attempt to provide insight between actors in the construction industry regarding correct BIM implementation and a shared digital platform ecosystem.

Syfte: Studien avser energiförbrukning i produktionsfasen och fokuserar på hur kommunikationen kring energiförbrukningen kan minska den. Mycket fokus läggs idag på att minska en byggnads energiförbrukning under förvaltningsskedet, medan det finns saknat fokus kring produktionsfasens energiförbrukning. En av de största svårigheterna med en hållbar utveckling i byggsektorn är att varje projekt är unikt, vilket gör det svårt för inblandade parter att lära sig från tidigare erfarenheter och dela kunskap mellan olika projekt och aktörer, varvid vikten av en fungerande kommunikation ökar. Målet med denna studie är därför att minska byggproduktionens miljöpåverkan gällande energiförbrukning, genom att förbättra kommunikationen mellan inblandade parter.

Metod: Denna studie är utförd som en fallstudie för ett specifikt projekt hos en av Sveriges största bygg- och fastighetsutvecklingsföretag. Metoder för att besvara studiens frågeställningar och samla empiri är litteraturstudier, dokumentanalys av interna dokument och intervjuer med inblandade parter i produktionsfasen.

Resultat: Då den mesta kommunikationen kring miljöfrågor sker centralt och det finns en osäkerhet kring vems ansvar miljöfrågan ligger under ett projekt, leder till att det blir en personfråga och påverkas av hur stort intresse involverade personer har i miljö och hållbarhet. Resultatet visar att det i dagsläget läggs lite fokus på energiförbrukning under produktionsfasen. Byggtorkning är det moment med högst energiförbrukning och har därmed störst potential att minska dess koldioxidutsläpp.

Konsekvenser: Studien visar att personligt intresse för miljö, prioritering samt tilldelning av resurser kan minska på energiförbrukningen under ett projekt. Genom att detta omfattas av KMA-samordnarens arbetsuppgifter innebär det att frågan adresseras och att energibesparingar kan göras.

Begränsningar: Studien begränsas till större entreprenadföretag och studerar enbart energiförbrukningen från arbetsmomenten grundläggning, stombyggnad och yttre stomkomplettering i produktionsfasen på en platsbyggd betongstomme. Studien tar sålunda inte hänsyn till energiförbrukning av den tillfälliga fabriken. Respondenter till intervjuer har valts utifrån sakkunnighet och involveringsgrad i energieffektivisering på byggarbetsplatsen.

Denna rapport handlar om nya Plan- och bygglagen 2010:900 (PBL). Den nya författningen verkställdes 2 maj 2011. Lagändringens syfte var att effektivisera regler och processer rörande samhällsbyggnad. Ändringarna innebär att det numera finns en privat initiativrätt till ett planbesked. För bygglov och byggkontroll har en rad förändringar införts. Idag prövas ett projekt i två skeden, dels i ett lovskede, men också genom ett byggtekniskt skede. Nya moment för bygglovsprocessen är att handläggningstiden för bygglov ska uppgå till max 10 veckor. Den kontrollansvarige ska numera vara certifierad och denne har även utökade arbetsuppgifter. Det finns numera ett startbesked som bestämmer när en byggnation får påbörjas. Ett obligatoriskt arbetsplatsbesök för byggnadsnämnden på byggarbetsplatsen har även införts. 

Arbete syftar till att granska effekterna av planbeskedet och bygglovsprocessen. Genom att påvisa effekterna kan en ökad kunskap och förståelse erhållas för framtida studier. Studien är en kvalitativ fallstudie. Informationen i detta arbete vilar på sekundär data från rapporter, handböcker och internet, samt primär data från intervjuer med kommuner i Jönköpings län. Studien är lokal och kan således inte generaliseras eftersom det finns en risk att kommunerna har blivit samstämmiga i sitt utförande pga. den geografiska närheten kommunerna har till varandra.

Resultatet visar att effekterna av nya PBL ser likartade ut inom de kommuner som ingår i studien. De olika förutsättningarna för kommunerna har således haft mindre betydelse för resultatet. Lagändringarna har i stor utsträckning uppfyllt sitt syfte med att effektivisera plan- och bygglovsprocessen. Planbeskedet innebär att det råder entydiga beslut, bättre dialog mellan entreprenör och kommun samt att resurser sparas för kommunerna. För bygglov har 10 veckors gräns för bygglovshandläggning effektiviserat bygglovsprocessen tidsmässigt. Startbesked och arbetsplatsbesök har lett till att byggkontrollen skärpts. 

Införandet av de s.k. Attefallshusen, mindre åtgärder rörande bygglovsbefrielse, innebär mer arbete för handläggarna pga. att många byggherrar brister med problematiska bygghandlingar. Detta har skapat ineffektivitet. De nya reglerna om kungörelse har även skapat mer administrativt arbete för handläggarna på kommunen vilket leder till en ökad arbetsbelastning.  

De problem som uppstår härstammar därmed nödvändigtvis inte enbart från lagstiftningen utan beror även till viss del på de personer som ska omsätta de nya bestämmelserna i verklighet.   

Purpose – the climate issue is one of the most important political issues, both in Sweden and globally. Achieving the climate goals of the Paris Agreement and the Agenda 2030 sustainability goals requires efforts to slow down global warming. In Sweden, the construction and real estate sector accounts for over 20 percent of domestic greenhouse gas emissions. Despite this, industrial buildings are not covered by the new law on climate declaration that came into force on January 1, 2022. This study investigates what is required for more industrial buildings to be built in wood and what factors form the basis for decisions on material selection in the frame. It also examines how companies in the industry work towards a transition to more climate-smart construction.

Method – the study's objective is achieved through interviews with actors with different roles in the building construction process. The eight actors are developers, building contractors and project managers with different levels of experience and knowledge. The study has a qualitative focus as the purpose of the questions is to understand the connections and causes of how the choice of frame material for an industrial building is made.

Result – there is most knowledge and experience in constructing steel-framed industrial buildings. There is a positive attitude and desire to build industrial buildings with timber frames where cost is the most decisive factor in the choice of frame material. The wooden frame must also have the same functional requirements as a steel frame, be delivered and assembled in about the same time. There is also a belief in the future that timber frames in industrial buildings will increase, mostly due to the need for a smaller carbon footprint.

Discussion – the most decisive factor in the choice of frame material turned out to be the cost, similarities can be found in the theories. Environment and sustainability is something that most respondents bring up as an important factor and advantage regarding wood as a material. Despite this, a few of the respondents see these advantages as so great that they choose wood for the frame over steel. However, theories show that companies with innovative and developed sustainability plans can benefit from low operating costs but also from being seen as more attractive on the market. All respondents consider themselves to have enough knowledge to build industrial buildings in wood, which is contradicted by the theories, as a lack of knowledge about wood construction is seen as one of the decisive factors why more buildings are not built in wood today.

Sammanfattning

Syfte – klimatfrågan är en av de viktigaste politiska frågorna, både i Sverige och globalt. För att nå klimatmålen i Parisavtalet och hållbarhetsmålen Agenda 2030 krävs insatser och åtgärder för att bromsa den globala uppvärmningen. I Sverige står bygg- och fastighetssektorn för över 20 procent av inhemska utsläpp av växthusgaser. Trots detta omfattas inte industribyggnader av den nya lagen om klimatdeklaration som trädde i kraft 1 januari 2022. I denna studie utreds vad som krävs för att fler industribyggnader ska kunna byggas i trä samt vilka faktorer som ligger till grund för beslut kring materialval i stommen. Det undersöks även hur företag i branschen arbetar för en omställning mot mer klimatsmart byggande.  

Metod – studiens mål uppnås genom intervjuer med aktörer inom byggsektorn med olika roller i processen när en byggnad ska uppföras. De åtta aktörerna är beställare, byggentreprenörer och projektledare med olika nivå av erfarenhet och kunskap. Studien har en kvalitativ inriktning då avsikten med frågeställningarna är att förstå samband och orsaker till hur valet av stommaterial till en industribyggnad går till.

Resultat – det finns mest kunskap och erfarenhet att bygga industribyggnader med stålstommar. Det finns en positiv inställning och önskan om att bygga industribyggnader med trästommar där kostnad är den mest avgörande faktorn vid valet av stommaterial. Trästommen måste också kunna uppfylla samma funktionskrav som en stålstomme, samt levereras och monteras på ungefär samma tid. Det finns också en framtidstro att trästommar i industribyggnation kommer att öka, mest på grund av behovet av ett mindre klimatavtryck.

Diskussion – den mest avgörande faktorn vid val av stommaterial visade sig vara kostnad, något som går att hitta likheter med i det teoretiska ramverket. Miljö och hållbarhet är något som de flesta respondenter tar upp som en viktig faktor och fördel rörande trä som stommaterial. Trots detta är det bara ett fåtal som ser dessa fördelar som tillräckliga för att välja trä till stommen före stål. Teorier visar dock att företag med innovativa och utvecklade hållbarhetsplaner får fördelar med lägre driftskostnader och i att bli mer attraktiva på marknaden. Alla respondenter anser sig besitta tillräckligt med kunskap för att bygga industribyggnader i trä, detta motsägs i teorierna då brist på kunskap om träbyggnation ses om en av de avgörande faktorerna till varför det inte byggs mer i trä idag.

Purpose: Today, there is no law in Sweden that material documentation must be carried out at new constructions. The advantages of providing material documentation also called logbook is that it creates an opportunity to trace health or environmentally hazardous substances in the buildings. Studies have shown that some substances are identified as hazardous to health or the environment over time. The logbook's advantages have led to the government giving the housing and construction authority the task of drafting a proposition on requirements for carrying out material documentation for new buildings. The difficulty with the current system and the current procedure is that no standardized approach exists on how a logbook should be conducted. The aim of the work is to make a study on how documentation and management of logbooks is done. Based on the studies then come up with an alternative procedure.

Method: The work has a qualitative approach and is implemented in combination with three qualitative methods; literature study, interviews and document analysis. The literature study provided information and knowledge about the area in question, which also led to the qualitative interviews being conducted in a proper manner. The respondents work in larger companies in the construction industry with quality, environment and work environment issues and production. The document analysis provided information and knowledge to implement the interviews and to answer the study’s questions.

Findings: Based on the gathered material, the management of the logbook takes places in different types of digital systems. The current working method is done by using a system or using different systems at the same time, which can result in a non-optimal working procedure. Therefore, the construction industry is demanding a standardized system. Improvement potential exists in today's working procedure with the logbook. By digitizing the working method in combination with the three different digital tools, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Blockchain, the defects can be avoided.

Implications: Consensus is needed among the various participants in the construction industry regarding which system they should use to keep the logbook at desired quality. The already available digital tools that can be used to facilitate the work process and logbook is not fully used at the moment.

Limitations: The references and theories used in the work are from different parts of the world. These were used to see how they might be applied in the Swedish construction industry. The logbook type that has been investigated is aimed at building materials and its containing substances. The study has not investigated whether the various digital tools can be used in practice only in theory. 

De nya reglerna för laddinfrastruktur började träda i kraft i Boverkets Byggregler 2020. Reglerna påverkar flera parter inom olika branscher som exempelvis energi- och byggbranschen. Reglerna anger att nya bostadshus ska ha laddinfrastruktur och följderna av detta är än oklara då detta är ett nytt ämne som ej hunnit undersökas i större omfattning än.

Syfte: Syftet med undersökningen är att ta reda på hur regelverket kommer att påverka olika aktörer som omfattas av reglerna samt ta reda på hur reglerna som träder i kraft kan utvecklas.

Metod: I arbetet genomförs en litteraturstudie där litteraturstudie där nationell och internationell forskning undersöks och jämförs för att få en klarare bild på hur kunskapsläget ser ut. Litteraturstudien fungerar då endast som ett underlag till det teoretiska ramverket. Kvalitativa data samlats in med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Fyra stycken intervjuer har genomförts med fyra olika aktörer som har flera års erfarenhet inom byggbranschen. 

Resultat: Alla respondenter var positiva till de nya reglerna och såg stora möjligheter, men även eventuella hinder. Möjligheterna är stora men är inte bara ekonomiska, de har även en positiv miljöpåverkan. Respondenterna syftar främst till att det kommer att gynna investeringar och främja den svenska industrin. Med en välutvecklad laddinfrastruktur kan Sverige bli en av världens största producenter och eventuellt distributörer i världen.

Konsekvenser: Eftersom framtiden är oviss kan de uppstå hinder. Majoriteten av respondenterna var även överens om att det största hindret som dom ser är effektbehovet. Med en expandering av laddstolpar tror branschen på ett ökat effektbehov, men tills de retroaktiva kraven träder fram vet man inte hur stort det effektbehovet blir.

Begränsningar: Rapporten är begränsad till en kommun. Laddinfrastrukturen är begränsad till byggbranschen och dess aktörer som blir berörda.

Nyckelord: BBR, hållbar utveckling, laddinfrastruktur, byggindustrin och eldistributörer.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur informationsflödet på en prefabriceringsfabrik fungerar, från konstruktion till produktion. Mer konkret inriktar den sig till att identifiera effektiva och ineffektiva steg i flödet samt förbättringsmöjligheter för att kunna optimera personalens dagliga arbete.

Eftersom ingen tidigare kunskap kring var problemen inom informationsflödet på fallföretaget fanns, kunde inte någon teoretiskt koppling formuleras innan fallstudien var genomförd. Fallstudien utgjordes av metoderna observation och intervju där kvalitativ data insamlades. Observationen genomfördes för att kartlägga processen av informationsflödet på fallföretaget. Intervjuerna genomfördes för att få de anställdas åsikter och hitta vart problemen låg. Efter fallstudien kunde teoriområdena klargöras och en litteraturstudie utfördes.

De problemområden som framgick utifrån undersökningen grundar sig främst i tidsbrist. Detta bland annat på grund av tidskrävande aktiviteter som manuell hantering vid uppförandet av tillverkningsritningar och revideringar i fallföretagets planeringar. Förbättringsförslaget författarna presenterar är därmed en uppgradering av ritprogram samt implementering av ett planeringssystem. Tidsbristen ansågs även leda till brister inom kommunikationen. Författarna anser att det, av olika skäl, är viktigt att behålla den personliga kontakten och komplettera denna med system.

Studien ämnar sig till att bidra med kunskap kring hur ett informationsflöde på en prefabriceringsfabrik kan vara utformat. Den stärker teorier kring varför det är viktigt att behålla den fysiska kommunikationen när uppdaterade system implementeras. Den har vidare bidragit med förslag kring vilka delar som kan effektiviseras inom ett informationsflöde där prefabelement tillverkas.

Arbetet begränsades till att enbart genomföras på en prefabriceringsfabrik och kollar bara på flödet mellan konstruktion till produktion. Inga ekonomiska aspekter har beaktats och endast ett företag har deltagit i undersökningen.

Purpose: There are clear benefits with BIM in the design phase, but also barriers and challenges that limit the implementation of BIM in the design phase. At present, there are no requirements for BIM in Sweden, which differs from several international countries. The aim of the report is to examine the current use of BIM in the design phase in Sweden. The report is executed in hope of contributing to an increased BIM integration in the design phase and contribute with increased knowledge about how the development of BIM can increase.

Method: The research method in this study is a survey. To achieve the aim of the report and answer the research questions, data are collected via a questionnaire that is covered by both quantitative and qualitative questionnaire questions in combination with a literature study. The questionnaire has been sent out to architects, designers and constructors at various engineering- and architectural companies in Sweden.

Findings: Today's use of BIM in the design phase is assumed to be high and most of the participants in the survey are aware of the benefits of BIM and how it can make the workflow in the design phase more effective. Factors that prevent the implementation of BIM are assumed to go hand in hand with factors that contribute to an increased use of BIM and thus need to be considered for the use of BIM to increase.

Implications: Sweden's low degree of digital development in the construction sector does not reflect the current use of BIM in the design phase at architectural- and engineering companies in Sweden. Common uses that architect- and engineering companies apply with BIM are collision controls, information management and visualization. By increasing knowledge and informing customers about the benefits of BIM, the use of BIM is assumed to increase. A further recommendation that assumes increased use of BIM is a requirement for BIM in public construction in Sweden.

Limitations: The report is limited to examining the use of BIM in the design phase and only examines architectural- and engineering companies in Sweden. The respondents consist of architects, designers and constructors. The results are representative for the report but cannot be applied to all architectural- and engineering companies in Sweden as the selection method is not generalizable.