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The influence of copper addition on crack initiation and propagation in an Al–Si–Mg alloy during cyclic testing
Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Materials and Manufacturing.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5753-4052
Department of Engineering, University of Ferrara, Italy.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2361-8810
Department of Engineering, University of Ferrara, Italy.
Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Materials and Manufacturing.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7527-719X
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2020 (English)In: Materialia, E-ISSN 2589-1529, Vol. 12, article id 100787Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The effect of copper (Cu) addition up to 3.2 wt% on crack initiation and propagation in an Al–Si–Mg cast alloy was investigated using in-situ cyclic testing in the as-cast condition. A combination of digital image correlation, electron backscatter diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate crack initiation and propagation behaviour during in-situ cyclic testing. The results showed that Cu-rich intermetallic compounds with the addition of Cu up to 1.5 wt% do not affect the fatigue behaviour of these alloys, and that crack propagation in these cases is trans-granular and trans-dendritic. However, increasing the concentration of the Cu retained in the primary α-Al matrix in solid solution and Cu-containing precipitates delayed crack propagation during cyclic testing. The results showed that strain accumulation was highest at the grain boundaries; however, the crack preferred to propagate along or across primary α-Al dendrites due to the relatively lower mechanical strength of the matrix compared to the eutectic and intermetallic phases. Moreover, the addition of Cu of more than 3.0 wt% to Al-Si-Mg alloys changes the fatigue behaviour that a rapid failure occurs. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2020. Vol. 12, article id 100787
Keywords [en]
Al alloys, Cu intermetallics, Cyclic loading, Digital image correlation, In situ, Aluminum alloys, Copper compounds, Crack initiation, Crack propagation, Cracks, Grain boundaries, Intermetallics, Magnesium alloys, Scanning electron microscopy, Silicon alloys, Ternary systems, Copper additions, Crack initiation and propagation, Digital image correlations, Effect of coppers, Electron back scatter diffraction, Fatigue behaviour, Intermetallic phasis, Strain accumulations, Fatigue of materials
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-50104DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2020.100787ISI: 000559334400003Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85086821863Local ID: HOA;intsam;1454593OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hj-50104DiVA, id: diva2:1454593
Available from: 2020-07-17 Created: 2020-07-17 Last updated: 2023-11-21Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. The influence of microstructure on the crack initiation and propagation in Al-Si casting alloys
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The influence of microstructure on the crack initiation and propagation in Al-Si casting alloys
2021 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

For reducing the CO2 footprint in many industrial fields, the goal is to produce lighter components. The aluminium-silicon (Al-Si) cast alloys are promising candidates to fulfill these goals with a high weight-to-strength ratio, good corrosion properties, excellent castability, and recyclable material. However, the variations within these components need to be understood to produce high-performance components for critical applications. The main reason for the rejection in these applications is defects and microstructural features that reduce the mechanical properties. The addition of copper (Cu) is one way of increasing the mechanical properties in Al-Si alloys and is commonly used in the automotive industry. Casting defects harm the mechanical properties, and these defects can be reduced by improving the melt quality, the correct design of the component, and the gating system.

The study aims to investigate the static mechanical properties and the crack initiation and propagation under cyclic loading in an Al-7Si-Mg cast alloy with state-of-the-art experiments. The main focuses were on the effect of the HIP process and the role of Cu addition. In-situ cyclic testing using a scanning electron microscope coupled with electron back-scattered diffraction, digital image correlation, focused ion beam (FIB) slicing, and computed tomography scanning was used to evaluate the complex interaction between the crack path and the microstructural features.

The amount of Cu retained in the α-Al matrix in as-cast and heat-treated conditions significantly influenced the static mechanical properties by increasing yield strength and ultimate tensile strength with a decrease in elongation. The three-nearest-neighbor distance of eutectic Si and Cu-rich particles and crack tortuosity were new tools to describe the crack propagation in the alloys, showing that a reduced distance between the Cu-rich phases is detrimental for the mechanical properties. Three dimensional tomography using a FIB revealed that the alloy with 3.2 wt.% Cu had a significantly increased quantity of cracked Si particles and intermetallic phases ahead of the crack tip than the Cu-free alloy. The effect of Cu and HIP process in this work shows the complex interaction between the microstructural features and the mechanical properties, and this needs to be considered to produce high-performance components.

Abstract [sv]

Ett sätt att nå målen med minskade koldioxidutsläpp inom industrin är att producera lättare komponenter. Aluminium-kisel (Al-Si) gjutna legeringar är därför ett bra alternativ då dessa legeringar har ett bra förhållande mellan hållfasthet och vikt, goda korrosionsegenskaper, utmärkt gjutbarhet och är ett återvinningsbart material. En av de största utmaningarna för att producera högpresterande komponenter för kritiska applikationer är variationerna i egenskaper inom dessa komponenter. Orsaken till att inte gjutna Al-Si legeringar andvänds i dessa applikationer är förståelsen av defekter och mikrostruktuella faser påverkar de mekaniska egenskaperna negativt. Koppar (Cu) tillsätts i Al-Si legeringar för att öka de mekaniska egenskaperna vilket ofta nyttjas inom bilindustrin. Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) prosessen är en annan möjlighet att förbättra de mekaniska egenskaperna genom att reducera porositeter i materialet.

Studien syftar till att undersöka de mekaniska egenskaperna och sprickinitiering och spricktillväxt i en gjuten legering av Al-7Si-Mg med utmattningstestning i svepelektronmikroskop (SEM) i kombination med electron backscatter diffraction, digital image correlation och focused ion beam (FIB). Mängden Cu i Al-Si legeringen påverkade de statiska mekaniska egenskaperna genom att öka sträckgränsen och brottgränsen. Tillsats av Cu upp till 1.5 vikt.% påverkar inte spricktillväxten märkbart. Däremot förändras beteendet markant vid tillsatser av Cu på mer än 3.0 vikt.% som resulterade i en markant reducering i duktilitet. I det värmebehandlade materialet påverkades de mekaniska egenskaperna av Al-matrisen och mängden intermetalliska faser. Avståndet mellan Cu faserna och Si faserna används för att beskriva spricktillväxten i Al-Si legeringarna. Detta tillsammans med tredimensionell tomografi visade att legeringen med 3.2 vikt.% Cu hade en ökad mängd sprickor i området framför den avancerande sprickan, vilket inte den Cu fria legeringen visade. Al-Si legeringen som utsattes för HIP-processen och värmebehandlingen visade att materialets mikrostruktur i gjutet tillstånd påverkade resultatet. HIP processen slöt porositerena i alla undersökta prover och förbättrade de mekaniska egenskaperna.

Dessa resultat kommer kunna användas för att konstruera mer högpresterande komponenter.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Jönköping: Jönköping University, School of Engineering, 2021. p. 68
Series
JTH Dissertation Series ; 062
Keywords
Aluminum-Silicon alloys; scanning electron microscopy; material characterization; fatigue performance; digital image correlation
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-52087 (URN)978-91-87289-66-8 (ISBN)
Presentation
2021-04-16, Jönköping University, School of Engineering, Jönköping, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2021-03-23 Created: 2021-03-23 Last updated: 2023-11-21Bibliographically approved
2. The effect of microstructural features, defects and surface quality on the fatigue performance in Al-Si-Mg Cast alloys
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The effect of microstructural features, defects and surface quality on the fatigue performance in Al-Si-Mg Cast alloys
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Global warming is driving industry to manufacture lighter components to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Promising candidates for achieving this are aluminium-silicon (Al-Si) cast alloys, which offer a high weight-to-strength ratio, excellent corrosion resistance, and good castability. However, understanding variations in the mechanical properties of these alloys is crucial to producing high-performance parts for critical applications. Defects and oxides are the primary reasons cast components in fatigue applications are rejected, as they negatively impact mechanical properties.

A comprehensive understanding of the correlation between fatigue performance and parameters such as the α-aluminium matrix, Al-Si eutectic, surface roughness, porosities, hydrogen content, oxides, and intermetallic phases in Al-Si castings has not been reached.

The research presented in this thesis used state-of-the-art experimental techniques to investigate the mechanical properties and crack-initiation and propagation behaviour of Al-Si-Mg cast alloy under cyclic loading. In-situ cyclic testing was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD), digital image correlation (DIC), and focused ion beam (FIB) milling. These techniques enabled a comprehensive study of parameters affecting fatigue performance, including hydrogen content, surface roughness, oxides, and intermetallic phases. More specifically, we investigated the effect of melt quality, copper (Cu) content, oxide bifilms, surface quality, and porosity.

The increased Cu concentration in heat-treated Al-Si alloys increased the amount of intermetallic phases, which affected the cracking behaviour. Furthermore, oxide bifilms were detected at crack-initiation sites, even in regions far away from the highly strained areas. Si- and Iron (Fe)-rich intermetallics were observed to have precipitated on these bifilms. Due to their very small size, these oxides are generally not detected by non-destructive inspections, but affect mechanical properties because they appear to open at relatively low tensile stresses. Finally, Al-Si alloy casting skins showed an interesting effect in terms of improving fatigue performance, highlighting the negative effect of surface polishing for such alloys.

Abstract [sv]

Klimatförändringar runt om i världen driver industrin att tillverka lättare komponenter för att minska utsläppen av koldioxid (CO2). Lovande kandidater för att uppnå detta är aluminium-silikon (Al-Si) gjutna legeringar, som erbjuder hög vikt-till-styrkeförhållande, utmärkt korrosionsbeständighet och god gjutbarhet. Förståelsen av variationer i de mekaniska egenskaperna hos dessa legeringar är dock avgörande för att producera högpresterande komponenter för kritiska tillämpningar. Defekter och oxider är de främsta orsakerna till att gjutna komponenter i utmattningsapplikation avvisas, eftersom de påverkar de mekaniska egenskaperna negativt.

En heltäckande förståelse av sambandet mellan mekaniska egenskaper och parametrar som mikrostrukturella faser, ytfinhet, porositet och oxider i Al-Si-gjutningar har ännu inte blivit fullständigt kartlagd.

Forskningen som presenteras i denna avhandling använde toppmoderna experimentella tekniker för att undersöka de mekaniska egenskaperna samt initiering och propagering av sprickor i Al-Si-Mg-gjutgods under utmattningstester. Dessa tekniker möjliggjorde en omfattande studie av parametrar som påverkar utmattningen, inklusive väteinnehåll, ytfinhet, oxider och intermetalliska faser.

Den ökade Cu-koncentrationen i värmebehandlade Al-Si-legeringar ökade mängden intermetalliska faser, vilket påverkade sprickbeteendet. Vidare upptäcktes oxidfilmer på platser där sprickor initierades, även i områden långt borta från de mest påverkade områdena Kisel och järnfaser observerades ha kärnbildat på dessa oxidfilmer. På grund av deras mycket små storlek upptäcks dessa oxider vanligtvis inte av icke-destruktiva inspektioner, men de påverkar mekaniska egenskaper eftersom de tycks öppna vid relativt låga dragspänningar. Slutligen visade gjutskinnet på Al-Si-komponenter en intressant effekt när det förbättrade utmattningsegenskaperna och belyser den negativa effekten av bearbetning på dessa komponenter.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Jönköping: Jönköping University, School of Engineering, 2023. p. 125
Series
JTH Dissertation Series ; 084
Keywords
Aluminum-Silicon alloys, defects, material characterization, fatigue performance, digital image correlation
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-62909 (URN)978-91-89785-01-4 (ISBN)978-91-89785-02-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-12-15, E1405 (Gjuterisalen), School of Engineering, Jönköping, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Included in doctoral thesis in manuscript form.

Available from: 2023-11-21 Created: 2023-11-21 Last updated: 2024-01-08Bibliographically approved

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Bogdanoff, ToniLattanzi, LuciaGhassemali, EhsanSeifeddine, Salem

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