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Reduced cortical brain activity with the use of microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knees during walking
Jönköping University, School of Health and Welfare, HHJ, Dep. of Nursing Science. Jönköping University, School of Health and Welfare, HHJ. ADULT.
Jönköping University, School of Health and Welfare, HHJ, Dep. of Rehabilitation. Jönköping University, School of Health and Welfare, HHJ. ADULT.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0220-6278
Advanced Reconstruction of Extremities, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden.
Jönköping University, School of Health and Welfare, HHJ, Dep. of Rehabilitation. Jönköping University, School of Health and Welfare, HHJ. CHILD.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8994-8786
2019 (English)In: Prosthetics and Orthotics International, ISSN 0309-3646, E-ISSN 1746-1553, Vol. 43, no 3, p. 257-265Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Individuals using a lower-limb prosthesis indicate that they need to concentrate on every step they take. Despite self-reports of increased cognitive demand, there is limited understanding of the link between cognitive processes and walking when using a lower-limb prosthesis.

Objective: The objective was to assess cortical brain activity during level walking in individuals using different prosthetic knee components and compare them to healthy controls. It was hypothesized that the least activity would be observed in the healthy control group, followed by individuals using a microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee and finally individuals using a non-microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study.

Methods:: An optical brain imaging system was used to measure relative changes in concentration of oxygenated and de-oxygenated haemoglobin in the frontal and motor cortices during level walking. The number of steps and time to walk 10 m was also recorded. The 6-min walk test was assessed as a measure of functional capacity.

Results: Individuals with a transfemoral or knee-disarticulation amputation, using non-microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee ( n = 14) or microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee ( n = 15) joints and healthy controls ( n = 16) participated in the study. A significant increase was observed in cortical brain activity of individuals walking with a non-microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee when compared to healthy controls ( p < 0.05) and individuals walking with an microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee joint ( p < 0.05).

Conclusion: Individuals walking with a non-microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee demonstrated an increase in cortical brain activity compared to healthy individuals. Use of a microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee was associated with less cortical brain activity than use of a non-microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee.

Clinical Relevance: Increased understanding of cognitive processes underlying walking when using different types of prosthetic knees can help to optimize selection of prosthetic components and provide an opportunity to enhance functioning with a prosthesis.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sage Publications, 2019. Vol. 43, no 3, p. 257-265
Keywords [en]
Attention, artificial limb, brain, gait, neuroimaging
National Category
Orthopaedics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-42040DOI: 10.1177/0309364618805260ISI: 000473489500003PubMedID: 30375285Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85059453859OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hj-42040DiVA, id: diva2:1263306
Available from: 2018-11-15 Created: 2018-11-15 Last updated: 2021-06-14Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Functioning in prosthetic users provided with and without a microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee – relative effects on mobility, self-efficacy and attentional demand
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Functioning in prosthetic users provided with and without a microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee – relative effects on mobility, self-efficacy and attentional demand
2019 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background: To undergo a lower limb amputation is a traumatic experience affecting the individual on physical as well as psychological levels and often leading to limitations in a person´s daily life. Following an amputation individual often receive a prosthesis to address impairments in mobility and functioning. The mechanical properties of the prosthesis can vary, and the choice of specific components to include in the device has been demonstrated to influence patient outcomes. Studies investigating the relative effects of different prosthetic knee components have generally focused upon physical and biomechanical outcomes, providing a rather narrow view of health-related states in prosthetic users. There is a need to view health and wellbeing of prosthetic users from a broader perspective by evaluating outcomes that reflect a variety of different factors that can influence their functioning.

Aim: The overall aim of this thesis was to describe and compare functioning in individuals with a trans-femoral amputation or knee disarticulation and to evaluate the relative effects of using non-microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knees (non-MPK) or microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knees (MPK).

Methods: The four studies presented in this thesis used a cross-sectional, quantitative design with different types of data collection methods. These included self-report measures, capacity tests, a survey with two questionnaires and a measure of cortical brain activity during normal level waking and while performing a secondary task. One group of 42 individuals with lowerlimb amputations, using a prosthetic knee with or without microprocessor-control was included in the survey study. Another group of 29 individuals with a lower limb amputation, using a prosthetic knee with or without a microprocessor-control and a control group (n=16) participated in the remaining studies. Statistical tests were used to compare differences between groups using different knee joints, between prosthesis users and controls.

Results: Individuals using a non-MPK had lower self-reported mobility and balance confidence as well as poorer results on mobility tests compared to those using an MPK. Results revealed no significant differences in self-rated health, daily step count or general self-efficacy. Increased cortical brain activity was seen in frontal cortex in individuals using a non-MPK in single-task walking compare to the MPK group and controls. A significant increase in brain activity was also seen in prefrontal cortex in dual-task walking compared to single-task walking in those walking with an MPK and controls.

Conclusion: Combined results of all four studies suggest that persons provided with an MPK had better mobility, both self-rated and objectively evaluated, and better self-rated balance confidence than those who were using a non-MPK. Results also showed that an individual’s belief in their own ability was associated with the number of hours they use their prosthesis per week. Participants using a non-MPK had higher levels of cortical brain activity in the frontal cortex during walking, suggesting that the attentional demand required to walk was greater than for individuals using an MPK. Of particular interest for health professionals involved in prosthetic rehabilitation was the finding that significant increases in attentional demand were not always reflected in temporospatial gait parameters. This suggests that cognitive demands may not always be reflected in variables that are commonly evaluated in the clinical setting.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: En amputation av nedre extremiteten är en traumatisk upplevelse som påverkar den drabbade personen både fysisk och psykiskt och som ofta leder till begränsningar i det dagliga livet. Efter amputationen utprovas vanligen en protes för att möjliggöra mobilitet och god funktion. Protesens mekaniska egenskaper kan variera och valet av specifika proteskomponenter har visat sig påverka individens funktionsförmåga. Studier avseende relativa effekter av olika typer av protesknäleder har generellt sett fokuserat på fysiska och biomekaniska variabler, vilket ger en ganska snäv bild av protesanvändarens hälsorelaterade tillstånd. Det finns ett behov av att bredda perspektivet av hälsa och välmående hos protesanvändare genom att studera en större variation av faktorer som kan påverka individens funktionstillstånd.

Syfte: Det övergripande syftet med avhandlingen var att beskriva och jämföra funktionen hos personer med en transfemoral amputation eller en knädisartikulation och att utvärdera den relativa effekten av att använda en icke-datastyrd protesknäled (non-MPK) respektive en datastyrd protesknäled (MPK).

Metod: Samtliga fyra studier i avhandlingen är kvantitativa tvärsnittsstudier, men innefattar olika datainsamlingsmetoder. Dessa innefattar självskattningsinstrument, funktionstester, enkätstudie med två frågeformulär samt mätning av hjärnaktivitet vid vanligt gående på plan mark samt vid gående med tillägg av en ytterligare samtidig uppgift. En grupp bestående av 42 personer med benamputation som använder en protesknäled med eller utan datastyrning inkluderades i enkätstudien. En annan grupp bestående av 29 personer som använder en protesknäled med eller utan datastyrning samt en kontrollgrupp (n=16) deltog i de övriga studierna. Statistiska analyser utfördes för att jämföra grupperna som använde olika protesknäleder samt för att jämföra protesanvändare och kontroller.

Resultat: Personer som använde en non-MPK rapporterade sämre mobilitet och tillit till sin balans och hade sämre resultat på funktionstesterna än de som använde en MPK. Resultatet påvisade ingen signifikant skillnad mellan grupperna vad gäller självskattad generell hälsa, tilltro till sin egen förmåga eller antal steg per dag. Resultatet påvisade ökad frontal hjärnaktivitet vid vanligt gående på plan mark hos de individer som använde en non-MPK jämfört med de som använde en MPK och jämfört med kontrollgruppen. 71 Signifikant ökad hjärnaktivitet i prefrontala cortex sågs även hos MPKgruppen och kontrollgruppen då ytterligare en uppgift adderades vid gång i jämförelse med gående utan annan uppgift.

Slutsatser: Det sammanslagna resultatet av de fyra studierna tyder på att personer som har blivit försedda med en MPK har bättre mobilitet, både självskattat och objektivt värderad, samt rapporterar bättre tillit till sin balans än de som är försedda med en non-MPK. Resultatet visar också att hög tilltro till sin egen förmåga är associerat med att man använder sin protes mer. Deltagare som använde en non-MPK uppvisade mer hjärnaktivitet vid gång vilket tyder på att de behöver rikta mer uppmärksamhet åt att gå än de som använde en MPK.

Av särskilt intresse för yrkesverksamma inom protesrehabilitering är de fynd som visade att ökad grad av uppmärksamhet inte belystes i de temporospatiala gångparametrarna. Detta skulle kunna indikera att kognitiv belastning inte reflekteras i de gångvariabler som vanligtvis undersöks i klinisk verksamhet.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Jönköping: Jönköping University, School of Health and Welfare, 2019. p. 94
Series
Hälsohögskolans avhandlingsserie, ISSN 1654-3602 ; 097
Keywords
amputation, trans-femoral amputation, adaptive prosthetic knee, prosthetic limb, self-report, mobility, self-efficacy, attention, brain, gait, neuroimaging, functional near-infrared spectroscopy, cognitive load, brain activity
National Category
Orthopaedics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-43504 (URN)978-91-85835-96-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2019-05-24, Forum Humanum, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2019-04-23 Created: 2019-04-23 Last updated: 2019-04-23Bibliographically approved

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