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Busy doing nothing: Why politicians implement inefficient policies
Jönköping University, Jönköping International Business School, JIBS, Economics. Ratio Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9173-8347
2019 (English)In: Constitutional Political Economy, ISSN 1043-4062, E-ISSN 1572-9966, Vol. 30, no 3, p. 282-299Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A substantial body of literature suggests that politicians are blocked from implementing efficient reforms that solve substantial problems because of special interest groups or budget constraints. Despite the existing mechanisms that block potentially efficient reforms, real-world data show that a large number of new programs and policies are implemented every year in developed countries. These policies are often selective and considered to be fairly inefficient by ex post evaluation, and they tend to be small in size and scope. With this background, this paper studies the reasons why a rational politician would implement an inefficient public policy that is intended to obfuscate the difficulties in achieving reforms. The paper uses a simple competence signaling model that suggests that if an effective reform is impossible, engaging in strategic obfuscation through an inefficient program increases the probability of winning a re-election compared to doing nothing at all. This is because an inefficient reform does not lead voters to believe that the politician is incompetent, which a lack of action risks doing. Intentional inefficiency aiming to obfuscate the difficulty of efficient reforms can therefore complement the previous theories’ explanations of political failure.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2019. Vol. 30, no 3, p. 282-299
Keywords [en]
Special interest groups; Reforms; Inefficiency; Strategic obfuscation
National Category
Economics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-41138DOI: 10.1007/s10602-019-09280-8ISI: 000481765800002Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85066810659Local ID: HOA;;1238580OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hj-41138DiVA, id: diva2:1238580
Note

Included in thesis in manuscript form.

Available from: 2018-08-14 Created: 2018-08-14 Last updated: 2021-02-26Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Industrial policy: Political considerations, payoffs, and peculiar incentives
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Industrial policy: Political considerations, payoffs, and peculiar incentives
2018 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This thesis consists of four independent papers. They deal with some aspects of industrial policy, namely public supports to firms that are intended to support innovation and growth at the firm level, using Swedish data. Two papers study the efficiency of current Swedish policies by estimating the effects of subsidies and public loans to firms, respectively.

The results on subsidized firms suggests that there are some positive effects on profits and productivity, but these diminish and disappear over time. The results of public loans are more positive with long lasting effects on productivity and sales but only for smaller firms. Public loans do not lead to an increase in the number of employees in the firms that receive them.

The third paper studies the selection of firms for subsidies and the incentives firms have to seek them. By modeling the decision to seek subsidies as a trade off between producing in the market and seeking grants, the results suggest that firms with low market productivity might self-select into seeking grants. The empirical results are in line with the theoretical predictions.

The final paper studies the incentives that politicians have to implement programs and policies that they know will be inefficient. Since a lack of political action can make the politicians look incompetent, incumbentens have incentives to implement policies even though they know that these will be ineffective, to signal competence towards the voters.

Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling består av 4 oberoende uppsatser. De studerar några aspekter av aktiv näringspolitik, mera bestämt effekten av offentliga lån och stöd som syftar till att öka tillväxten och innovationsförmågan i företag med hjälp av svenska data. Dessa åtgärder syftar till att lösa marknadsmisslyckanden på kapitalmarknaden, som annars kan leda till att företag saknar de finansiella resurserna som de behöver för att investera i fysiskt- eller humankapital. Om staten kan identifiera dessa företag och hjälpa dem med finansiering så kan dessa företag investera och växa, vilket i sin tur ökar den ekonomiska tillväxten. Två uppsatser studerar effektivitet i nu existerande svenska åtgärder genom att mäta effekterna av statliga bidrag samt lån till företag. En kombination av matchning och difference-in-difference regressioner används för att reducera problem som beror på selektering.

Resultaten visar att företag som får bidrag får ökade vinster och högre produktivitet, men bara på kort sikt. Resultaten för offentliga lån är mera positiva, med långvariga positiva effekter på produktivitet och försäljning, men bara för de mindre företagen. Offentliga lån leder inte till att företag anställer flera.

Den tredje uppsatsen studerar vilka incitamenten som företag som söker stöd har. Genom att modellera beslutet som ett val mellan att producera för marknaden eller söka stöd så visar modellen att företag med låg marknadsproduktvitet bör ägna mer tid åt att söka stöd eftersom de har lägre alternativ kostnad. De empiriska resultaten är i linje med vad modellen förutsäger.

Den fjärde och sista uppsatsen studerar vilka incitamenten som politiker har att implementera åtgärder som de på förhand är ineffektiva. Ifall det är svårt att lösa ett samhällsproblem kan det fortfarande vara rationellt att införa ineffektiva åtgärder eftersom brist på aktivitet kan signalera inkompetents gentemot väljarna. Ifall väljarna har imperfekt information om olika åtgärders effektivitet kan själva handlingen i sig vara mera viktig än handlingens effektivitet.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Jönköping: Jönköping University, Jönköping International Business School, 2018. p. 205
Series
JIBS Dissertation Series, ISSN 1403-0470 ; 125
National Category
Economics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-41139 (URN)978-91-86345-87-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2018-09-21, B1014, Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2018-08-14 Created: 2018-08-14 Last updated: 2018-08-14Bibliographically approved

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