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The influence of Al alloy microstructure on conversion coating formation
Jönköping University, School of Engineering, JTH, Materials and Manufacturing.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6245-7693
2021 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The formation of conversion coatings based on Ce, trivalent Cr and Ti/Zr is triggered by the local pH increase at cathodic IM sites of the aluminium alloy microstructure. The pH gradient is created over the cathodic intermetallic (IM) sites of the microstructure and its intensity is influenced by their activity which depends on their chemical composition, their size, and spatial distribution. Furthermore, the pre-treatment applied also affects the surface reactivity. The role of each of the microstructural features on the increased pH gradient and the subsequent triggering of local conversion coating deposition remains to be understood. To address the knowledge gap, model cast Al-Si-Fe and Al-Si-Cu-Fe alloys have been designed. Cerium based conversion coating treatment with standard parameters is applied to investigate the microstructure’s influence. Furthermore, four different surface pre-treatments’ effect on the topographical and electrochemical properties have been investigated by localized techniques and have been correlated with deposition experiment observations to prove surface reactivity.

In this study, it was found that the four surface pre-treatments – polishing, NaOH, NaOH-HNO3, NaOH-H2SO4 activate the surface of alloys containing Fe-rich IM and Cu-rich IM differently. The surface pre-treatment NaOH-HNO3 was found most detrimental to the surface reactivity as the pre-treatment resulted in passivation of the IM and a drastic reduction in its volta potential. The best pre-treatment for the alloy Al-Si-Fe was found to be one with NaOH etching. In the case of Al-Si-Cu-Fe alloy, pre-treatments where a pickling step (with either H2SO4 or HNO3) was applied followed a NaOH etching step, the surface of the IM was activated more than other pre-treatments due to selective Al dealloying and Cu-redeposition. The extent of Cu-redeposition was observed to be the most when surfaces were pickled with HNO3 solution and with the NaOH- HNO3 pre-treatment, fastest deposition kinetics were observed.

In the cast Al-Si-Cu-Fe alloy, the localized deposits were preferentially observed to form on only strong cathodic Cu-rich IM. The size (surface area) of the Cu-rich IM correlated linearly with the lateral deposition area as well as z-direction spread. It was found that the pH gradient resulting from the oxygen reduction reaction near an IM is very local and does not affect pH gradients of a neighbouring Cu-rich IM. The size did not have a profound impact on the extent of deposition occurring on a Cu-rich IM, but it was found that big Cu-rich IM activated faster for deposition reaction than small Cu-rich IM. When the progression of deposition on both coarse and fine microstructure cast Al-Si-Cu-Fe was quantitatively monitored at increasing conversion coating times 0.5h, 1h and 2h, it was observed that big Cu-rich IM in the coarse alloy triggered deposition faster than small Cu-rich IM.

Deposition mechanism on Fe-rich IM was found to be composition specific. In the cast of big Fe-rich β-Al5FeSi IM, localized deposition initiated at the border on the IM and is explained based on Si content in the composition of the IM, which has very high resistivity. In another Fe-rich IM, although of a much smaller size, which had lower Si content and was richer in Fe, a localized deposition was observed on the entire IM.

Abstract [en]

Bildning av omvandlingsbeläggningar baserade på Ce, trivalent Cr och Ti/Zr initieras av lokalt förhöjd pH vid katodiska intermetalliska platser I aluminiumlegeringens mikrostruktur. Utbredningen av den starka pH-gradientens uppkomst över katodiska intermetalliska (IM) platser av mikrostrukturen påverkas av dess aktivitet som i sin tur beror på dess kemiska sammansättning, storlek, och rumslig fördelning. Ytans reaktivitet påverkas dessutom av dess förbehandling. Rollen av mikrostrukturens egenskaper på den förhöjda pH-gradienten och efterföljande initiering av lokal omvandlingsbeläggning återstår att förstå. För att komplettera detta kunskapsgap har Al-Si-Fe och Al-Si-Cu-Fe modellgjutlegeringar utformats. Cerium-baserade behandlingar för omvandlingsbeläggning med standardparametrar tillämpas för undersökning av mikrostrukturens påverkan. Effekten av fyra olika ytförbehandlingar på topografiska och elektrokemiska egenskaper har dessutom undersökts med lokaliserade metoder och har korrelerats med observationer vid depositionsexperient för att bevisa ytreaktivitet. I denna studie har det visats att de fyra ytförbehandlingarna – polering, NaOH, NaOH-HNO3, NaOH-H2SO4 – aktiverar ytan hos legeringar innehållande Fe-rika intermetaller och Cu-rika intermetaller på olika vis. Ytförbehandlingen med NaOH-HNO3 visades vara skadligast för ytans reaktivitet eftersom förbehandlingen resulterade i passivering av IM och en drastisk sänkning av dess volta-potential. Den bästa förbehandlingen för Al-Si-Fe-legeringen visades vara med NaOH-etsning. I Al-Si-Cu-Fe-legeringens fall, var förbehandling där ett betningssteg (antingen med H2SO4 eller HNO3) tillämpades följt av etsning med NaOH, aktiverades ytan av IM mer än med andra förbehandlingar på grund av selektiv korrosion av Al och Cu-återdeposition. Utbredningen av Cu-återdeposition observerades vara störst när ytor var betade med HNO3-lösning och depositionens kinetik var som hastigast vid förbehandling med NaOH-HNO3. I den gjutna Al-Si-Cu-Fe-legeringen observerades lokaliserade depositionerna att bildas endast på starkt katodiska Cu-rika IM. Storleken (ytarea) på de Cu-rika IM korrelerade linjärt med den laterala depositionsytan samt med spridning i z-riktning. Det visade sig att pH-gradienten som uppkom via syrereduktionsreaktionen nära IM är väldigt lokal och påverkar ej pH-gradienter vid närliggande Cu-rik IM. Storleken hade ingen anmärkningsvärd verkan på utbredningen av deposition på Cu-rik IM, men stora Cu-rika IM visade sig aktiveras snabbare för depositionsreaktion än små Cu-rika IM. När depositionens framfart över grov och fin mikrostruktur i gjuten Al-Si-Cu-Fe följdes kvantitativt vid ökande omvandlingsbeläggningstid 0,5h; 1h och 2h, så observerades att stora Cu-rika IM i den grova legeringen påbörjade depositionen snabbare än små Cu-rika IM. Depositionsmekanismen på Fe-rika IM visades vara specifik för sammansättning. I gjutgodset med stora Fe-rika β-Al5FeSi IM visades lokaliserad deposition initieras vid gränsen av IM vilket förklaras baserat på Si-halt i IM sammansättning, som har väldigt hög resistivitet. I en annan Fe-rik IM, dock av mycket mindre storlek, som hade lägre Si-halt och rikare med Fe, en lokaliserad deposition var observerad över hela IM.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Jönköping: Jönköping University, School of Engineering , 2021. , p. 56
Series
JTH Dissertation Series ; 059
Keywords [en]
aluminium alloys, cast Al-Si alloys, conversion coating treatment, cerium, localized deposition, surface pre-treatments, microstructure, SEM, FIB-SEM, AFM-SKPFM, aluminiumlegeringar, gjutna Al-Si legeringar, omvandlingsbeläggningar, cerium, lokaliserad deposition, ytförbehandlingar, microstruktur SEM, FIB-SEM, AFM-SKPFM
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-51565ISBN: 978-91-87289-63-7 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:hj-51565DiVA, id: diva2:1519184
Supervisors
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, 764977Available from: 2021-01-18 Created: 2021-01-18 Last updated: 2021-06-04Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. The role of microstructure and cathodic intermetallics in localised deposition mechanism of conversion compounds on Al (Si, Fe, Cu) alloy
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The role of microstructure and cathodic intermetallics in localised deposition mechanism of conversion compounds on Al (Si, Fe, Cu) alloy
2020 (English)In: Surface & Coatings Technology, ISSN 0257-8972, E-ISSN 1879-3347, Vol. 402, article id 126502Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Cerium-based conversion coating formation is triggered by a local rise in pH at cathodic sites produced by the oxygen reduction reaction. Therefore, size, morphology distribution and electrochemical potential of those sites play a crucial role. While the deposition reaction is sensitive to both immersion bath concentrations and underlying substrate microstructure, only the former has been widely investigated. This research attempts to fill the gap by studying the effect of controlled microstructure variables like the cathodic intermetallics' geometry and spatial distribution on the conversion compound deposit initiation. A controlled cast Al alloy was synthesised for this study and consisted of distinct cathodic phases: Cu-rich intermetallics, Fe-rich intermetallics and Si particles. The localised deposition preferentially formed only on strong cathodic Cu-rich intermetallics. Size (surface area) of the Cu-rich intermetallic correlated linearly with the deposited area over it in terms of lateral and z-direction spread. The pH gradient occurring from the oxygen reduction near an IM is very local and does not affect pH gradients of a neighbouring IM. When immersion time is increased from 0.5 h to 1 h, the percentage of Cu-rich IM covered with conversion coating increases. Big Cu-rich IM activate faster for deposition reaction than small Cu-rich IM.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2020
Keywords
AFM, Al-Si cast, Cerium, Conversion coatings, Microstructure-induced localised deposition, SEM, SKPFM, Aluminum alloys, Coatings, Deposition, Electrolytic reduction, Intermetallics, Iron alloys, Microstructure, Morphology, Oxygen, Oxygen reduction reaction, Silicon, Bath concentrations, Cerium-based conversion coatings, Deposition mechanism, Deposition reactions, Electrochemical potential, Fe-Rich intermetallics, Morphology distributions, Substrate microstructure, Copper alloys
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-50953 (URN)10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126502 (DOI)000590183000064 ()2-s2.0-85094840175 (Scopus ID)HOA JTH 2020;JTHMaterialIS (Local ID)HOA JTH 2020;JTHMaterialIS (Archive number)HOA JTH 2020;JTHMaterialIS (OAI)
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, 764977
Available from: 2020-11-09 Created: 2020-11-09 Last updated: 2022-10-07Bibliographically approved
2. A study of the localized ceria coating deposition on Fe-rich intermetallics in an AlSiFe cast alloy
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A study of the localized ceria coating deposition on Fe-rich intermetallics in an AlSiFe cast alloy
2021 (English)In: Materials, E-ISSN 1996-1944, Vol. 14, no 11, article id 3058Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Corrosion inhibiting conversion coating formation is triggered by the activity of micro-galvanic couples in the microstructure and subsequent local increase in pH at cathodic sites, which in the case of aluminium alloys are usually intermetallics. Ceria coatings are formed spontaneously upon immersion of aluminium alloys in a cerium conversion coating solution, the high pH gradient in the vicinity of intermetallics drives the local precipitation of ceria conversion compounds. Cu-rich intermetallics demonstrate a highly cathodic nature and have shown the local precipitation reaction to occur readily. Fe-rich intermetallics are, however, weaker cathodes and have shown varied extents of localized deposits and are in focus in the current work. Model cast Al-7wt.%Si alloys have been designed with 1 wt.% Fe, solidified at different cooling rates to achieve two different microstructures, with big and small intermetallics, respectively. Upon subjecting the two microstructures to the same conversion coating treatment (immersion in a 0.1 M CeCl3 solution) for a short period of 2 h, preferential heavy deposition on the boundaries of the big intermetallics and light deposition on the small intermetallics was observed. Based on these observations, a mechanism of localized coating initiation at these Fe-rich intermetallic particles (IM) is proposed.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2021
Keywords
conversion coating; cerium; localized deposition; Fe; intermetallic; SEM; EDS; AFM; SKPFM; microstructure-induced localized deposition
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-51563 (URN)10.3390/ma14113058 (DOI)000660272500001 ()2-s2.0-85107757358 (Scopus ID)GOA;;1519165 (Local ID)GOA;;1519165 (Archive number)GOA;;1519165 (OAI)
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, 764977
Note

Included in licentiate thesis in manuscript form with the title: "A study on the localized cerium coating deposition on Fe-rich intermetallics in an Al-Si-Fe cast alloy".

Available from: 2021-01-18 Created: 2021-01-18 Last updated: 2024-07-04Bibliographically approved
3. A localized study on the influence of pre-treatments on the surface condition of cast Al-Si-Fe and Al-Si-Cu-Fe alloys and their effect on cerium conversion coating deposition
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A localized study on the influence of pre-treatments on the surface condition of cast Al-Si-Fe and Al-Si-Cu-Fe alloys and their effect on cerium conversion coating deposition
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-51564 (URN)
Note

Submitted under preparation.

Available from: 2021-01-18 Created: 2021-01-18 Last updated: 2021-06-04

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